فهرست مطالب وحید ذوالاکتاف

Gait mechanics alternation remain after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Evaluating the center of pressure (COP) trajectory is one of the variables that reflects whole mechanics of walking and running. The aim of this study was to compare the COP trajectory in people with a history of ACLR surgery. 48 male basketball players (24 with history of surgery and 24 healthy) participated in this study. The barefoot walking and running COP of both legs of the subjects was recorded by the footscan device in two medio-lateral and antero-posterior directions and was calculated in 4 subphases of the stance phase. The results showed that COP trajectory in walking and running was more medially directed in the forefoot push-off subphase in the ACLR group. Also, in the ACLR group, COP of the injured leg in the forefoot push-off subphase during walking and running was more medially directed than the healthy leg. Regarding the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the COP trajectory is different from that of healthy subjects after ACLR. This difference in COP trajectory can result in altered knee loading and increase risk of knee osteoarthritis.

 Ageing is associated with physical changes where balance impairment is one of  important consequences. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of an 8-week dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) program on the balance of older men.

Thirty-six older men (age: 66.5±1.02 years, height: 171.8±1.17 cm, and weight: 75.4±2.16 kg) were purposefully selected based on the inclusion criteria. They were then paired based on the functional reach test score and randomly assigned to exercise (n=18) and control (n=18) groups. The pre-test and post-test assessments included the functional reach test and the Y balance test. The exercise group performed the DNS exercises for eight weeks (three sessions of one hour per week), while the control group performed their routine daily activities. The collected data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS software.

 There was a significant interaction effect of time and group on the scores of both functional reach test and Y balance test (F(1,23)=12.17, P=0.002, η2>0.35). From the pre-test to the post-test phase, there was a significant improvement in the exercise group, while no significant improvement was reported in the control group.

 The DNS program can affect the balance of older men. It is recommended to use these exercises to improve their balance.

Children with autism have weaker balance performance than their healthy counterparts. The ability to maintain balance is particularly important because it is a prerequisite for performing other movement activities. This research was conducted in order to determine the effect of square stepping exercises with a light screen on the static and dynamic balance of children with autism. In this semi-experimental study, 20 children with autism, aged 6 to 12 years, were randomly divided into two groups of ten (exercise group with light screen and control group). The exercise group with a light screen and the control group with a simple screen received square stepping exercises for 12 weeks in 4 sessions of 45 minutes per week under the supervision of their trainers. To evaluate static and dynamic balance, the foot scan device and the heel-to-toe walking test were used, respectively. The research data was analyzed by covariance test at a significant level (p<0.05). With the pre-test control, a significant difference was observed between the experimental group and the control regarding the static balance state (Displacement pressure of Center (p = 0.003) and Excursion Velocity of center of pressure (p = 0.007). Also, in the case of dynamic balance, a significant difference was found between the average groups (p=0.001). These results can provide a good basis for using this exercises method to increase the balance and motor functions of children with autism.

Introduction:

 The aim of present study was the comparison and the investigation of the association of incidence and severity of exercise-induced injuries among various genotypes of ACTN3 in Iranian male elite weightlifters.

Materials and Methods:

 In this quasi-experimental study, 30 elite male weightlifters participated. Fuller et al. (2006) Sports Injury Registration Questionnaire was used for data collection. After DNA extraction via using saliva samples of individuals, to assess the genotypes, PCR, electrophoresis and finally Tetra ARMs were performed. Kruskal-Wallis test via SPSS version 21 was used to compare the incidence and severity of different injuries among different genotypes of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism rs1815739 (α=0.05).

Results:

 There is a significant difference among different genotypes in the severity of muscle spasm, rupture, and strain injuries in elite Iranian male weightlifters (P<0.05) (higher severity of injuries in CT and TT genotypes). In contrast, no significant difference was observed among different genotypes in the percentage of frequency of various sports injuries in different parts of the body and the severity of other sports injuries in elite Iranian male weightlifters(P>0.05).

