فهرست مطالب سمانه روحی

People who are infected with Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) are more prone to opportunistic fungal infections than other patients. The immune system of these patients becomes weaker when they are also infected with Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Involvement of the central nervous system caused by fungal infections in these patients is of concern and fatal if diagnosed late. The aim of this research is to investigate a woman with COVID-19 and HIV who was diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis.

Case Report:

 The patient is a 53-year-old woman who complained of severe headache and nausea after infection with COVID-19. White blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, lymphocyte, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen were increased compared to the standard level. Cerebrospinal fluid testing showed that glucose was lower and protein was higher than normal. Microscopic examination, staining and culture of cerebrospinal fluid deposits showed the presence of double wall yeasts similar to Cryptococcus. The patient was positive for COVID-19 and HIV. The level of CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) was lower than the standard. The patient was treated with amphotericin B at a dose of 100 mg for two weeks and was discharged from the hospital after the conditions were stabilized.

Cryptococcal meningitis can often occur in immunosuppressive conditions such as HIV. Therefore, quick follow-up, diagnosis and treatment should be considered in these patients.

Infection with Strongyloides stercoralis is common in tropical and subtropical regions. To prevent and treat these diseases, information on the distribution and frequency of these parasites in different geographical areas is needed. Due to the importance of diseases in the northern provinces of Iran, the present study was performed to determine the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis.

From April 2011 to March 2020, stool samples from patients who were referred to Rouhani hospital in Mazandaran province, Babol, were gathered. For stool samples, microscopic detection was performed immediately using the wet expansion method, followed by a formal-ether concentration process. Based on the sample size calculation, the minimum number of patients with Strongyloides stercoralis infection was considered to be 380 patients from the years 2011-2020. Mean and standard deviation indices were used to describe quantitative data and numbers and percentages were used to describe qualitative data.

Out of the total number of 39,800 archived patient files that were reviewed, a total of 420 (1.05%) patients were confirmed for the presence of Strongyloides stercoralis in their feces. The age range of patients was 3 to 89 years. The population of male patients (249 patients) was higher than females (171 patients). In patients with positive Strongyloides stercoralis, disease symptoms were positive in 206 patients and negative in 214 patients. The most common underlying disease in patients was abdominal pain (220 patients). 271 patients received steroids.

Strongyloides stercoralis infection was detected in the northern region of Iran. The prevalence of this parasite was higher in men, the elderly, and people with underlying comorbidities. These results can be used to identify and compare areas where the prevalence of infection is higher. Therefore, revealing the effect of Strongyloides stercoralis infection on public health makes the need for in-depth clinical and diagnostic studies important. People with chronic diseases, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, should be screened for parasitic diseases.

Helicobacter pylori infection and respiratory tract infection at the same time cause pathogenicity increase and death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the co-occurrence of upper respiratory tract disorders and gastrointestinal infections of H. pylori.

The present study was conducted as a systematic review and meta-analysis, from August 2019 to Agusut 2020, at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. Articles in the international databases (April 2001-December 2018) on the coexistence of upper respiratory tract disorders with H. pylori gastrointestinal infections were examined. The random effect model with a 95% confidence level was used to analyze the data.

The highest prevalence of respiratory disorders co-occurrence associated with adenoid tissue (33%), nasal polyps (100%), chronic rhinosinusitis (71%) and gastrointestinal infections of H. pylori was reported in 2006 in Turkey, 2011 in Poland and 2015 in Egypt. Concurrent prevalence of the disease, according to the type of upper respiratory tract disorders in all studies, the estimated effect size according to the random model was 53% in chronic rhinosinusitis, 63% in nasal polyps, 62% in adenoid tissue and 60% in total, which was significant (P=0/000). The prevalence of co-occurrence of upper respiratory tract disorders with gastrointestinal infections of H. pylori in patients was estimated to be 61% at the age of more than 27 years and 60% at the age of fewer than 27 years. Pooled estimation of the concurrent prevalence of infection (in total) was estimated to be 60% and was significant among the studies (P=0/000).

The concurrent prevalence of upper respiratory tract disorders with gastrointestinal infections of H. pylori was observed to be almost equal and significant in elderly and young patients. Due to the fact that the simultaneous occurrence of two types of infections and diseases in people is very dangerous, screening of patients with each of these infections is necessary to identify the other infection and prescribe appropriate drugs.

Intrinsic resistance of Enterococci to vancomycin and transmission to other gram-positive bacteria is a matter of concern. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify vancomycin resistance genes in patients-isolated Enterococci.

