جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Rural Development » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Villages in Iran are susceptible to water scarcity, drought, agricultural deterioration, and ultimately, dispersal and depopulation. In the interim, rural entrepreneurship may contribute significantly to rural unemployment reduction and economic expansion. The purpose of this article is to examine rural entrepreneurship in the villages of the province of Hamedan in order to illustrate the obstacles entrepreneurs face in their efforts to expand and develop small and medium-sized enterprises. Eighteen entrepreneurs were interviewed in four localities of the province for this purpose.The necessary data and qualitative study methodology were acquired via comprehensive interviews conducted with entrepreneurs. Coding of the data was performed with MAXQDA software.Drawing from the outcomes of multiple coding stages and structural and macroeconomic challenges and obstacles associated with the nation’s macroeconomy, the most significant impediments to the growth of the examined enterprises can be classified into five overarching concepts and categories. These encompass “needs-based entrepreneurship”, “incomplete branding”, “progress with double work”, “limited networking” together with “family-oriented.”The results indicate that in the society under study, rural entrepreneurship is established in response to necessity rather than opportunity. Entrepreneurs who established a company to fulfill necessities such as employment and financial security. These enterprises are exclusively owned and operated by the entrepreneur’s family, with the majority of personnel not being affiliated with the enterprise. Furthermore, these enterprises are conventionally managed,devoid of any innovative or creative practices that could enhance output and productivity

Land reforms can be regarded as the most significant event of the past century in Iranian agrarian society, which is debated from a variety of expert perspectives. One of the complementary policies of land reforms was the unsuccessful establishment of communal exploitation units such as agricultural joint-stock companies.This qualitative study investigates the process of agricultural joint-stock company exploitation systems disintegrating. The data was gathered through open and semi-structured interviews with 15 members, shareholders, and involved individuals of the Rudpish agricultural joint-stock company in Fuman, and then analyzed and described using the method of theme analysis.Prior to their establishment, companies faced sociocultural, economic, subsistence, and legal issues encompassing ignorance, involuntary (forced) participation, unknown benefits and profits, and ownership, according to the findings of this study. Socio-cultural, technical, legal, and organizational issues including social rejection, inflexibility, managers’ lack of interaction with people, shareholders’ feeling of powerlessness, failure in stabilization of modern techniques, changing contracts of companies and farmers multiple times, a sense of dispossession, a lack of an effective reward and punishment system, unskilled managers and employees, and a lack of an effective trustee system plagued the companies after their establishment.The current study demonstrates that disregarding the cultural conditions and experiences of local people, disregarding their ownership, and failing to plan to obtain social trust – which is essential to the social capital required for the success of any local development plan – will result in the failure of efforts to create new exploitation systems.

The purpose of this article is to study the impact of rural initiatives and developments on the occupational mobility of villagers in selected villages in the city of Marand. It was assumed that the rural reforms of the government after the revolution, which was primarily influenced by populist and egalitarian ideology, would have an effect on the social mobility of the target population.To investigate the impact of rural reform on rural mobility, the ex-post-facto comparative method was utilized in three groups of matched villages, based on development potentials and the number of rural programs or actions implemented, and random sampling was used to collect research data.Mobility is greater in villages with more development measures, indicating that rural initiatives have had effects. However, the nature of mobility revealed that both upward and downward moves occurred predominantly within short-range adjacent occupations; consequently, movements were uncommon at the top of the job structure continuum.In summary, the study concludes that although it is possible to conduct research on social mobility at the micro level and in a smaller community such as a village, the study of occupational mobility at the village level cannot be classified according to the standard that will be applied to the larger society. In addition, since rural society is experiencing the phenomenon of migration, the findings cannot necessarily reflect the job mobility of those who were promoted and took advantage of new opportunities, but did not reside in the village during the field research.

 border areas are of special importance at the national and cross-border levels and have the capacity and challenges to attract tourism. However, today these areas are always considered deprived areas of the country due to the lack of facilities and lack of proper investments. The current research is investigating the impact of tourism development on poverty reduction in rural border areas (case study: Parsabad city of Moghan).

 This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in purpose. To collect data, library and field methods including observation-questionnaire have been used. The statistical population of this research is in the city of Parsabad, which according to Cochran's formula is 352 people from among the residents and the cultural heritage organization of industries and tourism of the border areas, as the sample size, and the questionnaires have been completed using the systematic sampling method.

 The findings of the research are obtained from spss data, which uses descriptive statistics methods as well as in the inferential part of proving the hypotheses in two groups before and after the binomial test. This is the basis of tourism development in border areas in all dimensions (except economic, social cultural, environmental and physical dimensions) at a significance level of less than 0.005, with a confidence level of 95%

 The research results show that The lowness of the average values (groups) obtained from the effects of the economic dimension on the development of tourism, which the items due to the development of tourism, the difference in the significance level of the numerical desirability, are also negatively evaluated and estimated. And it can be a source of income for the border areas and the country and reduce the poverty and unemployment of the people.

The transformation of villages into cities has many visible and hidden consequences, such as the change of the physical structure, the increase of the cost of living and the deterioration of the cohesion of the local community. The aim of this article is to study the sociology of the main reasons for the transformation of the village into a city and its effects and consequences with special attention to the social and identity dimensions of the villagers. For this reason, Qala-e-Naw city was selected as the field of study from the functions of Rey city in Tehran province, which has been transformed from a village to a city for several years.

The research method was qualitative and based on grounded theory. Using random sampling among Qala-e-Naw and Snowball residents (experts and professionals), in-depth interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached, which finally included 20 interviews.

