فهرست مطالب محمدحسین دلشاد

Sarcopenia Syndrome is a situation that characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. The aim of study is to investigate the effect of physical activity on preventing and control the progression of Sarcopenia.

This study is a systematic review based on the PRISMA statement and were implemented systematically an electronic search in Iran Medex, SID, Magiran databases, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar, and Science Direct in both Persian and English language from January 2013 to April 2020. The key words “Physical activity” and “Sarcopenia” were searched in both languages.

The results of studies conducted in Brazil showed there was significant different in the prevalence of sarcopenia between men and women (p = 0.029), so that prevalence of sarcopenia in men was 15.3% vs prevalence sarcopenia in women is 5.9%. A Korean study found that the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was significantly lower among those who were active. Men who had higher physical activity levels were less likely to develop sarcopenia (p <0.001). Higher levels of physical activity have been associated with a reduced risk of sarcopenia.The results of a study in Spain showed that there is a significant relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity, so that people with sedentary behavior (SB) are more likely to sarcopenia (p <0.001).

Findings show that physical activity helps maintain or improve muscle mass in the elderly.

Due to the fact that incorrect physical postures of clinical workers during work are directly related to pain in various areas, including low back pain, therefore, it was necessary to design a valid and reliable questionnaire. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design and psychoanalyze a questionnaire of knowledge, attitude and behavior of medical staff about low back pain.

The present study is of psychometric type and was conducted in two parts of questionnaire design and its validity and reliability in 2020 in Lorestan province. In this study, the tool used was a questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitude and behavior, which was designed using scientific sources, studies and expert opinions. To evaluate the content validity, the content validity ratio and the content validity index were used using the opinions of 10 experts. Test-retest methods were used to evaluate the internal reliability and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha was used to evaluate the external reliability.

The designed questionnaire contains 40 items that measure 16 items of knowledge domain, 10 items of attitude domain and 14 items of behavior domain, respectively. The content validity ratio and content validity index were determined to be 0.95 and 0.90, respectively. Also, Cronbachchr('39')s alpha of the whole questionnaire was 0.86 and the correlation coefficient between the  items in the first and second series was reported to be 0.94.

The present study showed that the designed questionnaire has good validity and reliability and can be used to assess the knowledge, attitude and behavior of medical staff to prevent low back pain.

Childbirth pain and the resulting anxiety and fear are among the most challenging issues in women's life. Combined spinal-epidural analgesia (CSE A) is one of the most popular methods of labor pain relief. However, few studies have compared the effect of CSE A on labor with non-pharmacological or no analgesia methods.

The aim of this study was to determine the differences between nulliparous women who received CSE A and nulliparous women who received no analgesia in terms of labor and delivery.

This observational retrospective study was conducted by surveying patient records related to natural delivery of term nulliparous women between March 20, 2016 and March 19, 2018. Overall, 320 cases were eligible for inclusion in the study. All records of singleton term nulliparous women with ASA I and II who were candidates for low-risk natural delivery were selected, of which 220 cases were related to deliveries without analgesia and 100 cases were related to deliveries with CSE A. Specific variables including duration of stage I of active phase of labor, duration of stage II of active phase of labor, use of assistive devices during delivery, resuscitation of newborns using mask and ambo bag, Apgar score of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth, and use of oxytocin were studied in the two groups.

In this study, the demographic characteristics showed acceptable homogeneity of the two groups. In the study of specific variables, it was found that CSE A did not increase the duration of stage I of active phase of labor, while it did slightly prolong the duration of stage II of active phase of labor. CSE analgesia increased the rate of use of assisted labor, while it did not increase the rate of resuscitation of newborns. In addition, CSE analgesia had not decreased the Apgar score of newborns in the first and fifth minutes. It was also found that in the CSE A group, the rate of labor induction by oxytocin infusion was higher.

CSE A has no harmful effects on labor or neonate, and despite a slight increase in the duration of stage II of labor and rate of use of assistive devices, it can be chosen as a safe method in labor analgesia if the current scientific principles are followed.

