فهرست مطالب mohammad jalali

Cinema and architecture are two well-known arts with significant similarities in creating art and space. Hitchcock's cinema is one of the strong foundations of world cinema in film genres, including the crime film genre, in which the commonalities of cinema and architecture are also obvious. Criminological dimensions and angles in criminal genres are some of the components of cinema that have not been investigated so far in the form of common relations between cinema and architecture. For these subjects, insecurity has been one of the most enduring concerns in urban life over time and crime is one of the most enduring urban challenges and is a priority category in the quality of life in urban spaces. Meanwhile, various changes have been made in the field of criminology, environmental criminology, and situation-based prevention approaches. Place-oriented and micro-centric analysis of urban crimes is one of the new operational strategies to prevent crime. The categories of "place" and "place management" are among the central concepts in this new method of situational crime prevention. At present, concepts such as "place" and "place management" have found a valuable role in criminology, which is less considered in Cinema Studies. The purpose of this research is to discover the three-way relations between “cinema, architecture and crime” in the context of Hitchcock's crime cinema and with the help of the analysis of “Psycho” film as the most well-known crime Hitchcock's film, which third link of these relations can be interpreted with the “new criminology of place” idea.

The approach of this research is qualitative, and the research technique is “Semiotics” with the mixed approach of “De Saussure” and “Barthes” to identify the signs system and the semiotic analysis of architectural and urban spaces from the point of “criminology of place” approach.

The findings of the research indicate the existence of a group of “signifiers” and “signifiers” in the form of a “sign system” aligned with the semantic context of Hitchcock's crime cinema, which is supported by strong urban and architectural spaces. In addition, the architectural spaces of the “Psycho” film can be explained by theoretical literature on the criminology of place more than environmental criminology, theoretical literature which shows the maturity of Hitchcock and the pioneer of his cinema, with at least fifty years between 1960 and 2010 as a date of production of the movie and the date of birth of modern criminology of place.

In total, the results reveal extended two-way commonalities known between the two arts of cinema and architecture as a form of a three-level spectrum “cinema-architecture-crime” in the context of the crime cinema and a distinguished director named “Alfred Hitchcock”, in addition, fills the research gaps in this field and resonates “Hitchcock you don't know, yet” statement.

Despite the efforts and spending of huge expenses for the development of the country and deprived areas, including Sistan and Baluchistan province, and despite the achievements, a large number of people in this province still live in poverty and deprivation, so that according to national statistics, Sistan and Baluchistan province ranks first in the country in the indicators of poverty and deprivation. Eliminating poverty is one of the obligations placed on the government in such a way that in the constitution, vision documents, national and provincial development programs, clauses regarding poverty alleviation have been prepared and approved; However, the adoption of laws alone is not enough without proper monitoring and implementation in this field, and prescribing a solution without understanding the various roots of poverty cannot be a solution. In order to eliminate poverty in the country and especially in Sistan and Baluchistan province, we need to know the existing obstacles in the direction of poverty alleviation in this province, because identifying these challenges as best as possible can help to provide suitable solutions to eradicate poverty. The present research has investigated the legal challenges and obstacles of poverty alleviation in Sistan and Baluchistan province through qualitative method and in-depth interviews. The research data are categorized in three axes of normative, structural and behavioral challenges. The results of the research show that the main challenge in this field is not the law itself, but the way it is implemented

The study of law and development coincided with other issues of development in the twentieth century, and the first and most important question that occupied the minds of jurists was whether law and development are fundamentally related, and if the answer is yes What would be the relationship like in the development process? There are two general approaches to the relationship between law and development: the first group considers development as a function of other elements by assuming law as a dependent knowledge. According to this category, development and its components determine the rules and norms of each society's legal system. In contrast, law has no power to influence the development process but rather becomes flexible according to economic growth, political will, or cultural context. Another group tried to show the independence of law from the other components of development by questioning about the subordination of law. Everyone has not followed the same path, but someone introduced law as an instrument for development and another as a framework for it. As the concept of human development expanded in the 21st century, the relationship between law, and development took on a new form and development was closely linked to the logic of law, ie justice, and law, in addition to its instrumental and institutional role, converted to one of the goals of development.