A total of 100 fecal samples were collected from patients referred to health centers in Qom province in 2018. Microbiological tests were used to identify Enterococci. The pattern of antibiotic resistance was investigated by disk diffusion method. PCR was used to detect vanA, vanB, and vanC genes in Enterococci.

60 Enterococci (60%) were isolated in this study. The highest antibiotic resistance was related to the ciprofloxacin (66.6%). The highest and lowest frequencies were for the vanC (15%) and vanA (5%) genes, respectively.

In the present study, resistance to vancomycin and other antibiotics, and the presence of van genes in resistant strains were observed. It is necessary to control and prevent the spread of enterococci in hospital and non-hospital settings.

One of the most common complications of brucellosis is its skeletal manifestations. This study was performed to identify the different types of skeletal manifestations in the patients with  brucellosis.

We reviewed records of the patients with skeletal complications of brucellosis who had been admitted to the infectious diseases ward of Razi Hospital in Qaemshahr from 2011 to 2017. Using SPSS 21 software, data were analyzed by t-test and chi-square (p≥0.001).

In 300 patients with brucellosis, the most frequent cause of referring to the hospital was fever (82.33%). The most, common skeletal complication was lumbar spondylosis. The mean value for hemoglobin was 11.50±1.57 gr/dl in women and 12.34± 1.54 gr/dl in men. Elevated alkaline phosphatase (97%) was the most common laboratory finding. This disease was more common in men than in women which showed a statistically significant difference (p≥0.001). The mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 52.78±29.15 millimeters per hour in the women (p≥0.001).

Fever and back pain were the most common causes of referring to the hospital. The most common articular bone complication was spondylosis, which was more common in the middle-aged patients. Therefore, brucellosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in the patients with long-standing fever and also in those with low back pain and arthralgia.

 Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins found in cereal products. 

 The purpose of this study is to compare the DON contamination level in raw wheat flour and bread.

 In this analytical study with cross-sectional design, a total of 44 wheat flour and bread samples (Lavash flour and bread, and Barbari flour and bread) were collected. The DON level was measured using ELISA method. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS software by using ANOVA and t-test considering a significance level of P≥0.05.

 The Mean±SD total DON level in the flour and bread samples was 0.03±0.04 and 0.12±0.21 µg/kg. The mean DON level in the Lavash and Barbari flour samples was 0.01±0.02 and 0.01±0.01 µg/kg, and in the Lavash and Barbari bread samples as 0.04±0.03 and 0.16±0.27 µg/kg, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the DON levels between flour and bread samples (P≥0.05).

 The presence of DON in the studied samples was observed, but its contamination level was lower than the permissible limit.

Antibacterial effects of Artemisia plant and algae have been confirmed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of antibiotics, Spirulina blue-green algae and Artemisa aucheri leaf extracts on multidrug resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Disk and well diffusion method, the growth minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) were used to evaluate antibacterial effects. Using SPPS 16 soaftware, data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and Bonferroni test (p≤0.001).

The MIC and MBC for amikacin, colicitin, ceftazidime were 4 and for gentamicin and nalidixic acid were 2 and 1 µg/µl, respectively. In disk and well diffusion methods, the highest growth inhibition zones belonged to ethanolic extracts (0.25 mg/ml) of Artemisia and algae. The best MIC and MBC for growth were related to ethanolic extracts of A. aucheri at the concentration of 0.15 mg/ml. The diameter of growth inhibition zone around the bacterium was directly related to the concentrations of Artemisia and Algae extracts (p = 0.000).

Considering the beneficial antibacterial effects of Spirulina blue-green algae and A. aucheri which were confirmed in this study, extraction of the active ingredients of medicinal plants is recommended for the mass production of herbal medicines.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has made treatment difficult. The purpose of this study was to investigate bacterial species in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis after surgery of paranasal sinuses to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns of them.

The data of 70 patients after paranasal sinuses surgery in Amiralmomenin hospital in Rasht city, in 2018 were evaluated. The identification of bacteria by microbiological laboratory methods and microbial susceptibility test was performed by disk diffusion method. For data analysis, SPSS version 22 software and chi-square test were used (p ≤0.05).

62 (88.57%) positive bacterial culture samples were identified. The most abundant strains was Staphylococcus epidermidis (38.70%). Staphylococcus aureus had the highest antibiotic resistance to penicillin and oxacillin (52.94%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis to penicillin (62.50%). Highest antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was to ceftazidime (90.90%). Escherichia coli was resistant to ceftazidime and ampicillin (100%) and Hafnia alvei was resistant to ceftazidime (100%). Klebsiella aerogenes had higher resistant to ceftazidime and cefixime (100%). With increasing of patient’s age, resistance to antibiotics increased (p ≤0.05).