Conclusion:

 Candidate weightlifters with the CC genotype of the ACTN3 gene may be more resistant to exercise-induced muscle injuries in strength and power sports such as weightlifting, which may increase their chances of success in these sports (in contrast to athletes with TT and CT genotype). These results can be useful in identifying people who are prone to success or providing more specific training programs for people prone to injury in sports such as weightlifting.

Objectives :

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems in older adults. Pain, stiffness, tenderness, decreased muscle strength and joint range of motion, impaired proprioception, and balance problems lead to impaired physical function, making the person incapable of performing functional activities. Therefore, it is necessary to use strategies to control and reduce the complications of this disease and improve the daily functional activities of patients. This study aims to compare the effects of land-based exercise and hydrotherapy on functional activities in older women with knee osteoarthritis.

Methods & Materials :

Fifty-four female patients with knee osteoarthritis aged 60-69 years (Mean height:159.96 ±5.53 cm, mean weight:76.93±9.50 kg) were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of land-based exercise and hydrotherapy. The interventions were performed for 8 weeks. To evaluate the patients' functional activities, timed up & go test, 30- second chair stand test, 40-meter fast-paced walk test, stair climb test, and 6-minute walk test were used. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used for data analysis in SPSS v. 26.

Results :

Both land-based exercise and hydrotherapy caused significant changes in the scores of functional tests (P≤0.05). The difference between them was not significant (P≥0.05), which indicates their same effects.

Conclusion:

 Both land-based exercise and hydrotherapy can improve the performance of older women with knee osteoarthritis in timed get up & go test, 30-second chair stand test, 40-meter fast-paced walk test, stair climb test, and 6-minute walk test. These two methods are recommended based on the conditions of each patient.

Neuropathy control and management is an objective in therapeutic exercises prescribed for patients with Type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy. We examined the effects of 12-week integrated exercises (IE) on glycemic control and peripheral sensation criteria in patients with diabetic neuropathy.

Based on scores of MNSI, we assigned 40 patients into two equal paired random groups (control vs. IE). Pre and post-tests were administered before and after three months of intervention for 3 sessions per week with a time of 60 minutes in the first week and gradually increased with the duration and volume of training to 90 minutes in the final session. 

Repeated measures ANOVA showed no significant interaction between FBS of the groups (P = .26), but significant interactions were observed between the levels of 2 hrs pp G , 4 pm G, HbA1c, Diapason, Monofilament, and Thermofeel in favor of the IE group (P <.05).

At the beginning of the IE, we used massage and foam roller to release pain, and improve blood circulation as well as sensation in the neuropathic areas. This may have helped the patients perform the aerobic and resistance exercises more easily Therefore, better glycemic control and peripheral sensation was achieved. Verification of the long-term effects of this training strategy requires further study.

Autism spectrum disorder is known as one of the most prevalent psychological disorders in children, which ‎affects biomechanics‏ ‏of walking‏ ‏skills. The present study was conducted to compare the characteristics of the ‎stance phases of walking in autistic children to their healthy peers. Forty children 7-12 years entered into two ‎groups of children with autism and healthy. Timing of sub-phases, foot progression angle and total time of the ‎stance phases was measured with foot scan device in walk way. The results indicated that in autistic children ‎versus control group had more in forefoot contact and push-off phases, total time of the stance and foot ‎progression angle and had lesser in the initial contact and foot flattening phases (P≤0/05). These findings ‎suggested that autistic children had different strategies for body mass support at different stance phases.‎

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common diseases affecting walking mechanics. The aim of this study was to compare plantar pressure distribution patterns between elderly women with and without knee osteoarthritis. 36 elderly women 60 years and older participated in this study and entered into two groups of osteoarthritis and healthy. Peak plantar pressure and timing of sub-phases of stance during walking in self-selected speed was measured. The results showed that peak plantar pressure in hallux and medial heel was lower while in midfoot and fourth metatarsal was higher in the osteoarthritis group. Also, this group showed lesser relative time in initial contact phase and forefoot contact phase and higher relative time in forefoot flat phase. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that osteoarthritis elderly females exhibit different plantar pressure distribution patterns relative to healthy elderly females.