Faculty members are the most important asset of any higher education institution. Empowerment of faculty members in the fields of teaching, research, and leadership will also lead to the performance of the mission of the educational institution. A needs assessment has long been considered as one of the important components in many areas that deal with planning to achieve certain goals and objectives. Effective management of university education requires managerial skills. This study was conducted to assess the managerial skills of managers of educational departments of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

In this cross-sectional study, 70 managers of the educational departments of the faculties of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences entered the study in the census. The instrument was self-reported questionnaire that was sent to participants. This was including 68 items that were measured technical skills (32 items), conceptual skills (15 items) and human skills (21 items). The questionnaire was designed based on Katz's theory of management skills and the validity of the questionnaire was measured by content validity and its reliability was measured by Cronbach's alpha (α= 0.80 and test-retest (r = 0.83). Answer the questions based on the Likert scale (very high, high, low, rarely) that the scoring 4 to 1. The questionnaire was sent to each faculty member via e-mail. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 and descriptive and inferential statistics (analysis of variance).

The results showed that the mean age of the subjects was 38.4 04 8.04. The technical skills of managers about with the duties of 93.8% are too high compactness. In human skills Participatory system, with emphasis on the reform proposals and also the ability to modify their behavior and attitudes in the 75 percent needs managers is very high or high. Perceptual skills and familiarity with the strategy based on the 68.8 percent estimate is high and very high compactness.

In cases of technical skills, human skills, perception skills of training managers and the results should be reinforced in training programs.

The purpose of the public transport system to reduce the use of private vehicles and civilian traffic and thus reduce the problems caused by it in the cities. In developing countries, intercity buses are the most important part of the public transport system. Optimized bus network design plays a special role to enhance the quality of services to citizens and reduce traffic urban streets and problems related to it. In this study, the current bus network in Yazd considered and the bus frequency, number of passengers, waiting time… of current bus network are investigated. According to the geometry of urban streets, position of population centers, intersection…similar to ant colony method, the metropolitan area is divided into 149 arcs and 92 nodes. By comparing the results, Strategies like: adding new arcs, remove or improve some arcs, define new paths, allocatinig number and type of fleet in each of the paths in order to increase citizen satisfaction and encourage the use of the bus fleet, reducing transmission, reduce municipal costs, reduce traffic, reduce energy consumption… is provided to improve the performance and efficiency of the current bus network

Acceptance, learning and use of preventive health behaviors by teams of health workers, using new techniques, is a necessity and powerful need to improve the quality and efficiency of education. This study aimed to measure the satisfaction of employees from a variety of web-based instruction in preventive intervention for hepatitis B grew.
This study was done in 2013 on the staff of the health care center of East Tehran. The web-based training were studied after the first test (for 5 sessions in 4 groups of 30), and six months after physical education (7 times in 6 groups of 20 training) by 2 teachers .At the end, questionnaire was completed to assess their satisfaction with the quality, content, presentation, and collaboration on the line. Data were analyzed using software SPSS19 by χ2, Pearson's correlation, Fridman and Mann-Whitney U tests.
WBL study showed the highest satisfaction. Frequency of satisfaction were 48.33% for presentation material, 42.5% for group participation, 41.66% for getting personal information bank approval, 39.17% for the finished questionnaire under web page, 48.33% for the working group of instructor and 35% for the meetings of the LMS fit the needs of employees. Demographic variables, except gender of staff members, had effect on satisfaction in the E-learning courses. Overall, the mean knowledge, attitude and behavior before and after WBL training were significantly different (P The results showed that acceptance, learning and teaching practices via WBL is in advance, because staff training programs doesn’t need to leave the service, waste of time, and stress from traffic, and get other sources and content in right time. So it is required to set some measures, such as forming committees, to set priorities by providing a summary web-based learning environment in topics courses.

