فهرست مطالب امیر آینه بند

As suitable agricultural land for increasing crop production is decreasing, while the expansion of agricultural land is associated with irreparable damage to the environmen, intensifying sustainability in existing agricultural land is the only way to increase production to meet the increasing demand for food resources. Therefore, investigating the biophysical limitations on yield and estimating yield gaps  in the cultivated lands, as well as reducing this gap, is one of the ways to increase the yield per unit area. After soybean, rapeseed is the world's second produced oilseed. Ilam province is one of the most important oilseeds producer regions of the country, including rapeseed, and about 80% of the rapeseed crop of this province is produced in the border city of Dehloran, and this city is one of the pioneer cities and the main pole of rapeseed production in the province. Therefore, according to the importance of rapeseed in Deholran city, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the limiting factors of rapeseed production in Dehloran.

In the present study, all the management operations were performed from seedbed preparation to harvesting in 51 farms were recorded through field studies during the years 2021 to 2022. In this study, the yield gap was estimated by the method of yield comparison analysis and borderline analysis, and to determine the yield model, the relationship between quantitative and qualitative variables was measured and yield was evaluated by step-by-step regression method.

Determining the limiting factors on rapeseed production in the studied area showed that there was a gap between the actual yield of farmers and the yield predicted by the model of about 833.54 kgha-1, which was the contribution of the variables of potash fertilizer consumption, sulfur consumption, and the number of irrigations. The consumption of micronutrients from this yield interval was equal to 102.99, 118.56, 442.20 and 169.79 kgha-1, which is equivalent to 12.36, 14.22, 53.05 and 37, respectively. 20% of the total yield gap was observed. Gap analysis of rapeseed yield showed that the number of irrigations alone accounts for 53% of yield reduction compared to attainable yields.

As, there is a need to irrigate the field in the very early planting date in October, it seems that with better management of rapeseed for this planting date in the region, the occurrence of drought stress can be reduced to the plant and to some extent fill the gap in the existing yield. In addition, 57% of the yield gaps in the region were related to the use of potash, sulfur and micronutrient fertilizers, which can be easily removed this limitations in the fields.

Oilseeds have high nutritional value and importance among agricultural crops for providing calories and energy needed by humans, and are the second food source in the world after grains. Since more than 95% of the vegetable oil consumed in Iran is supplied by imports, research in various agronomic practices, especially applied research on rate and application methods of fertilizers in oilseed crops is necssary. Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is an annual plant and belongs to the Brassicaceae family. Biofertilizers are considered as new achievements in organic farming. Today, the use of biofertilizers with the aim of increasing soil fertility and producing products in sustainable agriculture is considered as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. Considering limited studies that have been done on Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) in Iran, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of combining nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and biofertilizers on the seed yield and yield components of this oilseed crop.

This experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of growth-promoting bacteria and chemical fertilizers on the yield of camelina. The experimental design was factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and three replications in 2021-2022 at Research Farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran. Experimental treatments included; nitrogen fertilizer levels based on chemical fertilizer (N0-P0-K0-S0) (C1) and (N50-P50-K40-S100)(C2) and (N100-P100- K80- S200)(C3) and biological fertilizer levels or growth promoting bacteria at six levels included: no inoculation/ control (B1), Nitroxine (B2), Phosphate (Barvar2) (B3), Thiobacillus (B4), Nitroxine+Phosphate (Barvar2) (B5) and Nitroxin + Phosphate (Barvar2) + Thiobacillus (B6). Camelina cv. Soheil was used in this experiment. Urea fertilizer was used as nitrogen, potassium sulfate as potassium, triple superphosphate as phosphorus, and bentonite sulfur as sulfur source. Camelina seeds were inoculated with biological fertlizers.

Results showed that the highest seed yield (2120 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (5803 kg.ha-1) obtained in Nitroxin + Phosphate (barvar2) treatment. In all three levels of chemical fertilizers, biological fertilizers increased seed oil content. The highest seed oil content (45.1%) was obtained in the control treatment without chemical fertilizers and application of Nitroxin. Compared to the control (no inoculation), biological fertilizers had less effect on camelina plant traits, but in combination with chemical fertilizers, they improved the growth and seed yield of camelina.  

According to the results of this experiment, the best fertilizer treatment to increase the seed yield of camelina was the combined treatment of Nitroxin fertilizer + Phosphate (Barvar2) in all three levels of chemical fertilizers.

A field experiment was conducted in experimental farm of Sugarcane Research Institute of Khuzestan province at 2019-2020 growing season, in order to examination of fertilizer type and weed management on sugar cane quantitative and qualitative yield.  Experimental design was factorial on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments include first factor (fertilizer type) with three levels (Control (Without fertilizer), Foliar application of N, P, K and compost of sugar cane bagass and the second factor was weed management with four levels (Control, weed free, spraying with Allion herbicide, Spraying with Sencor herbicide). In this study, quantitative traits such as stem height, number of stems, stem diameter stem dry weight, sugarcane yield, qualitative traits such as purity percentage, soluble sucrose and sucrose yield were measured.The results showed that complete weed control treatment and compost application (sugarcane bagasse) significantly increased sugarcane yield (84.09 tons per hectare) and sucrose yield (10.09%). Therefore, it can be suggesting that using a complete control treatment and use compost in Ahvaz can be effective and economical. dry weight of stems as well as total dry weight of sugarcane increased with decreasing weed interference time. fertilizer type also had a significant effect on the studied traits. Weed free management and application of Allion herbicide reduced dry and wet weight and density of jungle rice weed in sugarcane. Sucrose yield was increased by application of compost and foliar application of elements. Also, the highest percentage of purity and soluble sucrose was obtained by using compost. According to the results, it can be suggesting that the use of organic fertilizers (bagasse compost) in sugarcane cultivation is one of the solutions that can be used to nourish and improve plant growth and in addition to protecting the environment

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most strategic crops, which is very important in terms of level and nutritional value, and is known as one of the most important and most consumed crops in the world. According to the report of the World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in 2017, the world production of wheat was about 772 million tons, of which Iran's share was reported to be about 14 million tons. Increasing the yield of wheat per unit area depends on certain factors, one of which is the correct management of weeds to reduce their damage. Therefore, the aims of this study was to use different time of application of pre and post emergence herbicide to reduce use of herbicide for improving productivity of wheat.

