فهرست مطالب هژیر یوسف شاهی

Patients admitted into intensive care units (ICU) have many problems, distracting the attention of health care providers from their oral cavity and its health. This causes problems and illnesses later on, imposing high costs on the patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate oral health status in patients admitted into ICU by determining gingival and debris indexes.
In this cross-sectional study, 140 patients under mechanical ventilation were examined to determine gingival and debris indexes. A questionnaire was also prepared in this context and delivered to patients’ relatives. Data were analyzed with SPSS 22 and Spearman’s correlation coefficient was determined. Statistical significance was set at p value The means of gingival and debris indexes were 1.5 and 1.9, respectively. Spearman’s correlation coefficients showed an association between toothbrushing before hospitalization and gingival and debris indexes (p value Based on the results of this study, it appears that the oral hygiene in patients admitted into intensive care units is far from the standards.

Dentists usually prescribe analgesics for controlling pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic prescription patterns of general dental practitioners in Isfahan, Iran.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a standard questionnaire was used and its reliability and validity were evaluated. A total of 253 general dental practitioners participating in continuous education programs were selected using simple random sampling method. The dentists responded the questions on the questionnaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and chi-squared test (α = 0.05).
The most commonly prescribed analgesic was 400-mg Gelofen tablet; 47.8% of dentists prescribed analgesics on an as-needed basis. In cases of severe pain, 58.5% of dentists prescribed a combination of analgesics. In addition, the most common analgesic prescribed in severe pain was dexamethasone. In this context, 48.6% of dentists used prophylactic analgesics. The prescription pattern was statistically different between dentists with more than ten years of experience and those with less than ten years of clinical experiences (p value = 0.010).
It seems it is necessary to improve general dentists’ knowledge about analgesic prescription via retraining courses.

Synthesis of new drugs, including GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), is one of the most important use of recombinant DNA technology. GM-CSF is a Molgramostim drug that is widely used in order to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and enhance the immune system. Treatment of dental abscesses in patients undergoing chemotherapy is one of the most common uses of this drug in dentistry. In addition, GM-CSF has a key role in the treatment of mucositis in patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy of the oral area. In this review, the different uses of the recombinant molgramostim drugs in treating different diseases were evaluated.
Article Explanation: In the current review paper, relevant articles were collected from ISI Web of Science and PubMed databases by using Google Scholar search engine from 1973 to 2014. The articles were analyzed for 8 months. Articles related to the effect of recombinant GM-CSF on treating disease were included in the current paper.
The potency of GM-CSF in inducing the production of granulocytes and macrophages in vivo shows that it can clinically increase neutrophil counts and enhance the immune system subsequent to injuries inflicted by conditions such as myelodysplastic syndrome or injuries due to chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, considering the widespread therapeutic use of GM-CSF to boost the immune system, it can be introduced as an important agent for the treatment of dental abscesses in chemotherapy patients.

Peptide as an agent in manufacturing new drugs has recently been taken into consideration. Brevinin-2R is a nano peptide with a wide range of biological actions. Thus, the current study was designed in order to evaluate the in vitro effects of Brevinin-2R on oral squamous cell carcinoma cells in comparison to normal mice fibroblast cells.
In this study, oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (KB) and normal mice fibroblast cells (L929) were cultured and treated with different concentrations of Brevinin-2R (0.1-30 µg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Then, cell viability was calculated by MTT method. Data were fed to SPSS software (version 20) via which One Way ANOVA and Tukey tests was calculated for the collected data.
The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Brevinin-2R for KB cells and L929 cells were 15.48 and 24.14 µg/ml respectively, demonstrating that higher concentration of Brevinin-2R is necessary in order to reach IC50 concentration for L929 cells (about 1.5 times).
Results point out that Brevinin-2R peptide is more effective on oral squamous cell carcinoma cells compared to normal mice fibroblast cells (L929).

Protective antigen of anthrax toxin, after touching the cell receptors, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of toxin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction of anthrax toxin protective antigen and four great combination propolis included caffeic acid, benzyl caffeate, cinnamic acid and kaempferol using the softwares and bioinformatics web servers.
Three-dimensional structure of protective antigen (receptor) obtains from Protein Data Bank (PDB). Four of the main components from propolis were selected as ligand and their 3D-structures were obtained from ChemSpider and ZINC compound database. The interaction of each ligand and receptor was assessed by SwissDock server (http://www.swissdock.ch/) and BSP-SLIM server (http://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/BSP-SLIM). Docking results appears with Fullfitness numbers (in kcal/mol). Identification of amino acids involved in ligand and receptor interaction, was performed using the Chimera software; UCSF Chimera program (http://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/).
The results of interaction between propolis components and protective antigen by BSP-SLIM server showed that the most interaction was related with benzyl caffeate, caffeic acid, kaempferol and cinnamic acid, respectively. Results for the desired ligand Interaction with protective antigen genes using SwissDock server showed that the caffeic acid had ΔG equals -9.10 kcal/mol and FullFitness equal to -993.16 kcal/mol respectively. The analysis of interaction between ligands with amino-acids of protective antigen indicated that the interaction of Caffeic acid whit Glutamic acid 117 had energy -15.5429 kcal/mol.
Finding strong and safe inhibitors for anthrax toxin is very useful method for inhibiting its toxicity to cell. In this study the binding ability of four flavonoids to protective antigen was studied. Glutamic acid 117 is very effective in protective antigen binding and cell receptor and subsequent in virulent of anthrax toxin. Effective interaction of caffeic acid in propolis and glutamic acid 117 can be as useful in preventing the toxic effect on cell. According to our results, all four flavonoids tested in this study have binding activity to protective antigen and are good choices for fighting against anthrax.

Dental caries is one of the most common diseases all over the world. Several bacteria are involved in this process; one of them is lactobacillus spices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Mentha spicata essential oil on three spices of Lactobacillus, including Lactobacillus casei (PTCC 1608), Lactobacillus plantarum (PTCC 1058) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (PTCC 1637).

In this in vitro cohort study Mentha spicata essential oil was extracted using a Clevenger type apparatus with hydro distillation method. Gas chromatography (GC) in association with GC/MS (mass spectrophotometry) analysis was performed. Disk diffusion and dilution of well methods were used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the extract. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests, using SPSS 20 (α=0.05).

Mentha spicata essential oil was affected all the three bacterial species. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) for all the three species was 222.5 µg/mL. MBCs (minimum bactericidal concentrations) for 1608 and 1058 species and 1637 species were 445 µg/mL and 890 µg/mL, respectively. At concentrations less than 890 µg/mL, no significant differences were observed in inhibition zones between the three species (p value < 0.001).

Under the limitations of the present study, Mentha spicata extract had antibacterial properties on oral pathogens. Further studies are recommended in this respect.