فهرست مطالب احمد سلیمانی پور

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between factors related to product and price with the development of Iranian pistachio exports. This research was descriptive and correlational in terms of applied purpose and method. The study population was those involved in the industry in the fields of production, processing and services, trade and packaging and export, which according to the table of Georgia and Morgan, the sample size was equal to 205 people. A researcher-made questionnaire was used in this study to examine the research variables. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. In the present study, the content validity of the questionnaire has been estimated using the opinions of supervisors and several thematic experts. Formal validity was also confirmed by several respondents. The reliability of the research questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha, which was more than 0.7 for all dimensions of the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by SPSS and Smart PLS software. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between product characteristics and price with export development. The results also showed that the product factor has a greater impact on the development of pistachio exports than price

Water crisis as a main factor of agronomy limitation exists in all over the arid and semiarid regions such as Isfahan, province which is located in the central part of the Zayandehrud River Basin (ZRB). Due to the increase in the cultivated area of potato in Fareidan Region located in the west of Isfahan province, it will be necessary to use pressurized irrigation systems to achieve the highest irrigation application efficiency and water productivity.
The ZRB (41,500 km2) is a closed basin with no outlet to the sea. The research was conducted in the Fareidan region of Isfahan, which is located in the west part of the ZRB. The Rozveh Agricultural Research Station (32°, 58' N, 50°, 25' E) is located at the altitude of 2390 m above the sea level. This study was conducted as a randomized complete blocks design as a split strip plot layout with three replications and during two years (2007-2008). Three irrigation systems (Drip tape, Sprinkler and furrow) were considered as main plots, two planting methods (one - row planting and two-row planting) as split subplots and two potato cultivars (Marfuna and Agria) as split-split subplots. Production (Tuber-yield), the consumption water and cultivars reactions to common diseases were evaluated in different treatments. The soil of the experimental area, according to USDA Soil Taxonomy 1994 is of silty loamy. At the soil depth of 1m, soil salinity (1.1-2.0 dS m-1), water salinity (1.24 dS m-1), soil moisture at field capacity (23 Vol. %), and bulk density (BD = 1.44 g/cm3) at the field site were measured or experimentally obtained in the Isfahan Soil and Water Laboratory. The results were subjected to an ANOVA to analyze the effects of the treatments and their interactions. The data obtained were analyzed using the compound variance analysis and the averages of different treatments were separated using the Duncan multiple range test using the statistical software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). The probability level of 0.05 (Duncan's test) also was selected.
An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the irrigation systems and planting methods using PROC GLM (SAS 9.1, SAS institute Ltd., USA). Duncan’s multiple range tests at 0.05 probability level was used for paired mean comparison. The Results provided in two years show that the effect of irrigation systems × year (P≤0.05) and cultivars × year (P≤0.01) on (Tuber-yield), the consumption water and cultivars reactions to common diseases were found to be significant. There is no interaction between irrigation and planting methods, Variety × planting methods, Variety × irrigation, irrigation × Variety × planting methods and irrigation × Variety × planting methods × Year for (Tuber-yield), the consumption water and cultivate reactions to common diseases. On the contrary, the effects of the irrigation system treatments on the Tuber-yield and water productivity were significant (p≤0.05). The effects of variety on Tuber-yield and water productivity were not significantly (P≥0.05) detected.
Sprinkler irrigation method with 26152 kg ha-1 of production mean was preferred significantly to tape irrigation method with 23974 kg/ha of production mean. Tape irrigation leaded to the highest mean of WP equal to 4.69 kg m-3. Two years comparison of yield mean showed no significant difference between Agria and Marfuna potato cultivars. The two year comparison results of yield means using different planting methods indicated that one row planting method (24839 kg ha-1) was preferred significantly comparing to two row planting methods (22927 kg ha-1). Evaluation of tuber infection by ordinary scab and rhizoctonia showed that the highest mean of infection way observed in furrow method and the lowest one was observed in tape method of irrigation. Scab infection in furrow irrigation was 47% higher than sprinkler irrigation and 78% higher than tape irrigation.
During the three (2) years of the experiments with the three (3) irrigation treatments imposed on the potato crop, it was found that the drip type irrigation system, despite its lower yield than sprinkler irrigation, increased water productivity. A lowest pollution tuber to scab infection and rhizoctonia was determined by Drip type method. Thus, using this method, particularly in water restrictions on potato planting is required. The highest tuber yield was obtained in sprinkler irrigation, as well as from the point of view of the intensity and the infection rate of diseases on the tuber to Scab and rhizoctonia there was significant advantage compared to furrow irrigation. Therefore, in the lack of water restriction and the high speed wind can be used. The results showed that the one row planting method for all treatments is desirable therefore highly recommended for agricultural potato production.