A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in the year 2019-2020. Treatments in this experiment include; Uncontrolled, hand weeding, pendimethalin + atlantis, pendimethalin + metribuzin, trifluralin + atlantis, trifluralin + metribosin, pendimethalin + 2,4-D, trifluralin + 2,4-D, green mungbean + 2,4-D and 2,4-D intercropping. Wheat cv. ‘Mehregan’ was sown at 20 cm row spacing on 28 November in 2019. A seed rate of 120 kg ha-1 along with recommended fertilizer dose of 120:60:40 kg N-P2O5-K2O ha-1 was followed uniformly. Wheat matured in the 2nd week of April.

The control methods of hand weeding and pendimethalin+atlantis had a positive effect on increasing the weight of 1000 seeds and the treatment of trifluralin+2,4-D had a negative effect on the weight of 1000 seeds. Examining the changes in wheat grain yield among weed control levels showed that hand weeding and pendimethalin+Atlantis treatment levels had an average grain yield of 3.86 and 3.93 tons per hectare, respectively, which was more than the control, but in the rest of the experimental treatments, lower grain yield was observed. According to the obtained results, the use of pendimethalin pre-planting herbicide along with atlantis herbicide and metribuzin increased yield compared to the control treatment and the use of trifluralin herbicide.

In general, the results of this research showed that hand weeding treatments, pendimethalin+atlantis, pendimethalin+metribuzin, improved the growth and performance characteristics of wheat by reducing the amount of weed interference and increasing the amount of absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements in aerial organs.

In order to study some elements uptake of three cultivars (genotype) of quinoa under the influence of different sources of organic fertilizers in comparison with the control (chemical fertilizers), an experiment was conducted in 2009-2010 crop season in Research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. This experiment was performed as a factorial design in the form of randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The first factor includes different sources of compatible ecosystem inputs at six levels (1- Chemical control (NPK), 2- Vermicompost, 3- Sugarcane bagasse compost, 4- Conocarpus and green space waste compost, 5- Foliar application of acid Humic and 6- Biochar. The second factor included three cultivars of quinoa including 1- Titicaca, 2- Redcarina and 3- Q26. The results showed that the interaction effect of fertilizer treatment in cultivar on different traits was statistically significant. The highest nitrogen content of biomass and grain (0.8% and 2.7%) were observed in application of sugarcane bagasse compost and in Titicaca genotype and sugarcane bagasse compost application in Q26 genotype, respectively. Also, the lowest amount of biomass and seed nitrogen content was observed (0.6% and 2.5% respectively) in the condition of humic acid application in Tt kaka genotype and humic acid application in Redcarina genotype.The highest content of biomass and grain phosphorus (0.09 and 0.26 mg/kg dry matter) belonged to the application of sugarcane bagasse compost in Titicaca cultivar (and in vermicompost in Redcarina cultivar) and the application of vermicompost and biochar in Q26 genotype, respectively. Also, the lowest amount of phosphorus content of biomass and seed (0.047 and 0.15 mg/kg of dry matter), respectively, was observed under conditions of application of humic acid and in genotype Q26 and application of sugarcane bagasse compost in genotype Q26. The highest content of potassium biomass and grain (6.71 and 6. 5 mg/kg of dry matter) was observed in the application of sugarcane bagasse compost in Q26 genotype.

In order to study the effect of planting pattern on yield and benefit indices of sesame, mung bean, and cowpea intercropping, an experiment was conducted on the Research Farm of Production Engineering and Plant Genetic Department at Shahid chamran University of Ahvaz in 2017. This experiment was conducted as a completely randomized block design with three replications. This treatments included different plant patterns in 15 levels: Sesame sole cropping, mung bean sole cropping, cowpea sole cropping, triple intercropping ratios: 1-2-2 (1mung bean, 2sesame, and 2cowpea), 2-1-2, 1-3-1, 2-2-1, 2-3-2 and dual intercropping ratios: 3sesame-3mung bean, 3sesame-3cowpea, 3mung bean-3cowpea, 2sesame-4cowpea, 2sesame-4mung bean, 4sesame-2cowpea, 4sesame-2mung bean. The results of this study showed that the higher total LER (1.56) was found at 3mung bean-3cowpea. In addition, based on the results of this research the intercropping planting patterns include 4sesame-2mung bean (1.21), 2mung bean-3sesame-2cowepea (1.19), 2sesame-4mung bean (1.18), and 2sesame-4cowpea (1.09) had total LER more than unity (1.0). Among the planting patterns, sesame had the highest aggressive degree (1.03), the highest relative crowding coefficient (4.64), and the highest relative intensity of competition (10.82) in the 2mung bean-3sesame-2cowepea, which indicate the superiority of sesame than two other studied plants in this planting pattern. Moreover, the results of this research showed that the two plant intercropping patterns of 3mung bean-3cowpea and 4sesame-2cowpea were significantly superior compared to the sole cropping and three plants intercropping patterns in terms of yield indices. In general, based on the results of this research, it was observed that the simultaneous intercropping of sesame with mung bean or cowpea as an example of sustainable system in agriculture that pursues goals such as creating ecological balance, more exploitation of resources, quantitative and qualitative increase in yield, and it was significantly superior to other cultivation patterns. This can be due to the positive effect of these plants together, especially in connection with the power of nitrogen fixation by legumes.