The core purpose of judicial review is to protect the rights of the citizenry, in which administrative jurisdiction and administrative courts have the most importance in these proceedings; due to the competence to hear the disputes against the government, such as employment conflicts, which lead to administrative justice eventually. In Iranian legal system, administrative justice court has entrance system has a thick legal framework and long-lasting selection’s process which includes many criterions, but the most controversial matter is the assessments of the nominees in terms of religious commitments from selection committees. Selection’s principles and procedures, which are mainly based on fidelity to religion, mostly violate the right to public employment. Administrative justice court that has the power to review the selection committee’s decisions can protect the employment rights of the citizenry, which has done it correctly so far.

In many legal systems based on direct or semi-direct democracy, some means of popular supervisory mechanisms, including popular initiative, referendum, and recall, are envisaged. Recall is one of the modern popular supervisory methods that, while identifying the representative body, tries to remove the incumbent before the end of his/her term of office. This practice is still unknown and not used in the constitutions of many countries, but considered highly beneficial in a democratic environment. The main question of the present study is the essence of this legal entity by studying it in the legal systems of several states and federal level of the US. For this purpose, in this article, after recognizing the background and classification of recall with regard to the types of monitoring, the mandatory conditions and typology of this process will be discussed. The typology of recall includes its sorts in terms of justified reasons or grounds, signature collection threshold to start the election, and the how of the filling the position of the ousted official or the recall election methods. In some cases, the legislature, taking into account the circumstances, by anticipating the grounds excludes this process from an exclusively political process, which requires the provision of reasons. As a categorizer, one of the distinguishing features of recall is that, unlike other constitutional supervisory tools such as expulsion and impeachment, it is exercised outside of the ruling forces and by citizens. This article tries to introduce the recall, its background and types, evaluation of the recall, a plan to modify the problems raised by the opposition, and finally the possibility of the recall at the federal level of the US legal system.

Striving for freedom, equality-seeking, and breaking the tyranny can be considered the three main components of the recent decade's developments in the Middle East. Since 2010, the countries in this region have faced widespread public protests and have sought to implement extensive changes in their governance to achieve the people's demands. One of the countries where these uprisings occurred on a large scale was Egypt. Following the revolution of January 25, 2011, the previous regime was overthrown and a new regime was established in the light of democratic demands based on the rule of law. One of the active groups in the aforementioned revolution were religious minorities, who actively sought to participate in the revolution and play a significant role in the subsequent state-building efforts. This group's efforts stemmed from the fact that, as minorities in a country with Islam as the official religion, they were inherently deprived of many social benefits and rights. Additionally, the prevailing policies indicated that the Egyptian governments over the years had imposed clear discrimination against these minorities. Therefore, examining the legal norms influenced by the Arab Spring on the legal status of religious minorities in Egypt, which took a more concrete form with the drafting of the 2012 and 2014 constitutions, is an issue worthy of attention.

This paper, adopting a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing the method of studying library resources, articles, etc., is written to analyze the research topic. Using this method, the present study is looking for an answer to this question: How have the post-revolution constitutions performed in ensuring and guaranteeing the rights of religious minorities?

According to the approach of the present article, it was found that: Firstly, the lack of official recognition of certain religious minorities in Egypt's legal system has not only led to the denial of their identity but also resulted in their natural rights and freedoms being overlooked, effectively removing them from the political and legal spheres. Secondly, the centralization of religious affairs within the state, weakness in executive and functional procedures, lack of easy and effective access to justice, justification of discrimination and violence, establishing an interpretation based on identity of the Egyptian and the Islamic identities, among others, have been influential in the failure to achieve the constitutional goals and the demands of religious minorities for equality in rights and autonomy in the religious domain.