Antibiotic resistance was observed in bacterial samples isolated from patients after surgery. Given that antibiotic resistance may cause failure in the treatment. Monitoring of the antibiotic-resistant pattern is necessary to select the appropriate antibiotic.

Health-based trafficking has devastating effects on consumer health .The purpose of this article is to conduct a comprehensive review of studies on the harmful effects of trafficking-centered health products on human health and to gain a deep understanding of this concept .In this review study, valid internal( Iranian )and foreign databases including :Magiran ,IranMedex ,and Scientific Information Databank( SID ,)Iranian sites ,Food and Drug Administration and external databases including: Google scholar and PubMed were used. The results showed that trafficking of health-oriented goods is one of the major problems in the community health system and serious confrontation with trafficking of health-oriented goods is of great importance for improving the health status of the community .In the meantime ,adequate monitoring of prices ,quality and service delivery ,advertising and information ,social culture and information on the effects of trafficking in health-oriented goods ,protection of health-oriented products production ,and oversight by government Food and medicine agencies and organizations is important

Identification of the source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) as cause of nosocomial infections is an important step towards infection control. The purpose of this study was to perform multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat survey and analysis for typing of P. aeruginosa as a cause of nosocomial infection. This descriptive-analytic study included 134 clinical samples of P. aeruginosa in Sanandaj from December 2015 to August 2017. Phenotypic tests and PCR were performed to confirm P. aeruginosa. Molecular typing was carried out by variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), and analysis was performed using a zero-and-one matrix. Using Stata 12, data were analyzed by chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (p≤0.05). 41.79% of P. aeruginosa strains were associated with nosocomial infections. The highest number of clinical specimens were related to tracheal (51.78%) and the least number associated with sputum and abdominal fluid (each one1.78%). There was a significant relationship between nosocomial infections and intensive care unit (ICU) (p≤0.05). Also nosocomial infections showed a significant relationship with tracheal samples (p≤0.05). Analysis of 10 strains isolated from nosocomial infections showed 10 patterns with a similarity of 72%. Nosocomial infections were related to P. aeruginosa and we showed epidemiological distributions of this bacterium in our study. Identification of the origin of the bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections is an important step in the prevention and control of these infections.

Urinary tract infections occur through the colonization of microbes in the urinary tract. One of the major challenges in the antibacterial treatment of these infections is an increase in antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial agents causing urinary infections and its antibiotic resistance patterns in patients referred to Shohada hospital in Khorramabad. In this cross-sectional study, 740 bacterial isolates were isolated and detected from urinary culture in Shohada Hospital of Khorramabad during one year (2016-2017). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern was measured by disc diffusion method. Results were analyzed using STATA-12 software. The highest isolate was Escherichia coli (61.43%) and the least frequent was related to Citrobacer (0.27%). Isolated Escherichia coli had most resistance to nalidixic acid (54.18%). Isolates that picked up in different parts of the hospital showed the highest resistance to cotrimoxazole. Antibiotic resistance is high in isolates that picked up from urine culture of patients. Since, distribution of antibiotic resistance is variable in different regions and periods of time, periodic monitoring of antibiotic resistance is recommended to control the infection.

Candida albicans (C. albicans) as an opportunistic pathogen, can causes cutaneous and mucosal infections. Antibiotic treatments for this fungus have multiple adverse effects and cause drug resistance. In this study, the inhibitory effect of Artemisia sieberi (A. sieberi), was investigated on growth of Candida albicans.
In this experimental study, aqueous and alcoholic extracts were prepared from A. sieberi using percolation method. Using disk diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), were assessed to evaluate the antifungal effects of these extracts on C. albicans in vitro.
C. albicans, was resistant to hydroalcoholic extracts in the disk diffusion method and grew around the disks containing the extracts. The MIC of aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts, were determined to be 6250, 3125, and 6250µg/ml, respectively, and MFC of these three extracts, were determined 12500, 6250, and 12500µg/ml, respectively. In the MIC and MFC method, ethanolic extracts had higher antifungal activity.
According to the results of this study, different extracts of A. sieberi affect C. albicans growth and prevent its growth. Thus, more