Vermicomposting fertilizer is an ecological approach that improves both yield quantity and environmental quality. This study was carried out in the field of agriculture faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2021 at two stages. In the first stage, the experimental design was a split plot with 4 crop residues (i.e. wheat, rice, sugarcane, and corn) in the main plot and 2 weight ratios (i.e. 30 & 40%) were supplot with 3 replications. In the second stage, the experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 replications which included 8 different vermicomposting that were produced in the first stage. Results of the first stage showed that wheat 40% residue treatment produced the highest mature worm weight due to the highest mature worm population which resulted in the highest total worm weight. For all crop residue treatments, the total worm number was reduced by the increase in crop residue quantity from 30% to 40%. This reduction was affected by the reduction in the immature worm population. Despite the increase in mature worm numbers, it could not compensate for the effects of reducing the number of immature worms. Increasing the percentage of the residue of each crops from 30% to 40%, the amount of vermicompost fertilizer production was reduced, but on the other hand, the amount of non-fertilizer compounds was added. The highest sesame seed yield (1154/6 kg/h) belonged to a wheat residue with a 30% weight ratio. This superiority is influenced by the superiority of seed weight in capsule, seed number in capsule, and seed 1000 weight characters. In conclusion, the results of this research showed the importance of paying attention to the raw material in the production of vermicompost both in terms of impact on the biological and chemical properties and on the agronomic properties of the crop. A point that is perhaps less noticed now. So, it is recommended that in sustainable agriculture or organic farming it is better to produce vermicompost fertilizer suitable for each crop.

In order to investigate the effect of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides on nutrient depletion, weed population and nutrient uptake by wheat in sesame-wheat cropping system in Khuzestan a field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2019-2020. Treatments included no weeding, hand weeding, Pendimethalin+Atlantis, Pendimethalin+Metribosin, Trifluralin+Atlantis, Trifluralin+Metribozin, Pendimethalin+2,4-D, Trifluralin+2,4-D, green mungbean+2,4-D and 2,4-D in plots seeded by wheat cv. ‘Mehregan’. Weed population varied notably among the experimental treatments. At 60 days after sowing, while the mean number of weeds was 5.6 plants per m-2, it was significantly different among the weed control treatments. Moreover in this growth stage, Pendimethalin+Atlantis and Pendimethalin+Metribuzin treatments significantly reduced the weed population compared to the control no weeding condition. Generally, hand weeding and Pendimethalin+Atlantis treatments improved the growth and yield of wheat compared to Trifluralin+Atlantis, Trifluralin+Metribosin, and Trifluralin+2,4-D treatments, due apparently to reducing weed interference and increasing the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the wheat plants. We concluded that the pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin herbicide along with post-emergence application of Metribozin and Atlantis herbicides at the seedling stage of wheat may increase the absorption of nutrients and grain yield.

This study was conducted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main This study was conducted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot including 3 residue managements (e.g. removal, burn and incorporate). Sub-plots including 4 fertilizer managements that were: 1. chemical fertilizers of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; 2- Combination of vermin-compost fertilizer + potassium sulfate (before planting), super nitro-plus fertilizer + fertile fertilizer 2 (as seed treated) at planting time, humixcin organic fertilizer (foliar application) and one third of nitrogen fertilizer split; 3- (Combined 2): compost fertilizer + potassium sulfate (before planting), super nitro-plus fertilizer + fertile fertilizer 2 (as seed treated) at planting time and one third of nitrogen fertilizer split; 4- (Combined 3): Farm yard manure + potassium sulfate (before planting), Super nitro-plus fertilizer as seed treated, organic humixcin fertilizer (foliar application) and one third of nitrogen fertilizer split. Yield and yield components was selected and calculated from a surface equivalent to 2 m2. To determine the weight of the first internode (peduncle) from the pollination stage to maturity, the first internode was sampled with an interval of 10 days and placed in the oven to determine the dry weight. The most important indicators for calculating dry matter transfer efficiency were calculated.

Differences between levels of crop residue management, fertilizer management and their interaction in terms of yield components, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, nitrogen and grain protein, remobilization rate, remobilization efficiency, remobilization share, current photosynthesis rate, Current photosynthesis efficiency, share of current photosynthesis, grain formation rate and biological yield were statistically at 1% probability level. The highest grain yield was observed in treatment of removal of residues and chemical fertilizers (4.45 t ha-1) and the removal of residues and fertilizers (1) (4.29 t ha-1) and the lowest was recorded in treatment of incorporated residues and fertilizers (2) (2.33 t ha-1). The highest grain yield formation rate was observed in the treatment of residue and chemical fertilizer removal (24.72 kg ha 1 day-1) and removal of residues and compound fertilizer (1) (23.86 kg ha 1 day-1).The lowest grain yield formation rate was obtained in the treatment of residue and integrated fertilizer (2) (12.85 kg ha 1 day-1). The highest rate, efficiency and contribution of photosynthesis were obtained in the removal of debris and the use of synthetic fertilizer (1) and the lowest was obtained in the incineration of waste and the use of synthetic fertilizer (3).

The results showed that treatments based on intensive agriculture (removal of crop residues and completely chemical management) have produced the highest grain yield. While treatments based on sustainable agriculture (Incorporated of crop residues with organic and biological fertilizers) with the highest percentage of grain protein, in fact have produced the highest product quality. On the other hand, although in Khuzestan province there is water shortage and drought stress in most cropping seasons, but according to the results obtained by incorporated crop residues, chemical fertilizers and integrated fertilizers, can increased plant growth, quality of crop production and reserve moisture in the soil and ultimately the stability of the system.