This article, by a pathological analyzing the obstacles to the realization and exercise of the rights and freedoms of religious minorities, makes the following suggestions: Firstly, the Egyptian government must be committed to upholding the philosophy and implications of the constitution not only in theory but also in practice; Secondly, in order to observe the elements of citizenship rights, the necessary and appropriate infrastructures should be designed and implemented, and efforts should be made to assess and enhance them in cooperation with non-governmental organizations; Thirdly, the content of the educational system’s curriculum should be revised and reformed to promote tolerance and altruism; And finally, the right to self-determination, along with all its necessary conditions, should be recognized and respected for religious minorities

Lake Urmia has entered a period of drought, leading to the deposition of a substantial volume of salts and minerals. The sediments contain valuable minerals. The overarching objective of this research is to formulate an appropriate strategy for the retrieval of sediments in the dried bed of the lake and exploiting the valuable minerals which will indirectly contribute to reducing the adverse environmental effects of excess sediments. SWOT analysis was employed to evaluate internal and external factors related to economic exploitation. The general condition of the lake was assessed in terms of the status of minerals within the sediments through literature reviews and field surveys. Then, a panel of experts, consisting of 87 individuals, engaged in the development of strategies using open-ended questionnaires and analytical and descriptive methods based on SWOT and Delphi. The results of the research indicated that sediments contain valuable elements, such as potassium and magnesium at densities of 1.5 and 5%, respectively. The evaluation matrices of internal and external factors in the analyses yielded scores of 2.41 and 2.38, respectively, indicating a high frequency of weaknesses and threats. Defensive strategies outperformed other strategies, underscoring the need to address weaknesses and mitigate threats in the process of sediment and valuable minerals extraction. Six defensive strategies can be implemented in the current circumstances, ultimately laying the groundwork for sediment harvesting and the processing of valuable minerals. Key weaknesses include a lack of general knowledge, underdeveloped industrial units in the relevant sector, limited media coverage regarding the importance of sediment extraction, and insufficient involvement of experts.

While Good Faith has been recognized as a common concept in the various branches of law, in public law, it is rather a new concept. In this field, good faith is a necessary and fundamental concept based on the modern right-based approach, particularly for citizens to be supposed trustworthy, along with loyalty of state to its administered people. Furthermore, assuming good faith for the state plays an important role to promote efficiency in society. Honesty, loyalty, and fair measures, or justifiable ignorance and forgivable error are two meanings propounded for good faith, as opposed to malice, abuse of authority, and fraud. Like Justice, Fairness, and Good morals, the definition of good faith which has been regarded as a subjective and relative concept, is difficult and with ambiguity. Of course, this concept is better explained by its oppositions and applications. Good faith in some applications is presented as a legal principle and standard of behavior, while in others as a legal presumption, facilitate the burden of proof and repudiators must prove their claims. This article seeks to analyze the concept of good faith and recognize it in public law, especially based on its application in administrative laws and cases. Although the meanings and definitions of good faith in public law are not far from other fields, their applications are different. So introducing this concept can gradually lead to an evolution in Iran’s public law system.

Individuals with mental illnesses, historically referred to as "mad," have been marginalized and deprived of their fundamental rights. The right to mental health offers a pathway to reclaiming their violated rights and improving the psychological well-being of all members of society. This human right is a fundamental component of the right to health and emerges through the cooperation of governments. State intervention in this right aims to create conditions that facilitate access to resources and facilities for achieving mental health. Based on this premise, this research employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the legal system of England in order to assess the extent to which this right is secured in the country, considering its existing legal structures and norms. England addresses issues related to mental patients through the enactment of laws in the field of mental health, and through specialized mental health courts, it enables the judicial restoration of their violated rights. In its latest stage, England also takes steps towards reducing societal psychological harm and improving mental health through the provision of structural and organizational frameworks. In contrast, the situation in Iran lacks such norms, specific judicial structures, and faces multiple uncertainties regarding the status of mental health patients. Considering England's approach as the first country to enact mental health legislation can provide suitable solutions for Iran in establishing legal frameworks.

English as a First Language (EFL) and English as an Additional Language (The results indicated that both EFL and EAL students used a diverse array of linguistic features to express their ideas in academic prose, with the prospective categories being the most commonly used.