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common diseases of the elderly that leads to pain, dryness, and difficulty performing activities, impaired function and reduced quality of life. It is necessary to use a solution to control the complications of the disease and improve the quality of life of patients. This study aimed to compare the effect of hydrotherapy and land-based exercise therapy on physical and psychological indexes of patients with knee osteoarthritis

This study was applied and quasi-experimental. 54 women with knee osteoarthritis ranging from 60-69 years (height: 159.96±5.53, weight: 76.93±9.50) were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of hydrotherapy and land-based exercise therapy (for 8 weeks’ knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score questionnaire were used to pain, disease complications, difficulty in activities and quality of life. Analysis of variance for repeated measures in SPSS 26 software was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that both of methods lead to intragroup changes in of pain (P=0.001), disease complications (P=0.001), daily activities (P=0.001) and quality of life (P=0.001) indicators of patients. Only in the index of functional and sports activities, the effect of hydrotherapy was more than land-based exercise therapy (P=0.04).

Land-based exercise therapy as much as hydrotherapy reduces pain and complications, convenience in performing activities, and increases the quality of life of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Therefore, either of these two methods can be prescribed according to the patient's condition.

The meniscus is a semicircular fibrocartilaginous structure that is integral to the long term health of the knee joint. The primary function of these tissues is to distribute load across the tibiofemoral joint (1). A common injury inside the knee joint is the tear of the medial meniscus (2). Meniscus injuries are very common among athletes. Studies have suggested that there is an overall incidence of meniscal tears requiring surgery of 60 to 70 per 100,000 persons yearly and approximately one-third of these tears are sport related (3). Literature has supported meniscus repair when possible (8 – 10). Prevalence of such injuries among athletes puts stresses on the medical system yearly and conveys significant psychological and socio-economical costs for the athlete and the sport system of each country. Significant increases in meniscus injuries make vast investigations inevitable in expanding treatment methods. Despite researchers’ findings that even removing a small part of a meniscus interferes with the meniscus ability to carry out its tasks (15), most treatment cases apply partial or complete removal of the meniscus. An athlete with a meniscal injury can be returned to activity quickly and safely with appropriate treatment and rehabilitation. Nowadays, applying rehabilitative exercise protocols before surgery is prevailing to minimize surgery complications and the rehabilitation period. So, the aim of this research was to study athletes injured knee range of motion after a course of rehabilitation exercises.

The research method was quasi-experimental and it was applied research. The statistical population of this research was composed of 18 to 25 years old athletes who appointed to orthopedic clinics in Tehran in 1398 (2019 - 2020) with a history of meniscus injury. Admission criteria to this study were the athletes with a meniscus injury, diagnosed by the orthopedic surgeon, who was a candidate for meniscus surgery in the next three months and six months has passed from their injury occurrence. Since in many cases meniscus injury is accompanied by other injuries in knee ligaments, a thorough history of the patients was recorded to exclude the ones who were having any other manifestations except for the meniscus tear. Also, the severity of the injury was reported by orthoepic surgeons, and patients with lower or higher levels of injury from the average were excluded from this research.Twenty-four athletes with injured meniscus (medial meniscus) were selected through convenience judgmental sampling from whom half undertook exercise protocol and the other half were in the control group. Subjects’ range of motion of the injured knee was measured by Biodex isokinetic dynamometer and recorded at the beginning and after eight weeks of selected rehabilitation exercises. Subjects of the control group undertook exercise protocol for 8 weeks, individually and under the supervision of the researcher which was performed one hour a day on daily basis (except for Fridays).The protocol used in this study was adapted from the exercise program used in Lennon and Totlis investigation (2017) Rehabilitation and Return to Play Following Meniscal Repair (17). Based on FITT principles, the exercise protocol was modified and adjusted for the subjects by the investigator under the supervision and guidance of an orthopedic surgeon and a doctor of physical therapy. Of the subjects, two were excluded from the study during weeks five and six because of their fear of pain and injury aggravation. Also because of surgery cancellation, another subject was eliminated in the 6th week.Limitations of this study were being unable to use random sampling. Only 24 patients were referred by the orthopedic surgeons in a 12-month period due the to age range of the subjects and characteristics of meniscal repair; this number even abated during the research (at the end of the study 21 subjects was remained). Also, the mental condition of the subjects was not deliberated.