Streptococcus sanguinis and mutans are dental infections agents. Due to the adverse effects of chemical mouthwashes, the aim of the present study was to determine the antibacterial effects of cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash and alcoholic extracts of Melissa officinalis plant on the growth of these bacteria.
In this laboratory study, M. officinalis leaves were collected and extracted using percolation method. Well diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were used for the antibacterial effects determination of alcoholic extracts of the plant and mouthwash in the concentrations of 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.62, 7.81, 3.9, 1.95, 0.97 and 0.48 mg/ml. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
The most antibacterial effect of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of M. officinalis and mouthwash on S. mutans and sanguinis was in the concentration of 250 mg/ml and the least inhibitory concentrations against S. mutans were 3.9, 31.25 and 15.26 and against S. sanguinis were 31.25, 15.62and 31.25 mg/ml, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of M. officinalis and mouthwash against S. mutans were 125, 62.5 and 31.25 and against S. sanguinis were 62.5, 31.5 and 62.5 mg/ml, respectively. There was a positive significant correlation between increasing concentration of extracts and inhibition of bacterial growth (p It seems that M. officinalis extract like mouthwash can be used as an oral and teeth antiseptic. However, in-vivo tests and proves that there is no harmful effects on the human body are essential for the production of this type of herbal mouthwash.

Fungi Malasezia furfur (M. furfur) is the causative agent of pityriasis versicolor disease. The compounds in the Artemisia deserti (A. deserti) have antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this research is investigation of the antifungal effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of plant A. deserti on the M. furfur in the laboratory conditions.
From the A. deserti plant by the method of percolation, the aqueous and alcoholic extracts were prepared and then concentration of 40, 50, 60 and 70 mg/ml was made. In order to evaluate the antifungal effects of these extracts on M. furfur in laboratory Disc diffusion method, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations (MFC) was investigated. SPSS21 software and the two-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data (p Maximum diameter of inhibition growth by application of ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts was 18, 17.33 and 13.66 millimeter, respectively that were seen in the concentration of 70 mg/ml. M. furfur fungus was more susceptible to ethanolic extract of A. deserti. The MIC and MFC of the aqueous extracts with 25×103 and 5×103, respectively, was better in comparison to MIC and MFC of other extracts. Also, with an increase in the concentration of the extracts, the antifungal effect was also increased (p Different extractions had different effect on the diameter of growth inhibition and by increasing the concentration of extracts, the diameter of growth inhibition increased too. With more research in the in-vivo, it is hoped that this plant will be used in the future as a combination to treat skin diseases caused by this fungus.

Malassezia furfur is the causative agent of Tinea Versicolor. Due to create drug-resistant, now day the use of herbal medicines has been the subject of speculation. The aim of this study was to determination of alcoholic and aquatic extract antifungal effect of bitter olive fruit on the Malassezia furfur. Extraction was performed using simple distillation from bitter olive fruit. Wells diffusion method and tube for determination of extracts antifungal effect and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were applied, respectively. The data were analyzed with SPSS using two-way ANOVA test. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Highest mean diameter of growth inhibition zone was observed around of well containing 110 mg/ml of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extract that were 19±1, 29.33±2.3 and 40±1 mm, respectively. The excellent MIC was related with ethanolic extract of bitter olive fruit and equal to 390.625 mg/ml. The extract type and concentration had a significant impact on growth inhibitory zone around fungus and anti-growth effect was better at higher concentrations (p <0.05). The antifungal effect of bitter olive fruit in this research was proved. Due to human society abundant use of herbs, finding the best herbal extracts with anti-fungal effects and fewer side effects is necessary.

Antibiotic resistance survey in Gram-negative bacteria has an important role in the management of treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from patients and determination of contamination rate of different wards of hospital to these bacteria.
Information of 3242 patients from hospital information system of Toohid and Besat hospitals of Sanandaj city in 2013-2014 years was studied. Identification of bacteria using microbiology laboratory methods and antimicrobial susceptibility test according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards using disk diffusion method were performed. For data analysis, SPSS-16 software and chi square (X2) and independent t-test was used.
The number of 2289 (70.60%) of Gram negative bacteria were isolated in this research that 51.46% of Escherichia coli isolates, 43.47% Klebsiella, 44.28% Enterobacter, 58.99% Pseudomonas and 33.33% Morganella showed most resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In 76.06% of Acinetobacter isolates, 53.26% Serratia, 73.33% Shigella and 76.92% Citrobacter, most resistance was to cefotaxime, tetracycline, trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline, and ceftriaxone, respectively. Most gram negative bacteria were isolated from women’s ward (625 isolates). A statistically significant association between age of the patient and of antibiotic resistance was observed (P High antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria was observed. Performance of antibiotic susceptibility tests before drug prescription in the treatment and control of drug resistance is important.