Among all weeds, cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv) has been identified as a problematic weed in the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields of Iran for over 20 years since 1996. Failure to control of cogongrass regrowth during spring develops it rapidly and, in turn, reduces the sugarcane yield in subtropical Iran. In effect, the identification of weak points in cogongrass phenology and frequency is deemed to help decision makers adopt effective controlling strategies in optimum time. Storage of carbohydrate reserves by plants is, in turn, the best mechanism for optimizing the timing of management strategies when reserves are at the lowest levels in storage organs. Glyphosate has been also widely used in Iran to control of weeds in the sugarcane fields. Currently, despite double spraying, the spring control of cogongrass is not satisfactory in the sugarcane fields in subtropical Iran.

Two studies were carried out in Salman Farsi Agro-Industrial Company in about 40 km south-west of the center of Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz, Iran, in 2017. In the first experiment, monthly (February–November) total nonstructural carbohydrate allocation patterns of cogongrass were evaluated to determine carbohydrate low points in the seasonal phenological cycle. To that end, glyphosate (00, 0.92, 1.84, 2.76 and 3.68 L a.i ha-1) was applied in April and June, 2017, in a 10×2 factorial design under randomized complete block designs with four replications. Data were analyzed using standard ANOVA procedures with the subsequent use of Least Significant Difference test (Little and Hills 1978( to separate means.

The occurrence of carbohydrate low points (CLPs) (88.69±13.15 mg g-1) was considered from May to August, CLP was found to have two important points with the potential control of cogongrass reported. The first and second points were in May (579 GDD) and August (2683GDD), respectively. The suppression of cogongrass (58-100%) was achieved with the three highest rates (1.84, 2.76 and 3.68 L a.i ha-1) in both application times, although substantial regrowth occurred in all plots by 5 months after the first treatment.

Double spraying with a 60-day interval did not result in the effective control of such a troublesome weed in the sugarcane fields. Applying glyphosate two times in the spring and mid-summer (the end of CLP, 2683 GDD) was determined effective for the long-term control (6 months) of cogongrass. The results suggest that glyphosate 1.84 L a.i ha-1 should be performed on cogongrass in the spring for improved control.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

In Iran, the majority of research has been done on the depth of burial on crops and the effect of these factors on weeds resulted from seeds and rhziomes of seedlings has been less studied. Strangle Wort weed is one of the most problematic weeds in sugarcane fields, orchards, especially pistachio orchards, barren lands, and roads. Thus, this study aimed to find out the effect of different levels of burial depth and flood stress on the extent and quality of seedlings resulted from its rhizomes.

Two separate greenhouse experiments based on completely randomized design with four replications were conducted in the experimental farm of Sugarcane Research Institute of Khuzestan province at 2014-2015 growing season. Flooding stress treatment included 7 levels of flooding stress (4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 flooding hours) and 6 levels of seed burial (1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 cm) and rhizome burial depth treatment included 7 levels (1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and cm 15).

With increasing levels of flood stress, all studied traits including root length, stem height, total dry matter biomass, shoot dry weight and root dry weight of strangle wort rhizomes decreased at 96 hours of waterlogged stress compared to the control by 63, 70, 59, 98 and 74 percent, respectively. Also, in second experiment, buried rhizomes of this weed with a length of 5 cm at a depth of 15 cm were not able to produce new seedlings.

According to these results, for proper management of this weed, highly contaminated areas in the field should be identified (especially in sugarcane fallow fields because at this time there is no weed control limitation). Then, the weed should be turned it into pieces smaller than 5 cm with plowing tools. Also, if possible, with suitable tools, transfer rhizomes should be transferred to a depth of more than 15 cm and integrated weed control management with drought and flooding stress and burial depth with at least two times of plowing could be implemented to control weed and prevent its expansion.

1-Germination characteristics of strangle wort seedlings under burial depths and flooding stress were evaluated.2-The effect of burial depth and flooding stress on control and management of strangle wort was examined.3-Precise determination of weed biology and weed germination behavior will lead to proper execution of weed control program.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of tillage and integrated weed management on growth, yield, yield components, resource use efficiency and inputs such as energy and herbicides in wheat.   

Material and methods:

This research was conducted in split plots and randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in the 2018-19. The treatments included three tillage practices, viz. conventional tillage (disc plow + disc), low tillage (disc + the retractor) and zero-tillage (direct linear planting), as main plot and six weed management options, viz.  (no control, manual weeding 30 days interval after sowing, bromoxynil + MCPA herbicide @ 1.5 liters per hectare, plant residue (mulch) + Atlantis @ 1.5 liters per hectare, Atlantis @ 1.5 liters and metribiosine @ 150 grams per hectare. Hectares) as post-emergence was considered as a sub-plot that was applied on wheat of Mehregan cultivar (especially in the semi-arid climate of the south).

Among the studied traits, grain yield was only affected by the main effect of weed control. The lowest grain yield was observed under uncontrolled conditions with an average of 1.93 t.ha-1 and the highest grain yield in weed management treatment was observed in bromoxynil + MCPA with an average of 4.14 t.ha-1. There was no statistically significant difference between the weed control methods. In terms of energy and economic benefits, the lowest total cost in conventional tillage systems, minimum, and no-tillage was related to uncontrolled treatment.

In general, due to the higher ratio of profit to cost of the no-tillage system as compared to the conventional tillage system, it seems that this method is suitable tillage system to assess proper weed control in wheat cultivation, especially in order to prevent moisture lost and degradation of structure in soils of Khuzestan province.