For inferential data analysis and the probable differences between group means, repeated measure ANOVA was used. Statistical data analysis implemented in 0.05 level of significance with the use of SPSS version 22 (version 22, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).
Based on the subject’s demographic data, P-value was not significant in any of the measured factors (P>0.05), indicating homogeneity of the control and experimental group. Research variables followed normal distribution which was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Box test results showed that the covariance matrices of dependent variables in both research groups are consistent. Also, Mauchly’s sphericity test approved the assumption of sphericity. Therefore, from the output of SPSS, the measures were used that were compatible with the sphericity hypothesis, and F critical values related to Greenhouse-Geisser correction was reported. Considering the results of repeated measure ANOVA, the mean values were significantly different in pre-test and post-test; for the level of differences, changes were not significant. Also, the linear gradient of differences was significant. Results suggested that in total knee range of motion has differed significantly in both groups (progression percentage: 5%). Therefore, 8-weeks of preoperative physical rehabilitation exercises were effective on the knee range of motion of athletes.

Results of the current study indicated that the exercise protocol was effective on knee range of motion. Improvements in knee joint range of motion in the experimental group can be associated with effects of rehabilitation exercises on knee conditions in athletes with injured meniscus such as physiological effects, muscle strengthening, and musculoskeletal coordination. Also, improvement in range of motion as the result of rehabilitation exercises can be the effect of progress in the subject’s psychological factors; in theory, psychological factors play a critical role in functional performance and can potentially affect physical functions. It can be stated that challenging the functional system is critical in rehabilitation both before and after surgery which soothes the surgery process and accelerates healing and return to play.Thereby, it can be stated that a proper course of rehabilitation exercises can affect the range of motion among athletes with a meniscus injury, and incorporating preoperative rehabilitation exercises can be an effective phase in the management of meniscal injuries. Understanding the knee motor function of athletes with injured meniscus is of great importance in recognizing impairments in the joint, prognosis, designing treatment program, and level of success. So, considering the effectiveness of this method which did not have any negative effects, applying this exercise protocol is suggested for athletes who are candidates for meniscus surgery; which needs to be prescribed by orthopedics and physiotherapists and be applied under the guidance and supervision of the associated specialists.

 Applying rehabilitative exercise instructions before surgery is fundamental to minimize surgery complications and rehabilitation period as well. The aim of this research was to study the effects of 8 weeks of selected exercises on knee muscle torque and proprioception among the athletes with injured meniscus.

 This was an applied research with quasi-experimental method. Subjects were 24 athletes with injured meniscus who were selected through convenience judgmental sampling. Based on the orthopedic surgeon’s decision and their availability, subjects were divided equally into two experimental and control groups. Subject’s muscle torque and proprioception of the injured knee was recorded at the beginning and after eight weeks of selective exercises. The intervention was performed one hour a day on daily basis. Repeated measures variance ANOVA, within the 0.05 level of significance, was used for inferential data analysis and the probable differences between group means.

 In both groups, maximum knee flexion and extension muscle torque and proprioception changed significantly (P < 0.001 for all three variables). Moreover, between groups differences were significant (P < 0.001).

In this study, positive effects of exercise on torque and proprioception of knee in athletes with injured meniscus were reported. It seems that applying proper exercises challenging functional system can be an effective means of progressing knee motor function preoperatively.