The processes of cooking and also washing reduce the amount of heavy metals in rice. So identify the best method of cooking and washing is essential to reduce heavy metals. The aim of this study is to evaluate the remaining cadmium and lead after cooking and washing processes in Tarom rice in Qaemshahr city.
Qaemshahr city was divided into five regions and of each region; three rice samples were collected, randomly. The concentration of lead and cadmium were evaluated in 75 raw rice samples, washed by water, cooked, rinsed rice and Kateh. Results were analyzed using software SPSS.18 and t-test student, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's post hoc.
According to t-test Student test, amount of lead and cadmium in rice was higher than the international and Iran standards. The minimum amount of cadmium was in the rinsed rice method (0.19 ± 0.08) and lead was in the washed by water method (0.87 ± 0.3). ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between concentrations of cadmium and lead in samples of rice in different regions (p The amount of heavy metals in studied rice samples was higher than the standard limit. The minimum amount of metals was observed in the rinsing and washing methods. As regards that contamination in planted ricesnear industrial wastewater was higher than the others, So planting rice in areas closing to the industrial factories should be prevented, and best methods for rice cooking should be trained.

Mycoplasma infections are suggested as etiology of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis) infection and spontaneous abortion among pregnant women.

In this case-control study that was conducted from August 2012 to January 2013, totally, 109 women were included with spontaneous abortion with gestational ages of 10-20 weeks (Cases), and 109 women with normal pregnancy with gestational ages between 20-37 weeks (Controls) in Sanandaj, Iran. Using specific primers and extracted DNA from endocervical swabs, a PCR test was conducted for detection of M. hominis infection in women. For comparison of qualitative and quantitative variables, independent Fisher tests were used and p

The total frequency of M. hominis infection was 6 (2.75%) in women. The frequency of M. hominis infection was 2 (1.83%) in the case group (spontaneous abortion) and 4 (3.66%) in the control group, respectively. In both case and control groups, no association was seen between M.hominis infection and spontaneous abortion (OR=0. 49, CI 95%: 0.08-2.73, p=0. 683).

M. hominis was positive in the genital tract of some pregnant women, but it was not associated with spontaneous abortion. However, to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes in women, foetus and neonate, routine screening and treatment for the genital Mycoplasma is recommended.

Campylobacter can be transmitted through the raw milk. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter genus and Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) species in raw milk samples.
In this study, 72 samples of raw milk were collected of the platforms milk in the Amol city in summer. Phenotypic identification of Campylobacter genus and C. jejuni species using microbiology laboratory methods and molecular identification of this bacterium using Multiplex- Polymerase Chain Reaction (M-PCR) were performed. The data was calculated using the SPSS 16.0 software and the Fisher's exact test (p Among the 72 samples, 13.88% of samples were contaminated with C. jejuni and 2.77% were contaminated with Campylobacter genus. The highest prevalence rate for this bacterium was in July (20.83%) and the lowest prevalence rate was in September (12.5%). The significant difference between the prevalence of the Campylobacter genus and C. jejuni species in raw milk samples in various months of summer was not observed (p = 0.07).
This study showed the raw milk contamination with Campylobacter, and thereby the sanitation in the dairy food production places and the use of fast and accurate method to identify this bacterium is important.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important bacteria in Hospital and community-acquired infections. Antibiotic resistance that is caused by this bacterium to be a major problem in health care. The purpose of this study was to determine vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration by E-test in Staphylococcus aureus isolated in two tertiary Hospitals in the city of Sanandaj. This study cross-sectional study was performed on 88 samples Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens of patients admitted to Toohid and Besat Hospitals in Sanandaj city (April to March 2011). Strains identification was done by Microbiology standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion and vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration by E-test was performed. In this study 40 S. aureus strains from Toohid and 48 strains from Besat Hospitals was collected. Between 88 isolates of S. aureus, minimum inhibitory concentration ranges was varied of 0.19-1.5 milligrams per liter and according to standards were all strains were sensitive to vancomycin (minimum inhibitory concentration ≤ 2). In this study resistance strains to vancomycin not found. The results of this research can play an important role in resistance to vancomycin assess in the health care system in the Kurdistan province, as well as for the correct application of the antibiotic treatment of infections.