Including agricultural strategies in accordance with the goals of sustainable agriculture for increasing soil organic matter, we can mention two factors: plant residue management and use of organic compounds. Therefore, the main goal of this research is Study of chemical and organic characters of compost fertilizer which produced from crop residues and its effect on grain yield and yield components of wheat.

This research was conducted at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during 2018- 2019 at two stages. First stage included production of compost from crop residues. Statistic design was factorial based on RCBD with 3 replications. First factor was crop residue types (i.e. rice, wheat, canola and sugar cane). Second factor was crop residues weight percent (i.e. 30, 40 and 50%). The second stage was designed in a way of RCB with 3 replications and including of 12 compost fertilizers which produced at the first stage.

At first stage showed that used of crop residue had a significant chemical effect on final compost production. Compost fertilizers which produced from rice residue had a higher N (1.72%) than others, but, in return, had a lowest C/N ratio (18.31). Sugarcane compost had lowest quality duo to higher C/N (28.07) and lower chemical element levels. In addition, the highest (11.8 kg) and lowest (9.61 kg) compost fertilizer produced was belong to Sugarcane with 40% and rice with 30% treatments, respectively. Result from second stage showed that the highest wheat grain yield (689.2 g.m-2) was belonged to rice with 30% treatment. The highest (12.78%) and lowest (11.1%) protein content were belonged to wheat that treated by compost which produced by 30% rice residue and 50% sugarcane residue, respectively.

Our results shown that both highest grain yield (698.2 g.m-2) and grain protein percent (12.78%) were belonged to rice 30% compost. At agro-ecological point of view, we find that to reduce usage and replacement of chemical fertilizer by compost, it is necessary that to pay attention to quantity, quality and types of initial organic matter.

Weeds often pose severe constraints in the potential yield of wheat, if not controlled at a critical period of the first 30 days after sowing. Several methods are developed to control weeds, viz. cultural, mechanical, and chemical have their own merits and demerits. Tillage is an age-old practice to control weeds. Tillage influences weed infestation, and thus interactions between tillage and weed control practices are commonly observed in crop production. Good tillage delays the emergence of weeds and provides a more favorable environment for early crop establishment. So, the competition for nutrients will be less.

This study was conducted to investigate the weed population and evaluate the nutrients uptake by wheat and weed in a split-plot design with three replications in the research farm of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in the year 2018-19. Tillage at three levels, including conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and zero tillage, as the main plot and weed control at six levels (uncontrolled, hand weeding, bromoxynil + MCPA herbicide, crop residue + Atlantis, Atlantis, and metribusin) as Post-emergence were considered in sub-plots applied on wheat of Mehregan cultivar.

In terms of the weed population, the highest weed population was observed in the zero tillage compared to conventional tillage and minimum tillage. In this regard, under uncontrolled treatment, the highest weed populations with an average of 16.3, 14.2, and 12.5 plants per square meter were observed at 30, 60, and 90 days after sowing, respectively. In the case of an interaction effect, it was found that in all three tillage systems, the highest amount of nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, absorbed by weeds was in the uncontrolled treatment. The reason was due to higher dry matter production and higher competition with wheat as it was incremental.

In general, considering the higher weed population in the zero tillage as compared to the conventional tillage, it seems that weed control in the zero tillage and minimum tillage, at least in Khuzestan province, is preferable to prevent moisture content and soil structure. Nutrient depletion by weed is less in conservation tillage so that nutrient availability will be as much as plant requirements.

The evaluation of different forage crops (clover, barley, chickpea, vetch, and fenugreek) and planting method's effect on the quality and quantity of forage yield was the main goal of this study. This study was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications on the experimental research field of agriculture faculty, the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during 2017-2018. Main plot included three planting methods (row intercropping with 10 cm and 20 cm interval and mixed intercropping) and sub-plot was seven forage crops with dominance of barley (50% barley+50% clover as control, 50% barley+25% clover+25% chickpea, 50% barley+25% clover+25% vetch, 50% barley+25% clover+25% fenugreek and 50% barley+25% vetch+25% fenugreek). Total forage yield and yield components and also, some quality parameters of forage (ADF, NDF, WSC, DMD, raw fiber and ash were measured. The results showed that the highest total forage yield (1268.9 g.m-2) was belonged to crop diversity of 50% barley + 25% chickpea + 25% fenugreek with 10 cm - row intercropping. It can be due to the highest of all forage yield components including stem, leaves and reproductive dry weight.

In order to study the competition ability and production potential of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum) intercropping under nitrogen fertilizer in barley flowering stage a field experiment was conducted in experimental farm of Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz at 2015-2016 growing season. Experimental design was randomized complete block as a factorial arrangement with three replications. The first factor was 8 planting patterns includes barley sole cropping, fenugreek sole cropping, fenugreek-barley intercropping ratios includes 2:1, 2:2, 3:1, 1:3, as replacement series, 100% barley+20% fenugreek as additive series and mixed intercropping. The second factor was two nitrogen fertilizer application includes control (no nitrogen fertilizer) and 40 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer. The results of showed the highest total dry matter at barley flowering stage (1345.1 gr/m2) was obtained at 3:1 barley-fenugreek intercropping and the lowest one (482.6 gr/m2) was recorded at fenugreek sole cropping without nitrogen fertilizer. Also the results revealed that all intercropping treatments had the highest dry matter than sole cropping that it showed the intercropping had superiority than sole cropping. The highest Land Equivalent Ratio (LER=1.5) was obtained at 3:1 barley-fenugreek intercropping. So that it is concluded that at barley flowering stage the best treatment was 3:1barley-fenugreek intercropping with 40 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer.