Improving balance and motor function in the elderly for preventing falling and its irreparable consequences has attracted the attention of many researchers in the field of aging. The purpose of the present is to investigate the effect of an exercise program based on Anticipatory Postural Adjustments (APAs) on postural control and motor function of the elderly.

Methods & Materials:

 In this experimental study conducted in 2017, the study population consists of 38 eligible male elderly people with a history of falls at least once in the last six months living in Isfahan, Iran in two groups: 18 in the test group (mean age =70.4±3.2, mean height=65.3±6.2 cm, mean weight= 65.3±4.2 kg) and 15 in the control group (mean age =69.6±3.1 years, mean height =167±5.5 cm, mean weight =67.3±6.8). A foot-scan device was used to measure their postural control, and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test was taken to measure their motor function. Data were analyzed in SPSS v. 20 software using repeated measures ANOVA at the significance level of P≤0.05.

 The exercise program significantly improved the mean postural control scores in anterior/posterior direction from 28.1±6.2 to 20.5±2.4 (F=8.21, P≤0.05), in medial/lateral direction from 17.1±1.5 to 13.2±2.9 (F=13.4, P≤0.05), and in overall from 312.4±21.2 to 285.8±17.5 (F=10.02, P≤0.05); It also improved the mean TUG test score from 13.3±2.1 to 10.1±1.0 (F=16.02, P≤0.05). The experimental group showed a better performance than the control group after exercise in TUG test and postural control parameters (P≤0.05).

 An 8-week exercise program focused on APAs can be effective in improving postural control and motor function of the elderly.

Shoulder functionality is crucial in firefighting activities. In this study, we examined the effects of an 8-week NASM exercise program on limitation of shoulder functionality.

We administered the shoulder mobility functional test on all firefighters lived in Isfahan, and randomly selected 17 volunteers with functional limitations. Then, we administered four functional tests (Y balance, Shoulder raise, Apley’s scratch, and Shoulder circumduction) as the criteria. After 8 weeks, we repeated the criteria tests and then we started their exercise program based on NASM approach. The exercise program consisted of 8 weeks of3-session training per week. We repeated the criteria tests at the end of exercise program. We analyzed the data by one-way ANOVA and set the significance level at 0.05.

Out of 524 active firefighters, 210 (%40) had limitations in shoulder functionality. There was no significant change in none of four criteria tests at the end of 8 weeks of detraining (P ≥ 0.05 , d ≤ 0.03). Whilst, there was a significant change in each of four criteria tests at the end of 8 weeks of training (P ≤ 0.05 , d ≥ 0.04).

Descriptive statistics showed a remarkable percentage of firefighters had functional limitations in shoulder. Inferential statistics supported the use of exercise training based on NASM approach to treat shoulder limitations. In general, our findings suggest the use of NASM guidelines in designing exercise training to recover shoulder functionality.

Purpose of this Study was to assess the experiences, needs, and attitudes of soccer coaches towards computer. Sampling was targeted available and soccer coaches of Isfahan with High School grad and higher. According to the research objectives, two standard questionnaires, FAIT, TAC were used to data collection and questionnaires sent for 150 coach of soccer that 109 acceptable questionnaires were returned. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined using internal consistency technique (Cronbach’s Alpha). It was 0.94 ,0.64 ,0.72 and 0.78 respectively for feelings, availability, use, and needs. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the current status of coaches and statistical analysis was used to determine attitudes, access, users, and the need of coaches by one-sample t-test. The results were measured by mean in each section. Statistical analysis of data gathered by questionnaire revealed that, in general, coaches' feelings toward computer were positive, availability and perceived needs were high, but computer use was low (p≤ 0.05). REPEAT: The results were measured by mean in each section. Statistical analysis of data gathered by questionnaire revealed that, in general, coaches' feelings toward computer were positive, availability and perceived needs were high, but computer use was low (p≤ 0.05). The results were measured by mean in each section. Statistical analysis of data gathered by questionnaire revealed that, in general, coaches' feelings toward computer were positive, availability and perceived needs were high, but computer use was low (p≤ 0.05).