Economic regulation consists of government's interference within the area of economic activities to protect the public interest in the face of potential risk. In the case of professional self-regulation, the state authorities delegate their authority to the professional of a given field via rectifying statute laws. In the UK, USA, and Australia, this was happening in such organizations, in the private sector, and under the support of governments. But because of criminal cases and scandals in the medical sector, professional self-regulation of the health sector became a subject of criticism. Consequently, governments started to steer clear of self-regulation and commenced reforms that led to meta-regulation in health-related professions. This paper will focus on theories of private and public interest, Tripartism, to explore the role of meta-regulation institutes and governments in professional self-regulation. We start by exploring the theories of self-regulation and then scrutinize the reforms in models of self-regulation in the UK, Australia, and Canada. This may provide a basis for serious consideration of the role of such organizations, especially as the state of covid-19 pandemic causes a serious need for consistent policymaking in the health sector in Iran

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of autogenic training and progressive muscle relaxation in improving the anxiety components of women with chest pain.
The research method was experimental with a pre-test-post-test design, a control group, and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all women with chest pain in Karaj city in 2021. using a purposeful sampling method, 60 patients with chest pain in Shahid Rajaei Hospital were selected and randomly assigned into three groups autogenic training, progressive muscle relaxation training, and control group. Autogenic training was provided in twelve 90-minute sessions, and progressive muscle relaxation intervention was administered in eight 2-hour sessions. Beck's (1988) anxiety questionnaires, Tylor & Cox (1998) revised anxiety sensitivity, and Rapee, et al (1996) perception of anxiety control was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using covariance analysis and post hoc test methods.
The results showed that autogenic training and progressive muscle relaxation alone have been effective in reducing anxiety symptoms, anxiety sensitivity and perception of anxiety control and autogenic training was more effective in improving anxiety components compared to progressive muscle relaxation (p<0.05).
Considering the greater effectiveness of autogenic training on the anxiety components, it is suggested that relevant experts use this intervention to reduce the anxiety of patients with chest pain.

Mental health includes the absence of mental disorders on the one hand and productive life in the social environment on the other hand, and it is one of the important aspects of health in its general meaning. The right to mental health is realized with the cooperation of governments, and its intervention to privilege the resources and facilities that pave the way to achieve this right. The inefficiency of the legislative and executive powers in creating resources and facilities and removing the existing obstacles puts the duty of suing for violated rights of people - especially mental patients - on the board of the judicial system. The question of this research is how the judicial system supports the right to the mental health of people, which is based on examining the situation of mental patients in enjoying equal freedom with others, treatment, and promotion by searching the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, the Supreme Court of the United States It is done by the United States and the British Mental Health tribunal. The entry of the European Court and the Supreme Court into the cases of this field is due to general jurisdiction and in line with the realization of the right to a fair trial. These two courts have done solve mental patients’ problems properly. In contrast, the British Mental Health Tribunal, which is the birth of this country's mental health law, as an independent institution, takes steps to protect the right to mental health and provides new solutions for mental patients.

The aim of present study was comparison of the effectiveness of autogenic training and progressive muscle relaxation on pain and cardiac enzymes in women with chest pain.

The current research was a pre-test-post-test experiment with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all women with chest pain in Karaj city in 1400. The sampling method was purposeful and 60 patients with chest pain were selected in Shahid Rajaei Karaj Hospital and were placed in three groups: autogenic training, progressive muscle relaxation treatment and control group. Autogenic training consisted of 12 sessions for 90 minutes and progressive muscle relaxation intervention included 8 sessions for 2 hours. To evaluate research variables MC Gill pain intensity and pain catastrophizing were used. Troponin and creatinine phosphokinase kit (CPK-MB) were used to measure cardiac enzymes. Data analysis was done using covariance analysis and post hoc test.

The results showed that progressive muscle relaxation is more effective in reducing pain compared to autogenic training (P<0/05) and there was no significant difference between autogenic training and progressive muscle relaxation on cardiac enzymes (P<0/05).

Considering the greater effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation on pain reduction, it is suggested that relevant experts use progressive muscle relaxation to reduce the pain intensity of patients with chest pain.