In order to evaluate the influence of different plant biomass on vermiculture and vermicomposting, a greenhouse experiment was conducted for 90 days in Shahid Chamran university of Ahvaz during 2017. Experimental design was factorial based of RCB with 3 replications. First factor was three plant biomass types (sesame, wheat and sugarcane) and second factor was initial earthworm weight (60- 75 and 90 grams). Biological characteristics of earthworm and vermicompost’s chemical characteristics were measured. The results showed that the highest mature earthworm weight (122.79 g) and total earthworm weight (209.57 g) were belonged to sesame biomass with 90 g of earthworm weight. This treatment also had a highest phosphorus rate (158.5 mg/kg). The lowest mature earthworm weight (63.15 gr) was belonged to sugarcane biomass with 60 g of earthworm weight. Also, applying sesame biomass with 60 g earthworm weight had a highest efficiency ratio (2.8). In conclusion, we found that both plant biomass type and initial earthworm weight had different effect on earthworm biological characteristics. In other words, applying sesame plant biomass was suitable for increasing growth rate and maturity of earthworms. Also applying sugarcane plant biomass was suitable for increasing earthworm reproduction. In addition, for the optimum availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the final vermicompost was appropriate to use sugarcane, sesame and wheat biomass, respectively.

Strangle wort (Cynanchum acutum) is a perennial weed that could be propagated by seeds and vegetative organs. This brings about harvesting problems for some crops such as cotton, sugar beet, wheat and maize. In recent years, this weed has caused huge losses in sugar cane fields. The role of environmental conditions in weed management is highly important. Given this, the present study seeks to investigate the effects of environmental conditions (salinity and drought stress) on germination characteristics of strangle wort weed.

In order to investe the effect of different salinity and drought levels on strangle wort (Cynanchum acutum), two seperate experiments were conducted at Hakim Farabi Khuzestan Sugar Cane Research Institute in 2014-2015. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. The treatments were different salinity levels at 8 levels (0, 2.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 12.5, 16.5 and 20.5ds/m) and the second experiment involved different drought stresses (osmotic potential) at 7 levels (0, -1, -3, -6, -9, -12 and -15 bar).

The results of salinity stress experiment showed that with increases in salinity levels from 0 to 20.5 ds/m, germination, radicle length, plumule length and seedling weight decreased by 61, 80, 91 and 99%, respectively. The results of drought stress experiment showed that with increases in salinity levels from 0 to -15 bar, all studied traits, i.e., germination, radicle length, plumule length and seedling weight all decreased by 100%. The analysis of variance results showed that in all the traits, there were significant differences between salinity and drought stress in 1% probability level. In this research, in the salinity experiment, in most of traits, especially radicle length quickly decreased after 8.5 ds/m salinity to higher levels and in drought stress experiment, after -3 bar to higher levels.

On the whole, it seems that sufficient information about this weed is vital for the adoption of the best control method, and gaining insights into how strangle wort responds to environmental stress, especially salinity stress, could help us to come up with new control approaches for this invasive weed. This can present a proper ecological approach that could be adopted in sustainable agriculture programs, which is environmentally sound as it decreases the use of chemical inputs. In addition, in order to lower the tolerance of this weed to salinity and especially drought stress, it is suggested that it be used for weed management programs. According to the results of this study, soil salinity higher than 8.5 ds/m and drought tension above than -3 bar can cause sizeable reduction in most traits (growth parameters) especially in root length. In most of the traits scrutinized, the tolerance of the weed to salinity and drought stress was 12.5 ds/m and -6 bar, respectively.

Evaluation of germination characteristics of strangles wort under salinity and drought stress conditions. Determination of tolerance threshold of strangles wort germination seed to salinity and drought stress.

Crops cannot be sustainably produced by the exclusive use of chemical fertilizers nor can higher crop yield be obtained by using organic manure alone. Sustainable crop production is possible through some approaches such as suitable crop sequence and also the integrated use of organic manure and chemical fertilizers. Therefore, the mail goal of this study is evaluation the effect of crop sequence as double cropping system and integrated chemical and biological fertilizer on quantity and quality yield of wheat and also its soil chemical nutrients. This experiment was conducted at 2015 – 2016 in research field of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Experimental design was split plot based on RCB with three replications. Main plot was 5 double cropping systems including 1: sunflower- wheat, 2: millet – wheat, 3: maize – wheat, 4: sesame – wheat, 5: mung bean – wheat. Also, sub-plot was 3 fertilizer managements including 1: full chemical fertilizer, 2: full biological fertilizer, 3: integrated biological and chemical fertilizer. Grain yield and yield components of wheat was measured. The SAS software was used to analyses the results and Duncan methods for comparison of means. Both parameters of main ear weight (1/96 gr) and number of grain in ear (31/7) were obtained in planting mung bean before wheat. But, planting of sesame before wheat had lowest main ear weight (1/63 gr). Also, planting millet before wheat had lowest number of ear /m2 (443/6 ear/m2). In addition, characters that basically formed at early growth stage of wheat (e.g. number of ear per m2) had mostly affected by type of crop in rotation in compared than characters which formed at middle of growth stage (e.g. number of grain in ear). Present of mung bean as a legume crop caused a highest main ear weight due to highest grain per ear (31/7 grain/ear). Highest and lowest of all yield components (exception for number of ear per m2) were obtained in full chemical and full biological fertilizer management, respectively, which showed that relaying on full biological fertilizer management will not enough for obtaining the maximum crop yield. In most cases, straw yield had not affected by type of crop which planted before wheat. However, millet – wheat double cropping system had a lowest straw yield (6/22 t/ha). Also, the highest (7/57 t/ha) and lowest (6/61 t/ha) straw yield was belonged to full chemical and biological fertilizer management, respectively. In addition, the highest (0/1 %) and lowest (0/073 %) soil nitrogen was belonged to sequence of sunflower – wheat and sesame – wheat which treated by integrated fertilizer management. Also, present of sunflower, millet, maize and mung bean crops before wheat, caused by higher soil phosphorus in full biological fertilizer management than other fertilizer systems. Both treatments including type of crops before wheat and Fertilizer management had significant effect on wheat grain yield and yield components. Effect of previous crop in double cropping system had changed with change in fertilizer management from chemical to biological form. But, in short period, effect of fertilizer management was more effective than crop rotation. Highest wheat grain yield was obtained in mung bean – wheat double cropping system with and without integrated fertilizer management (i.e. 7/1 and 5/9 t/ha). Also, millet – wheat double cropping system had a lowest (0/051 %) soil nitrogen. Therefore, we concluded that in rotation with legume crops, integrated fertilizer management will better than both full chemical and full biological fertilizer managements.