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ten-week combined training in stable and unstable surfaces on spatio-temporal parameters of gait in patients with multiple sclerosis. Thirty patients were divided into two exercise groups. spatio-temporal parameters were measured with camera. The timed 25-foot walk test, six-minute walk test and Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 test were used to assess walking speed and endurance and self-reports of walking ability, respectively. The results showed that there were significant improvements for all outcome measures in both exercise groups. Exercise group in unstable surface showed significantly larger improvement in ability of walking, percentage of single support, reduction of step width and percentage of a gait cycle in double support than exercise group in stable surface. According to research findings, exercise in stable and unstable surfaces resulted in considerable improvements in spatio-temporal parameters and ability of walking in patients with multiple sclerosis

Disability to perform functional movements is known as one of the most crucial factors of musculoskeletal injuries. This study investigated to what extent fundamental movement training of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) could improve various functional movements. The sample consisted of 34 female students who were randomly assigned to two groups. Their age, height and weight were 18.8±0.68, 160.4±5.63 cm and 61.4±14.41 kg for the experimental group and 18.9±0.91, 160.5±3.16 cm and 61.2±12.10 kg for the control group respectively. The experimental group followed a six-week training protocol 3 sessions and 50 minutes each session. Five movement tests were used as the indicators to measure training effectiveness. ANOVA with repeated measures indicated a significant interaction of all five movement tests in favor of the experimental group (F(1,32)≥4.13, P≤0.001 and ƞ2 ≥0.29). Based on Eta-square coefficients, the highest and lowest differences in the progress coefficient were observed in Y-balance test and functional movement screening test respectively. The findings support the hypothesis that fundamental movement training can be used to improve functional movements. Lower improvement of more specific functional movements reveals that they may require not only fundamental movements but also specific training of movement.

Wrestling is a collision and traumatic sport with the highest incidence and severity of injury in the tournament. Therefore, recognizing the likely causes of injury is important. In this prospective study, we investigated the prevalence rate and likely causes of injuries in amateur Greco-Roman wrestlers in the tournament. In a Student Olympiad tournament, all matches among 102 Greco-Roman wrestlers were observed, and all injuries were recorded. The researcher himself closely observed all matches, and registered all injuries by the side of wrestling mat. Exact position, type, and severity of every injury were recorded after the confirmation of the medical supervisors of the event. Data on “Preparation Process” before the tournament were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Questionnaires were filled out through face-to-face interview. Injured and non-injured wrestlers were compared using independent Student’s t at the significant level of less than 0.050. The rate of acute and subacute injuries was 2 and 27 percent, respectively. The injury rate of upper extremities, trunk and spinal column, head and face, and lower extremities was 49, 21, 18, and 12 percent, respectively. Sprain (39%) had the highest rate of occurrence. Compared to non-injured, injured wrestlers had less regular practice (P = 0.001), physical fitness (P = 0.031), and sleep (P < 0.001). We recommend amateur Greco-Roman wrestlers to have better sleep and more regular training, and to improve their physical fitness. We also suggest them to have correct standing and sitting core positions, to modify their defending guard, and to use finger tapes to prevent being injured.