International prosecution of accused and criminals, identification and extradition from the target countries, restitution of their property and request for judicial assistance in order to investigate and deal with corruption cases are the four main international aspects of these cases that are ongoing in our country. Although these collaborations have been effective in the four existing platforms, but the analysis of the behavior of domestic and international actors shows a great distance from the desired situation. In the upcoming research, the question is, what kind of legal model can be presented for the favorable international cooperation of Iran in dealing with corruption?. Qualitative data collected in interviews with elites, case examples and selected research texts were analyzed with the aim of identifying opportunities, harms and existing challenges and using the systematic approach of foundational data theory. The data in the process of triple open, central and selective coding in the Strauss and Corbin method, along with statistics in the relevant tables and classification in categories, led to five hypotheses and finally to the development of a desirable model of international legal cooperation against corruption.

Modernity was formed and evolved on the specific context of political and intellectual developments of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance and beyond, and all manifestations. It affected the individual and collective life of man and led to the emergence of modern law, of which the principles of fair trial are a product. Hence, the main question of this article is about the relationship between having the author elements of modernity and aspects of the legal system. For this purpose, it is necessary to first identify the objective and epistemological / value elements of the phenomenon of modernity as well as the four legal aspects, namely the "purpose" and "source" of law, the legal "method" and the "reference" of legislation. Iran and the United Kingdom and the relationship between these elements and their legal systems were studied using a comparative method and qualitative analysis.The findings of the study indicate the fact that the United Kingdom, due to the presence of most elements of new life (modernity), has a modern legal system and as a result; In the realm of principles and guarantees, the procedural rights of the accused employee are more developed, and the exercise of these rights is documented in human rights documents. In contrast, Iran lacks all the elements of modern law due to its maximum elements of modern life, and therefore, at present, it does not have the principles and guarantees of a complete and developed procedure in accordance with human rights documents.