The cropping pattern will influence the crop yield due to better use of light, better crop arrangement within and between rows, and also higher access to soil nutrients (Weiss, 2000). In sesame, high water use efficiency was gained when it was planted over and even under rows rather than when it was planted as a flat form (Aggarwal, 2003). Also, biofertilizers could compensate some of the plant’s need for nutrients like nitrogen, but apparently, it’s not sufficient. So the integrated chemical and biological fertilizer will increase plant height, pod per plant, 1000 seed weight, and grain yield (Kumar et al., 2009). Therefore, the goal of this research is the evaluation of the effect of PGPR as an integrated fertilizer management and planting method on sesame yield quantity and quality.
  This study was carried out at the summer of 2016 in the experimental field station of Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The experimental design was a split plot based on RCB with three replications. Three planting methods placed on the main plot and sub-plot, including four fertilizer management. Sesame grain yield and yield components were measured. The data were subjected to ANOVA with SPSS and Duncan test was used to distinguish the mean differences which were significant.
  Results showed that the maximum pod per plant (177 cm), biological yield (5110 kg ha-1), grain yield (1825 kg ha-1), and harvest index (35.7 %) were obtained from the alternative planting on the top row with full chemical fertilizer management. Chlorophyll index was significantly affected by the fertilizer methods. While comparing the chlorophyll index between chemical (56) and the integrated 1and 2 (44 and 48) fertilizer management, it became evident that the decline of chemical nitrogen caused a significant reduction in this index. In other words, applying a biological fertilizer or the activity of PGPRs can’t compensate for the effect of chemical N reduction. In following, reducing the chlorophyll content likely had a negative effect on the plant photosynthesis potential which caused lower 1000 grain weight in integrated treatments than the full chemical fertilizer method. In addition, the planting method had no significant effect on oil percentage, but the highest and lowest oil yield belonged to the alternative planting on the top row (710 kg ha-1) and planting under row (482 kg ha-1), respectively. Based on our data, the change in panting method had no significant effect on oil percentage, but applying chemical N had significantly increased the oil percentage. Also, planting on top of the row increased both oil percentage and grain yield, which had direct positive effects on oil yield. Both oleic and linoleic acid were increased more by PGPRs than chemical N form, but these unsaturated fatty acids were not significantly affected by the planting method treatment.
  We find that both the highest grain yield (1441 kg ha-1) and oil percentage (52.24%) belonged to the planting a row on top of row treatment. Between the integrated fertilizer management, the heights (1674 kg ha-1) and lowest (1068 kg ha-1) grain yield belonged to the full chemical fertilizer and integrated 1 treatment, respectively. In contrast, both oleic and linoleic acid were the highest at integrated fertilizer management in all planting methods with chemical treatment. We concluded that the present sesame cultivars are more adaptive to high-input systems, so we must be breeding new cultivars which are more suitable for sustainable agriculture.

Intercropping is the planting of more than one plant in one land and growing season so that the plants should be the highest intimacy together in most growing season. It may be have the different planting and harvest time. Biodiversity in agricultural system caused to modifying the pest and diseases populations, also, it could be improved nutrient cycle and soil conservation via activation of soil microorganisms that caused to increasing in Soil stability, soil erosion control and increasing in carbon sequestration. The intercropping of a cereal with a legume is a preferred system for achieving increased food supply and reduced environmental feedback. So that, one of the way to achieving to sustainability in agriculture is multiple and intercropping system. The goals of recent study is the effect of barley-hairy vetch intercropping in LER and dry matter quality and production. Material and Methods In order to study the competition ability of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) intercropping planting ratio under phosphorus fertilizer on narrow and broad leaf weed dry matter and density a field experiment was conducted in experimental farm of Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz at 2016-2017 growing season. Experimental design was randomized complete block as a factorial arrangement with three replications. The first factor was 8 planting patterns includes barley sole cropping, hairy vetch sole cropping, hairy vetch-barley intercropping ratios includes 50:50, 25:75, 75:25, as replacement series, 100% barley+10%, 20% and 30% hairy vetch as additive series and mixed intercropping. The second factor was two phosphorus fertilizer application includes 150 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer and 75 kg/ha triple superphosphate+ biological fertilizer (Barwar2). Grain yield was determined by harvesting a 2 m2 area from each plot. The measured traits includes: crude protein (CP), water soluble carbohydrate(WSC), ash percent, dry matter digestible(DMD), acid detergent fiber(ADF), Neutral detergent fiber(NDF), Intercropping dry matter yield, barley relative yield, fenugreek relative yield, and land equivalent ratio(LER). The plant density for barley and hairy vetch were 375 and 250 plant/m2 respectively. The harvest operation achieved at April in barley dough stage. Results and Discussions The results of showed the highest total dry matter (1074 gr/m2) and LER (1.2) was obtained at 100%barley+30% hairy vetch additive method. The highest crude protein, dry mater digestible (DMD) and ash percent were observed at hairy vetch sole cropping treatment. The highest water soluble carbohydrate, NDF and fiber were found at 100%barley+30% hairy vetch additive method. Biological phosphorus fertilizer+ 75 kg/ha P had the highest CP, DMD, ASH and NDF. But in WSC, CF and ADF, chemical fertilizer was the best treatment. Conclusion The results showed that with increasing in hairy vetch ratio in intercropping, the crude protein was increased. The barley sole cropping had the lowest crude protein. The comparison of different planting pattern showed that with increasing in barley ratio and decreasing in hairy vetch ratio, WSC, NDF, ADF and CF was increased. Also with increasing in hairy vetch ratio, DMD, ASH and CP was increased. Totally the results revealed that the hairy vetch in intercropping caused to increase in total forage yield and quality.