Fatigue is one of the most important factors affecting the occurrence of  sport injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of functional fatigue on the  position sense of ankle joint on female futsal players. In this semi experimental study, 22 female futsal students of Isfahan  University with the mean and standard deviation of age 20 ± 1.8 years, weight 57 ± 2.40 kg, and height  161.5 ± 5.73 cm were selected as the study samples using convenient sampling technique.  Functional futsal fatigue was maked with Bangsbo modified futsal fatigue protocol. position sense of  ankle joint was measured with Isokinetic Biodex set in 15degree inversion and eversion and fatigue  with borg scale before and immediately after of doing protocol. Data was analyzed with dependent T  test and significance level of (p= 0/05). The results showed after fatigue, error rate of the players has significantly increased in the  reconstruction of the angle. Based on the information obtained from the Borg scale, the fatigue of  players in the post test (17.81±2.2) was significantly more than pretest (7±0.81). (P=0.000& Es=1.54). fatigue makes change in position sense of ankle joint.In present study used from modified futsal fatigue protocol for made fatigue in participant. The result showed after doing fatigue protocol, increased error rate of position sense. Therefore probability of injured increased.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ten-week exercises rehabilitation in stable and unstable surfaces on balance and muscles strength of the lower extremity in women with multiple sclerosis.
In this quasi-experimental study, thirty patients were divided randomly into two exercise groups. Training program for groups was carried out in ten weeks, three times per week and each session one hour. Muscles strength was measured with a hand-held dynamometer. One-legged standing and timed get up and go tests were used to assess static and dynamic balance, respectively. The data were analyzed using analysis of ANOVA with repeated measures and independent and dependent t-test.
The results showed that there was a significant increase for all diameters of measuring in both exercise groups. Exercise group in unstable surface showed significantly larger improvement in muscles strength and static and dynamic balance compered to exercise group in stable surface.
Generally, it can be stated that exercise in stable and unstable surfaces will result in considerable improvements in muscles strength and balance in patients with multiple sclerosis. Thus, the respective specialists can use these exercise as a complementary treatment along with the drug therapy for patients with multiple sclerosis.

The primary objective of this research was to study the effects of a concise (4 hours) educational class of communication skills on coach-athlete relationship. The second­ary objective was to find out that differences in coach-athletes relationship are sport-related or individual-related. Two standard questionnaires specialized on coach-athlete relationship were translated and validated. It was a quasi-experimental research. Three female national champion teams were randomly assigned to 3 experim­ental groups. Firstly, CART-Q and QRI questionnaires were administered as pre-tests. Then, the communication skills class was carried out and after two weeks post-tests were re-adminis­tered. The participants of groups 1 and 2 used their education to improve their relationship, whilst the coach of the third group used it to deteriorate her relationship. Depending on statistical aims, the data were analyzed by different ANOVA and multiple regression analyses. The results showed that At the point of pre-test, coach-athlete relationship was different in 3 groups. There was a significant interaction between changes of three groups, showing improvement in swimmers, more improvement in basketball players, and declination in karate player. The findings suggested that quality of coach-athlete relationship depends on their individual characteristics and not their type of sport. A concise educational class of communication skills may be used to improve coach-athletes relationships. A simultaneous education for both coach and athletes is more effective than isolated education for one of them.

Functional movement screen (FMS), a seven-test battery, has been introduced to identify individuals at risk of injury. It is sometimes impossible to use the whole FMS battery, due to the limitations of time or resources. In this study, we studied how much it was valid to use deep squat (DS) test as an alternative for FMS. Target population included all 524 firefighters operating in Isfahan City, Iran. They accomplished DS and FMS tests. The cut-point of DS was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and its predictive accuracy was determined via logistic regression analysis (LRA). ROC curve revealed that based on the best DS cut-point, the value of sensitivity (true positive) was 0.92, and the value of "1 - specificity" (false positive) was 0.55. LRA showed that, compared to holders of 2 and 3 DS scores, holders of 0 and 1 scores were nine times more likely to obtain score less than 14 in FMS. Findings of this study supports the alteration of FMS by DS in case of limitation of time and resources, especially when examining big populations. Due to false positive rate of 0.55 for subjects scoring 14 or less in FMS, it is still necessary to execute the FMS for them for accurate verification. Such an approach will save about 30 to 40 percent of time and resources

The aim of the study was to evaluate the factor analysis and internal consistency of a Persian version of the Athletes’ Retirement Decision Inventory (P-ARDI). Fernandez et al. (2006) developed this instrument based on the push, pull, antipush, and anti-pull point of view. We required 243 Iranian elite competitive athletes (mean age = 25.19 years; 81% male) to complete the questionnaire. The factor structure of the P-ARDI was evaluated by explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency was determined by Cronbach’s alpha. According to the results, four-factor solution principal component analysis accounted for 65.02% of the variance of the final 36-item version of the P-ARDI. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the aforementioned factors was found to be greater than 0.7. In sum, the results suggest that the retirement decision process was found to be much more complex and multidimensional.