Linguistic minorities often have their own unique lifestyle, culture, and traditions, and they have distinct demands based on their culture. In short, this demand pertains to their right to use their mother tongue, which is different from the right of each member of these groups to use their mother tongue individually. They demand the right to use their mother tongue collectively and as a third-generation right. However, sometimes the demand for this right conflicts with national security and territorial unity. Some governments, based on their approach to the issue of rights, the conflict between them and the public interest and their own security policies limit the right to the mother tongue and take a confrontational and restrictive stance on both the general right and the specific right to the mother tongue, in consideration of the issue of territorial unity. This study aims to explore and explain the theoretical framework of this conflict and its reasons, and to provide strategies for solving this problem by describing and expanding on various theoretical discourses related to the subject. Another goal of this study is to explore some of the concepts involved in this subject and to examine an appropriate theoretical approach to related concepts, which also aids to answer the main research problem. As research backgrounds, reference can be made to the book "Language Rights and Political Theory" by Will Kymlicka, published by Oxford University Press in 2007, and the book "National Security, Human Rights, Political Legitimacy in Fragile Democracies: An Introduction to the Foundations of National Security Law" by Mehdi Rezaei, published by Khorsandi Publishing in 2018.The main purpose of this research is to explain the relationship between the right of linguistic minorities to use their mother tongue and national security and territorial unity? Within this framework, the present study, while reviewing and analyzing all the concepts involved in the subject, by adopting a reductionist approach towards the rights of minority groups and emphasizing the individual nature of rights, and with attention to the requirements of positive discrimination in insuring group rights, explains and defends the rights of minority groups to the mother tongue and the necessity of ensuring those rights. It also examines and analyzes the relationship between the right to the mother tongue and national security, and territorial unity. It shows that the closer a state's security discourse is to a negative and commodity-based interpretation, the more threatened national security and territorial unity will be, and the more it will be in conflict with the right to the mother tongue. The choice of a political-legal system to adopt a security theoretical manifest has a direct impact on the definition and boundaries of national security in that country, and the degree of its democracy and human rights also has a complete impact on the model and approach of its security discourse. Non-democratic and non-human rights systems that adopt traditional discourse in national security not only refuse to tolerate any objections and opposition by the people but also, based on various security pretexts and through "securitization", initiate suppression and threatening of public freedoms and citizens' rights. However, the modern discourse, with a focus on the citizens' demands, internal vulnerabilities, and socio-economic issues, and with regard to pluralism, democracy, and human rights, seeks security through creating national convergence and synergy. The postmodern discourse, on another hand, looks at national security with a focus on global security centered on human beings and from the perspective of fundamental human rights, culture, and cultural issues. Therefore, the two modern and postmodern discourses not only recognize the right to the mother tongue, but also guarantee it and consider guaranteeing it as a booster of national security. Regarding the right to the mother tongue, political regimes with a traditional security approach see this right and its enforcement in conflict with national security, and thus restrict the freedom of linguistic minorities. Non-democratic and non-human rights regimes, with a security-oriented approach, always label linguistic minorities as secessionist forces and with various titles, including labeling them as threats to national security and unity, and territorial unity, and they restrict the freedom to use their mother tongue. It seems that the democratic or non-democratic and human rights or non-human rights nature of a political system determines which security approach and discourse that system has, and it is this discourse that shapes the government's position on the basic freedoms and rights of the people and following that, the path of that political system will become apparent. In the face of the duality of “the existence of linguistic diversity and minorities increases threats and insecurity”, or conversely, “confronting the linguistic freedoms of minorities leads to their dissatisfaction and desire for secession", the proposition of the authors is the second approach; especially since governments that seek security only outside their borders with a traditional security perspective, naturally overlook internal security threats or even consider their source as foreign, and over time, people’s dissatisfaction with the deprivation of their fundamental freedoms such as linguistic freedom will only be one of the problems and dissatisfactions, and economic and social problems will also prevail. at that time, the centrifugal forces due to injustice, economic deprivation, and restrictions on fundamental freedoms will become more apparent. Therefore, in a general proposition, the less democratic a government is and the less commitment it has to human rights, the more traditional and outward-looking its security policies and approaches will become. It will also restrict domestic rights and freedoms, resulting in an increase in centrifugal forces and threats to national security and territorial unity. Regarding linguistic minorities Specifically, the more the governments disregard democracy and human rights, the more probable that they view national security negatively so as to consider threats only from external or foreign roots. By closing these outlets and making the phenomenon of linguistic diversity and minority mother tongues a security issue, they threaten the freedom of using the mother tongue in many aspects. On the other hand, focusing on militarization to gain security at exorbitant costs, neglecting human rights and freedoms, and the absence of a monitoring and desirable balance system for a democratic system will lead to a "crisis of efficiency" and a "crisis of legitimacy" of that political system, which will result in deep economic and social crises and dissatisfaction, especially among minorities. This economic pressure, coupled with severe repression of the freedom to use the mother tongue, will plant the seed of anomie and subsequently, the revival of separatist movements and threats to national security. Thus, the unity of the land and territorial unity will be compromised.

European court of human rights was established in 1959 as an independent court of Council of Europe in order to deal with alleged violations of human rights which has been enumerated in European Convention on human rights. Obviously, protection and evolution of human rights obligations is considered as one of the most significant concerns of this court. In addition, the protection of human rights and public interest together Are required for an efficient society. As a result, European court of human rights must use a mechanism by which it can have a reasonable and balanced operation to realize these two fundamental values. In order to approach this aim, the court uses the proportionality test, consisting of three principles of legitimacy, appropriateness and necessity. Despite its efficient results for the Court, the application of this test has its deficiency in keeping a balance between human rights and public interest. This court authorized the member states to evaluate the legitimacy of an aim by themselves, however it should be the court’s task to pass three steps of proportionality test independently. This research mainly concentrates on the evaluation of the European court of human rights from the doctrine of margin of appreciation perspective.

  With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the performance of hospitals were affected, and changes were made in the utilization of hospital services. Analyzing hospital performance data during the COVID-19 pandemic can provide insights into service utilization patterns and care outcomes for managers and policymakers. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on selected outcome indicators in the hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran.