In this study, three irrigation methods, namely, clouding tape, sprinkler and furrow in Rozveh Agricultural Research station (Fereidan Region in Isfahan) were evaluated. This study was conducted as randomized complete blocks design as a split-split strip plot layout with three replication during two years. Three irrigation systems were considered as main plots, two planting methods (one- row planting and two-row planting) as split subplots and two potato cultivars (Marfuna and Agria) as split-split subplots. Significant difference way observed between irrigation method treatments and planting method by analyzing two years results. Results of the 1st year showed the advantage of production mean in sprinkler and tape methods comparing to furrow method while the second year results showed the advantage of sprinkler method to tape method and tape method to furrow method. Comparison of yield mean of cultivars indicated that although Agria cultivar was preferred to Marfona cultivar in the 1st year, two year comparison of yield mean showed no significant difference between Agria and Marfuna cultivars with yield means of 24083 kg. and 23233 kg., respectively. The two year comparison results of yield means using different planting methods indicated that one row planting with mean yield of 24839 kg. was preferred significantly compare to two row planting with mean yield of 22927kg.. One row planting showed significant preference in the 1st and 2nd year. Two year interaction effect of treatments showed that, except cultivar × year source, other interaction effects were not significant. Tape irrigation led to highest mean of WUE equal to 4.92 kg/m3. Economic evaluation of the project was carried out using benefit -cost ratio and present value of net benefits. The results indicated that sprinkler system was more beneficial. Tape and furrow methods for potato planting stood in the next place.

Sugar beet is one of the main crops in Iran that provides primary materials for sugar industries and so, its economic aspects are very important. One of these aspects is employment; it has begged to draw policy maker attentions. Nevertheless, there hasnot been any survey study on this matter in Iran yet. In this study, the current value of labor use in sugar beet cultivation (direct employment) in Isfahan, Khorasan, Fars and Kermanshah provinces was identified. Data were collected through stratified random sampling and complete farm accounting questionnaire for different technologies levels. Then, the labors needed to transfer of sugar beet to sugar industries and produce the products (sugar, Molasses and so on) from sugar beet (forward employment) were calculated. Data for these steps were gathered by completion of the questionnaires for each step. Results showed that the average use of labor was 140.48 man-day per hectare. This value was 153.31, 144.85 and 133.81 man-day in traditional, mechanized and semi-mechanized, respectively. Maximum uses of labors were in thining and weeding(41.43%), harvesting(39.11%) and irrigation(34.28%) activities. Also, the average use of labor in all of studied provinces was 43.68 man-day per ton of gross sugar yield from which 31.03 man-day (71.04%) was used in production step, 3.322 man-day (8.08%) in transfer step and 9.119 man-day (20.87%) in conversion step. Furthermore, the average use of labor was 7.15 man-day per ton of gross sugar yield in all steps and provinces. Therefore, 253207 people have been employed in sugar beet industry of Iran.

This experimental was conducted to investigate the efficiency of polyethylene mulches and suitable sowing method on row, for cucumber in field in Isfahan during 2000 and 2001. Cultivar of cucumber was Super dominos hybrid. Statistical design was split plot on randomized complete block with four replications. Soil cover in three levels (black mulch, transparent mulch and without mulch) were considered as the main plot and sowing method in two levels (single and double rows) as sub plot. Field management and data collection from different treatments were done during growth period. Results showed that transparent polyethylene mulch had a positive effect on early germination of seeds and precocity production. Yield in transparent, black and non mulch treatments were 57.5, 40.2 and 33.6 (tha-1), respectively. Maximum plant vegetative growth and minimum weed were obtained from black polyethylene mulch treatment. Polyethylene mulches had a favorite effect on soil moisture maintenance in bed. Maximum yield was obtained in double row sowing method, but single row sowing increased the marketability of fruits, length and weight of plants.

This study was conducted to determine the problems of marketing channels of damask roses and to seek appropriate solutions to enhance marketing efficiency. The results of the study revealed that traditional and industrial rose production lacked the quality demanded by the market. The efficiency index was % 92.9 in traditional and %55 in industrial production. In addition, with regard to the marketing parameters for each type of production, the share of the factors was calculated. So we can conclude that the reducing units have the most important roles in this process. According to the study, traditional units with %47.2 had a greater share compared with the industrial units (%44.5). The results have also shown that production retailer wholesalers and middlemen shares were in the lower ranks respectively. Marketing cost coefficient results showed that %70 of the retailer selling price for 1 kg of the product was related to the marketing costs. The costs for industrial units with high and low capacity were %67.7 and %65.4, respectively.