The safest way to reduce mycotoxins in contaminated foods with it; it is using certain strains of various microbes. Aim of this study is biological reduction of aflatoxin B1 by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) in wheat flour samples that were collected in Chaloos city (Mazandaran province، North Iran). Aflatoxin B1 contamination was measured by ELISA method in 22 samples of wheat flour. Then S. cerevisiae was added to primary wheat flour. After 48 h aflatoxin B1 contamination in samples were measured by ELISA، again. For statistical analysis، the statistical software SPSS18 and t-test was used. all 22 samples of wheat flour were contaminated with aflatoxin B1. The minimum and maximum levels of aflatoxin B1 in primary wheat flour were 1. 1 and 10. 6 ppb، respectively. S. cerevisiae reduced the amount of aflatoxin B1 in wheat flour samples. Minimum and maximum amount of aflatoxin contamination after adding S. cerevisiae was 0. 5 and 9. 1 ppb، respectively. Inhibitory effect of S. cerevisiae and aflatoxin B1 reduction in wheat flour was proved in this study. Therefore we can be hoped that yeast S. cerevisiae as neutralizing agents can be used in flour for this toxin. Consumption of products that contaminated with aflatoxin B1 endangers consumers'' health، thus reducing of this toxin in the food should be considered.

Introduction and The presence of live bacteria in the blood reflects blood infection, which if not appropriately treated, associated with high mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate frequency rate of bacterial agents that caused blood infections and also antibiotic resistance pattern of them in patients admitted to Toohid Hospital in Sanandaj city during 2013-2014 years.
Present study was performed on 3242 patients. Positive blood culture samples of patients were evaluated and after bacteria isolated, antibiotic sensitivity test with disk diffusion method according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) were on performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software and frequency rate determination.
180 positive blood culture samples were isolated during one year. The highest frequency rate was related to Staphylococcus epidermidis (51.11%) and lowest was related to Serratia (1.11%). The highest resistance was to vancomycin, amikacin, ampicillin, sulfametoxazol, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, penicillin and tetracycline. The highest and lowest bacteria isolates were isolated in children (50 isolates) and emergency (5 isolates) and outpatient parts (5 isolates), respectively. The highest resistance in different parts of hospital was to ampicillin.
with appropriate antibiotics prescription, according to exact results of antibiogram and with sanitation in various parts of hospital, especially the children's part, can be proceed accurate treatment and reduce health costs.

Malassezia furfur is the cause of pityriasis versicolor. Phenolic compounds in the walnut leaf have antimicrobial effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the antifungal effects of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of walnut leaf on M. furfur, in vitro. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of walnut leaf were prepared by simple distillation and Rotary method and then we studied the antifungal effects of these extracts on M. furfur by using disc and Well method, in vitro. Then the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined. SPSS18 software, two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test were used for data analysis. The largest growth inhibition zone diameters for water, ethanolic and methanolic extracts were 30, 28.66and 46.33 mm, respectively, that were observed at a concentration of 110 mg/ml. MIC of aqueous extract for M. furfur was 25×103 mg/ml and its MFC was 5×104 mg/ml. The MIC and MFC of walnut leaf ethanolic extract were 6250 and 125×102 mg/ml, respectively. Also MIC and MFC of methanolic extract were 25×103 and 5×103 mg/ml, respectively. Statistical results showed that extracts had a different effect on the diameter of inhibition zones and increased concentration of the extracts led to increased inhibition zone diameters (p<0.05). According to the results of this study, extracts of walnut leaf can be a promising therapy in the future for the treatment of infections caused by M. furfur.

Diarrheal diseases may occur in all age groups, worldwide. Escherichia coli (E. coli O157: H7) is one of the most important bacterial agents causing this disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of diarrhea in patients with acute diarrhea caused by this bacterium. In this study, 214 stool samples were collected from acute diarrheic patients in hospitals and clinical laboratories of Malayer city, Iran. The samples were cultured in rich, differentiation, specific and selective medium. To detect E. coli O157: H7, rapid detection method and antisera were used. In 12.15% of the samples, lactose fermentation was observed and E. coli was afirmed. The results of lactose positive samples showed that 6.54% were negative-β- Glucuronidases and were confirmed as E. coli O157. Finally, by using O157: H7 antisera, 1.87% of 14 samples that were negative- β-Glucuronidases were asserted as E. coli O157. based on the results, the prevalence of E. coli O157: H7 is higher in children and elders than the others. Food and water play a significant role in transferring E. coli.