 This research was descriptive-analytical and of the time series analysis type. Six outcome indicators were considered: hospitalization rate, bed occupancy rate, the average length of stay, emergency visits, laboratory tests, and imaging requests. Related data from 12 affiliated hospitals from 2017-2019 (pre-COVID) and 2020 (post-COVID) were obtained from the hospital's intelligent management system. The data were analyzed using R software's interrupted time series analysis method.

 The hospitalization rate (P=0.015), bed occupancy rate (P=0.04), and the number of laboratory tests (P=0.003) significantly increased immediately after the outbreak of the pandemic. In contrast, emergency visits (P=0.034) have significantly decreased. The bed occupancy rate and the number of imaging requests showed no significant change. The decrease in emergency room visits within one year after the pandemic was significant, but the changes in other outcome indicators were non-significant (P>0.05).

 Understanding the changes and impact of a major event on hospital outcome indicators is necessary for decision-makers to effectively plan for resource allocation and effective pandemic response. The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused a change in performance and hospital outcomes by affecting the supply and demand of services. In a year after the pandemic's beginning, except for emergency visits, the other indicators have not experienced significant changes. Preservation of essential services such as emergency room visits is recommended in the strategy of rapid response to an epidemic outbreak and public campaigns to encourage people to seek medical care if needed in future waves of the pandemic.

The main aim of the present study was to investigate the factors influencing the behavior of chemical fertilizer consumption among corn farmers in Daroodfaraman district of Kermanshah city. For this purpose, a quantitative paradigm was used. The statistical population in this research included all the corn farmers of Duroodfaraman village of Kermanshah city who had cultivated corn last year (N=80). Using random sampling method and Karjesi and Morgan table, 80 of them were selected to conduct the research. The main tool of data collection in this research was a standard questionnaire whose validity was examined and verified using content and construct validity and its reliability using composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. SPSS version 25 and SmartPLS version 3 software were used for data analysis in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study showed that the intention to use chemical fertilizer has a positive and significant effect at the level of 1% on the chemical fertilizer consumption behavior of the corn farmers of Darud Faraman district, and this variable is able to explain 22% of the variance of the chemical fertilizer consumption behavior of the studied farmers. Also, the results of the study showed that the variables of moral norms, attitude towards chemical fertilizer consumption and mental norms by explaining 73% of the changes in the variable of intention to use chemical fertilizer of the corn farmers of Darudfaraman district indirectly have a positive and significant effect on the behavior of chemical fertilizer consumption.

After the Islamic revolution of Iran, the film censorship has also been applied by the government to cinematic works. In this article, based on the films of Kimiaei and Hatami, the ratio between the censorship of their films and the law of the 1980s has been analyzed and judged. In the years 1979 to 1991, when the new legal system was being established and stabilized, laws and regulations were implemented in the field of cinema and film Censorship and four films by Kimiaei and Hatami were caught by the censorship blade. In Kimiai's film, "Red Line" was censorship for reasons such as not observing the hijab(Shari'a), presenting a different character from a Pahlavi government security officer, and the "Blade and Silk" film for different face of addiction and drug trafficking and depicting prisons. In Hatami's works, "Haji Washington" in order to present a comic picture of the Iranian ambassador in the Qajar period and criticism of the political diplomacy of the 1980s; and the movie "Jafar Khan returned from Abroad" have been banned due to the vulgar depiction of the conflict between tradition and Westernization. The cases that after reviewing the censorship of the films according to the legal standards of the time, were found to be unreasonable, and the censors of the 1980s, by passing the law of censorship the films,ordered the censorship of these works with extra-legal criteria, and the regulations for the supervision of the screening of films approved on 1965 and 1983, have been violated.