The plantar foot is a very active part during leap activities such as jumping rope and with his small plane has important role in balancing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 12 week of rope jumping on postural control, static and dynamic balance in 10 to13 years’ old boy students with flat foot.
The population of this semi-experimental study was including of 450 boy students 10 to 13 years old of Jarghoyeh sofla. After the initial evaluation by the Pedescope (qualitative) and then measurement by foot scanner and Staheli index (quantitative), 30 students were selected as sample research and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (Each group 15 cases). For measurement the postural control, the foot scan device was used and changes in feet center of pressure was recorded for 20 seconds. Static balance with stork stand balance test and dynamic balance with Y balance test was assessed. Subjects in the experimental group exerted of 12 weeks in jumping rope training; three times per week for 45 minutes. The control group subjects did not perform any regular physical activity program in this time. Data were statistically analyzed by independent t test and Mixed ANOVA and significance level was set as p The within subject changes (posttest than pretest) and also the Interaction effect (Testing times*group) in all variables were signified (p jumping rope trainings are useful exercises to improve static and dynamic balance and postural control in patients with flexible flat foot. So use these trainings along with other methods to improve balance and postural control, recommended for these Individuals.

Most female wheelchair users are likely to experience shoulder impingement syndrome after a while. Wheelchair users encounter impingement syndrome pain while doing daily activities. The current study aimed to explore the effect of a combined protocol included massage and flexibility and strength training on shoulder pain and function of women using wheelchair, who suffered from impingement syndrome.
10 of 19 women using wheelchair experienced shoulder impingement syndrome and five females (31 ± 2) were voluntarily selected. After signing the consents they were in 8-weeks supraspinatus transverse friction and strengthening protocol. The measures included visual analog scale, wheelchair user's shoulder pain index, Hawkins- Kennedy impingement test, and goniometer. Data was compared using a dependent sample t-test.
Only 40% of participants completed the protocol. Although the program fidelity was 56%, decrease of shoulder pain and increase of glenohumeral range of motion was significant (P ≤ 0/05).
The current study findings supported the results representing that using transverse friction besides strengthening exercise would control wheelchair user's impingement syndrome pain and increase shoulder function. There were some serious problems for those women, making them prevented to go to the Spinal Cord Injury Society. So, these problems would cause their program fidelity to decrease.

Fatigue is one of the most important factors affecting the balance in athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of functional fatigue on static and dynamic balance on female futsal players.

In this semi experimental study, 22 female futsal students with the mean and standard deviation of age 20 ± 1.8 (y), weight 54 ± 2.40 (kg), and height 161.5 ± 5.73 (cm) were selected as the study samples using convenient sampling technique. Functional futsal fatigue was maked with Bangsbo modified semi futsal fatigue protocol. Static and dynamic balance were measured with foot scan set and fatigue with Borg scale before and immediately after of doing protocol. Data was analyzed with dependent T test and significance level of (P=0/05).

Fatigue rate (P=0/000 & ES=1/54),static balance fluctuation rate of pressure center in axes of anterior- posterior (P=0/007 & ES=0/59) and lateral- medial (P=0/014 & ES=0/68) and dynamic balance fluctuation rate of pressure center in axes of anterior- posterior (P=0/000 & ES=0/042) and lateral- medial (P=0/047 & ES= 0/016) were significantly different from pretest.

The results of present research showed functional fatigue increases the fluctuation of pressure center and consequently reduce the balance. This means that at the end of the futsal game, the chance is more likely to be injured.