The health workers are at risk of infection with hepatitis B through contact with blood and body fluids. This study aimed to determine the effect of education on standard precautions for the prevention of hepatitis B in the eastern Tehran. This study had a quasi-experimental protocol with 135 employees of the health team as a two-stage cluster from eastern Tehran assessed before and after the study and a questionnaire was used for data collection and validation of the method. Content and its reliability was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 76.5 and 0.91. The educational program of lectures, group discussions, questions and answers received training package. Immediately and six months later, questionnaire was used for collecting data and analysis was done using SPSS19 software with the help of Friedman and Wilcoxon tests. Level of consciousness before, immediately after the intervention and six months later was 1.03, 2.79 and 2.79, ranked attitude was 1.01, 1.97 and 2.97 and proactive performance rating of hepatitis B was 1.01, 1.99 and 2.98, respectively, which showed a significant difference between the pre- and post-intervention Hrtkrar (p <0.001) and full relationship between knowledge and attitude variables (r =0.450), awareness and behavior (r = 0. 280), attitudes and behaviors (r = 0.568) with a significance level of 0.001 with odds =3.60, greater change in behavior occurred before and after the intervention. The results showed that the training program developed to improve the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of the target group was effective in prevention of hepatitis B infection. Therefore, it seems that the inclusion of educational programs can be an effective step in improving the health of the health team.

Health care working should be considered as an occupational hazard. Risk of blood-borne viruses and preventing needle stick injuries, high costs of treatment and many patients capability lead to principles are called standard precautions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the standard precautions for preventing hepatitis B infection in the health care staff. A cross sectional study was conducted on 135 employees of health services. Data were collected using questionnaires for data analysis and statistical software was used SPSS-Ver19. 23% of employees had been injured at least one time during their working years. 30 (21%) cases of injuries were reported. logistic regression analysis showed that the most important factors of decreasing the risk of injuries and raising the standard precautions were health care workers willingness to work (OR =1.78, CI=6.38-0.49) and standard precautions at the health center officials (OR =1.67, CI=3.62-0.53). Between jobs (p= 0.12), jobs status, educational level and the cause of injury (P< 0.05) with injuries significant relation were observed. The most common cause of injury was getting blood (10.40%) and the most prevalent means or instrument of damage was needle (11.10%). Our findings need to be revised in new construction principles affecting specialist's standard precautions for prevention of hepatitis B infection.

Acceptance and implementation of preventive behaviors through new methods by healthcare personnel are of great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate healthcare personnel’s satisfaction with quality of web-based learning in teaching preventive behaviors of hepatitis B virus infection. This descriptive study was conducted on 120 healthcare employees in Tehran east health center in 2013. Participants were selected through the two-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected via a researcher-made satisfaction assessment questionnaire which included subjects about the content, implementation method and the process of implementing e-learning program. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that the highest personnel satisfaction score was in teachers’ accountability in practical work (22.24±1.80 out of 25) and the lowest satisfaction scores were related to how to complete the questionnaire electronically (17.28±2.32), and using good examples and illustrations for better understanding of the content (17.43±1.90). Satisfaction with other categories were respectively related to being forced to think about the content, receiving database confirmation after registering personal information, the content (web-based brochures, images or videos), online group discussions in chat rooms, and appropriateness of the content of LMS meetings with professional needs. Factors such as education (p=0.001), job (p=0.001) and employment status (p=0.004) had impacts on personnel’s general satisfaction with participating in the e-learning course. The results showed significant personnel`s satisfaction with the quality of web-based learning in teaching preventive behaviors of hepatitis B virus infection. Given the fairly lower satisfaction rates in some categories of the implementation method and content of the e-learning program, it is necessary to take these into account when designing such programs in order to improve their quality.