One of the factors that has led the contracting states of the European Convention on Human Rights to is reliance on the public interest. In the most articles of the Convention, the “public morality” is expressed as a form of public interest, which has been stated to restrict the fundamental rights of individuals. We will try to consider this concept critically. Neither in the Convention itself, nor in the procedures of the Strasbourg Court, or among the contracting states the significance of this study is recognized when we consider that there is no distinct and clear conception of the concept of “morality”, or “public morality”. This conceptual ambiguity has led to the contracting states to define this concept according to their own understanding- and one of the factor of restricting the fundamental rights of individuals. Meanwhile the “right to freedom of expression” is one of the rights with the most restrictions. Accordingly, in this article, We would like to take a critical look at the violation of the “right to freedom of expression” under the excuse of protecting “public morality”, and then We will discuss Dworkin's view of the primacy of “freedom of expression” over an expediency called “morals”, which is a factor in the violation of “freedom of expression”.

In the digital age, data can be considered as the most important organizational resource. Given the increasing volume, velocity and variety of data in Iranian businesses, it has become a concern for their executives how to gain innovation as well as business value from data. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of big data and related analytics on innovation and then on business value using survey method. The study population was 158 Iranian businesses in Information Technology and E-business sector. In this case, businesses were questioned through judgmental sampling and questionnaires were analyzed via structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that the characteristics of big data have a positive and significant effect on big data analytics in those organizations. It was also found that data analytics in the businesses have a positive impact on the innovation and business value of the firms. Moreover, the impact of big data-driven innovation on business value creation in Iranian digital businesses has been confirmed. Also, the research results confirm the significant relationship between big data characteristics and innovation. Finally, the mediating role of innovation on the relationship between big data analytics and business value was approved. The results showed that innovations resulting from the analysis of large volumes of diverse data can lead to business value in Iranian businesses.

In addition to the increase in prone areas to wind erosion processes in western Azarbaijan province due to the drying of Lake Urmia, there is a growing concern regarding the intensification of dust storms. Considering the impacts of this phenomenon on the environment, public health, agriculture, and transportation sections, more detailed studies on its source, severity, and frequency is necessary. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the temporal and spatial changes of dust storm events using satellite data, to detect the dust source, and to analyze the factors affecting the occurrence of dust storms in western Azarbaijan province. Analysis of the number of dusty days using the MODIS-AOD product indicated that the years 2003, and 2008 to 2012 were the dust storm peaks during the period 2000-2020 at western Azarbaijan province. Most dust storm events have occurred in summer and spring seasons, and monthly changes indicate the maximum dust storm between March and October. Trend analysis indicated that there was no significant trend in AOD and dust storm events. Among vegetation and climate variables, there is a significant relationship between AOD and wind speed (i.e., the correlation is about 64%). Spatially, dust storms occur more frequently along the shores of Urmia Lake (mostly in the east and south and slightly in the west).  Southern areas of the province reported a higher frequency of dust event than the central and northern parts of the province.  Due to the direction of the prevailing wind, it seems to be most affected by dust storms coming from the neighboring country of Iraq, however, the areas around the Lake Urmia are the inner source of dust storms.

Federalism refers to the distribution and configuration of power between the central government and its constituent units. As can be deduced from this definition, when studying federal systems, one must always consider the relationship between the two levels of government. In some federal Islamic states, like the United Arab Emirates and Malaysia and in some other federal countries such as the United States of America and Canada, the boundaries of powers between the federal state and its constituting states and provinces are blurred, and each acts independently in advancing the political life of that state (dual federalism). In others, such as Germany, there is a mechanism for cooperating and synergy of the tasks of the two levels of government (cooperative federalism). There’s no doubt that the type of interaction between the federal government and its constituent units affects the implementation of democracy in a federal government. On the other hand, how a federal government adheres to the requirements of democracy, such as collective participation or guaranteeing the citizen equality principle, is a result of that state's political system type (parliamentary or presidential). Studying federalism and democracy, we realize that although federalism and democracy intersect in many aspects, they are different in conception. Federalism looks at how power is distributed between two levels of government, which is ultimately a diagram of the legal and political form of government, while regarding democracy, we move from the form of government to the realm of ensuring the political participation of equal citizens. The main concern of the present article is to examine the relationship and integration of democracy and federalism in political society. The main finding of this study is that despite the compatibility of federalism with democracy in terms of providing a platform to ensure pluralism, in federal governments, due to the existence of two levels of government, the implementation of democracy faces legal and political complications.