In the recent year, due to increasing concerns about the future food security, researches in this field are growing globally and it requires to use proper statistic methods for estimation the amount of yield gap and determination of it’s causes. In dryland management, optimization of vegetative growth before flowering in order to maximize the utilization of available water in the soil is a fundamental principle and consequently management factors such as planting date, seeding rate and amount of fertilizer nitrogen (N) use can determine the amount of vegetative growth before flowering. Boundary line analysis is a statistical method that can quantify the response of yield to an environmental or management factor in a situation in which other parameters are variable. The objectives of this study were to introduce, use and comparison of two methods for fitting boundary line to determine the best managements and simultaneously estimate potentials and calculate wheat yield gap in three county of the Golestan province include Aghala, Gomishan and Kalaleh. One, the common method based on the least squares (LS) method and another method based on linear programming (LP) so that no point is fall above the drawn line. For this study, the required information were collected from 332 wheat field during two growing season of 2014 and 2015 in Aghala, Gomishan and Kalaleh. The investigated management factors included planting date, seeding rate and amount of nitrogen fertilizer (N) use (at the base and the road). To fit a boundary line using LS method, a curve was fitted through the maximum yield points based on the least squares method. However in LP method, a curve was fitted on the top edge of the data so that any point is not fall above the drawn line. For this purpose, the parameters of the function were changed so that the total remaining was at the lowest level, in the condition that no single negative remaining was left. Then, the optimum of each specific management factor was recognized and finally with estimating potential yield and minus the average yield in each county, yield gap was calculated for each factor and in whole. The results show the optimum of each specific management factor to reach the potential yield and optimum planting date, seeding rate and optimum nitrogen (N) use in each county were determined. The average wheat yield in drylands of Aghala, Gomishan and Kalaleh was about 2600 kg ha-1 and also potential yield was about 4700 kg ha-1 according to LS method and 4800 kg ha-1 according to LP method. So there is a yield gap about 2000-2100 kg ha-1 (44-45%). It should be noted that these results are not conclusive and it would be required to several years of testing to achieve the optimal range of each region. LP method doesn’t require dividing independent factor and determining the boundary point, and also the fitted curve done with participate of all the data. In other words, all points have their impacts on the drawn curve and this is the advantage of this method. However the lack of involvement of user experience to choice the ideal points for fitting the curve would be the weakness of this method, it seems that each of these methods in certain situations -depend on the type and distribution of data- can be useful. So user after drawing the scatter plot of data should choice the best method to fit line to the data.

Intercropping is the planting of more than one plant in one land and growing season so that the plants should be the highest intimacy together in most growing season. Usually, the component species in intercropping systems occupy different niches and thereby enhance the utilization of resources. Consequently, intercropping improves the yields of the component crops. The intercropping of a cereal with a legume is a preferred system for achieving increased food supply and reduced environmental feedback. So that, one of the way to achieving to sustainability in agriculture is multiple and intercropping system.
Material and In order to study the competition ability of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum) intercropping under nitrogen fertilizer in barley stemming stage a field experiment was conducted in experimental farm of Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz at 2015-2016 growing season. Experimental design was randomized complete block as a factorial arrangement with three replications. The first factor was 8 planting patterns includes barley sole cropping, fenugreek sole cropping, fenugreek-barley intercropping ratios includes 2:1, 2:2, 3:1, 1:3, as replacement series, 100% barley% fenugreek as additive series and mixed intercropping. The second factor was two nitrogen fertilizer application includes control (no nitrogen fertilizer) and 40 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer. Grain yield was determined by harvesting a 2 m2 area from each plot. The measured traits includes: crude protein (CP), water soluble carbohydrate(WSC), ash percent, dry matter digestible(DMD), acid detergent fiber(ADF), Neutral detergent fiber(NDF), Intercropping dry matter yield, barley relative yield, fenugreek relative yield, and land equivalent ratio(LER). The plant density for barley was 375 plant/m2 and Zehak cultivar been used. The plant density for barley was 50 plant/m2 and endemic cultivar been used. The harvest operation achieved at April in barley dough stage.
The results of showed the highest total dry matter (1277.1 gr/m2) and LER (1.15) was obtained at 100%barley% fenugreek additive method. The highest crude protein, dry mater digestible (DMD) and ash percent were observed at fenugreek sole cropping treatment. The highest water soluble carbohydrate, NDF and fiber were found at barley sole cropping. Among treatments, 1:3 barley-fenugreek had the highest crude protein. Also the nitrogen fertilizer increased crude protein, water soluble carbohydrate and dry matter digestible compared to control. But in ADF and NDF treatment, the control treatment had highest value compared to nitrogen fertilizer.
Totally the application of nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on qualitative traits and with application of nitrogen fertilizer, barley crude protein, water soluble carbohydrate and dry matter digestible increased. Also, the fenugreek had the highest protein, DMD and Ash compared to barley