A hepatitis B virus infection-control standard of acceptance and use by health care workers is important. The aim of this study was to determine how to improve the level of compliance and infection control standards in three areas before, during and after exposure to risky job. A descriptive study, over 135 health care workers was conducted. A two-stage cluster sampling method was used. The data, produced by the leaves list to see subtle performance, points gained 7 operating records and review them with the desired range, relatively favorable and unfavorable to the chi-square test, correlation and Friedman SPSS for analysis data were analyzed. Hepatitis B virus infection-control staff about admissions criteria, respectively, in the two areas one with 59.35 %, 7 domains of factor 3 with 48.88 % and the 4 domains 2 with 45.92 % in the most favorable performance were. The cure rate standards in the average rating scores it is evident (P<0.05). Laboratory personnel were highest standards (p = 0.0016). Least favorable performance respectively allotted to the 5 domains 2 (non-use of syringes A.D) with 87 %, a factor of 2 domain 1 (Do not use alcohol on a cotton breaking glass when shots or injections) with 85 % and the 6 domains 3 (not reported needlestick injuries in health care) with 57 %. More than half of the employees were relatively favorable and unfavorable. Therefore benefiting from this study is expected in 100% of patients, hepatitis B virus infection-control measures after a period of training is planned to operate.

When a new scale is designed، it is expected that by following the development processes، extensive information can be obtained regarding the scale assessment. The main aim of this study was to design a valid and reliable scale proportionate to the culture of the employees surveyed، in order to identify and measure the improvements of infection-control criterion for Hepatitis B virus. In this cross-sectional study، data collection instruments involved designing and assessing the reliability and validity. The study sample was of cluster type involving the health care workers of 19 health centers and 16 Health sites. For Questionnaire designing، first، a list of 50 questions was prepared. Moreover، to assess the validity، the internal consistency and reproducibility، the methods content validity ratio (CVR)، content validity index (CVI)، test-retest reliability and alpha Cronbach coefficient were utilized respectively. 5 items were rejected due to poor content validity. Content validity index was higher than 0. 80. The alpha Cronbach coefficient for the total scale was 83% and for subcategories، it was between 0. 81 to 0. 86. The factor weight extracted from exploratory factor analysis of the questionnaire، was 74% shared variance. As a result، the final questionnaire is reliable and repeatable (ICC= 0. 896 and P <0. 001) According to the study findings، the improvement Questionnaire of infection-control criterion for Hepatitis B virus is proper and usable in the research activities.

Hepatitis B is the most common occupational hazard in health personnel especially those that do not adhere to standard precautions in occupational exposures. Fatal complications and the lack of specific treatment for this infection have driven the attention of health researchers to the education of preventive methods. The aim of this study was to design a valid and reliable tool with sociological characteristics in order to measure seven behavioral factors controlling hepatitis B. This descriptive study was conducted in 135 health personnel that were selected by two-stage cluster random sampling method in Tehran during 2012-2013. The questionnaire was designed according to the definition recommended by Green and Kruter. Validity was determined in terms of face, content and construct validity. Reliability was determined by internal consistency and test-retest using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The content validity ratio was greater than 0.80, the content validity index was greater than 0.79 and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.82. Exploratory factor analysis extracted seven factors that could predict %76.5 of the variance. Based on confirmatory factor analysis, the reliability of the model was fitted to 0.91. With regards to the results, the questionnaire obtained from this study can be used for research, education and practical purposes.

Background and The need for continuous measures of preventive behaviors، health researchers is highlighted. Means of achieving that goal requires the use of adequate reliability and validity in the scientific literature. This cross-sectional study was done in 2013 on a two-stage random sampling method، 135 persons were Tehran Health Center East. Through the qualitative and quantitative study of face validity، content validity index calculation and judging the quality via a 14-member panel of experts and validity by performing exploratory factor analysis-with the agreement reliability (coefficient alpha) and test-retest method of estimating was approved. A total of 50 males، first three items need to be corrected with the number 45 on the calculation of the index scores of items (with quantity greater than 1. 5) with CVI greater than 0. 07 and CVR higher than 0. 08 down found. As demonstrated، good homogeneity of subdirectories than the average correlation between questions 0. 35 (P<0. 001). By calculating Cranach''s alpha reliability of the tool، 0. 83 was verified and the results show test-retest stability of the questionnaire and its subdivisions. The evidence of the strength of the factor structure and the reliability of an instrument can be developed to provide a tool for research، teaching and practice of health workers are of interest. The psychometric quality of the instrument was satisfactory. The course restrictions of the methodology should be considered in the development of more questionnaires.