The data analysis identified three main categories of goals from the transformation from rural to urban, changes after urbanization, and the negative consequences on social structure and identity, which according to the interviews are in the first category: Physical development and creation of space for development, an urban title instead of a village, an urban budget, and the improvement of urban services in the second category; The lack of tangible changes, the opening of agencies and offices, the increase in the cost of living, the increase in urban fees, the change in the local context, the increase in construction activity and the increase in land prices, the improvement of urban services and economic growth and prosperity and in the third category: The lack of direct awareness and information, the impact on spatial identification and sense of belonging, the lack of active participation, the lack of a sense of ownership, and the lack of self-governance and self-management were extracted.

The results show that the most important reasons for converting a village into a city in the eyes of rural residents are to have more and more urban services and benefits. However, the transformation of a village into a city also has unintended consequences, such as changes in the local environment with direct impacts on rural economic activities, such as livestock and agriculture, the influx of foreigners, and higher living costs, especially for housing. The transformation of the village into a city also has negative consequences in social and identity terms, such as the reduction of the sense of belonging to the space.

The present study was conducted with the aim of developing strategies to reduce rural-urban migration in the Khuzestan province. In this research, firstly the analytical studies and literature were used to examine the four points of SWOT, namely strength, weakness, opportunity and threat, and then to prioritize them using the AHP technique. The statistical population of the study were informed persons and experts in relevant organizations in the Khuzestan province. The sample contained 48 experts who were selected using the purposive sampling method. In order to process the information from the matrix, the SWOT-AHP technique from the Expert Choice software was performed. The findings showed that in evaluating the criteria, threat points, weaknesses, opportunities and strengths ranked first to last, which indicates the dominance of the risky over the useful space. In addition, using the TOWS matrix, twelve strategies were designed to reduce rural migration. Based on the results, the two strategies of "development of appropriate technologies to reduce the difficulty of working in agricultural sector and keeping alive the hope to work in agricultural sector" and "correct advertising about the importance and value of youth activities in agricultural sector and employing graduates of agricultural sector to increase the power of creativity and innovation" were identified as the most important strategies in this regard.

In recent decades, in parallel with the paradigms of sustainable development and sustainable rural development, the idea of improving the quality of life in rural areas has been proposed, which means that although it has different interpretations, but on sustainable development for all people and future generations over time and all economic and social dimensions. , Emphasizes the physical and environmental development process in a village. The central question of the research is the level of quality of life in the villages around Kermanshah (Dorodfaraman district). The methodology of the study is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose and research used. Information on the research background and generalities of the subject has been obtained through library studies and Internet searches.Findings showed that among the five dimensions, the highest score belonged to the psychological dimension with a score of 8.22 and the physical dimension (physical) with a score of 6.32, social with a score of 5.48, economic with a score of 5.12 and Environment with a score of 5.12 are in the next categories, respectively, and alternately the physical dimension and the social dimension have moderate conditions, and the economic and environmental dimensions do not have favorable conditions.

Rural development, both in terms of approach and policy implementation, has been one of the development concerns of developing countries. In terms of approach, the question has always been whether rural development should follow the techno-bureaucratic approach (from above) or the participatory approach (from below). Which approaches have been sound and valid has always been overshadowed by intellectual-ideological debates. Because the revolution paved the way for the following of alternative approaches to development beyond conventional pre-revolutionary approaches, which relied on less successful experiences with top-down approaches, and this was better reflected in the establishment and evolution of Jihad-e Sazandeghi. Therefore, this article studies the experience of rural development with regard to the ups and downs of the Jihad. Having Explained the Jihad's formation, the article concludes that, first; the top-down approach has gradually given way to the down-top approach, which has been at odds with its existential philosophy. Second, inspired by Michels's theory of bureaucratization, it argues that the Jihad's development goal has gradually been overshadowed by non-developmental functions such as maintaining organization and governing relations. Third, inspired by Ferguson's theory of being consequential of any action or development plan, it argues that the extensive measures of the Jihad in implementing rural projects, especially infrastructure, have had various impacts such as reducing urban and rural gaps and integrating rural communities in society. Therefor these developmental initiatives have provided more macro and qualitative effects that should be regarded as long lasting.

Before Iran Revolution, the formation of farming joint stock companies had aimed to change the structures of agriculture section. On that time, it failed. In recent two decades, it can be witnessed that resuscitation and creation of F.J.S companies have been brought to attention; one example is the formation of a F.J.S Company in SahlAbad Plain. Study of this F.J.S in SahlAbad, shows a lot of ups and downs in the rural area and this article tries to study the reasons of villagers' tendency to joint stock system, meanwhile it aims to analyze different causes of people's conflicts aiming at this farming system. Studies showed that villagers in SahlAbad Plain cooperated to a great extent to accept F.J.S Company and their objective was to receive more economic benefits from water and soil resources that are under their authority. After more than a decade of the life of F.J.S company in SahlAbad Plain, while there are not any progresses in their objectives, new problems in rural area have become more apparent which are caused by "the low level of company's economic returns", "unprincipled performance of company's board", "addition of outer elements that have effect on company's economic performance and economic life of stockholders", and “no appropriate support by trusted systems". Consequently, change of Small Holding System to farming joint stock system by the above-mentioned reasons not only was not a progressive movement toward development but also it had created some negative atmosphere for rural development in SahlAbad Plain.

The purpose of this study is to identify the problems and issues of Gachi villages from the perspective of villagers, their awareness of the roots and causes of their problems and also the possible consequences of these problems in the social life of the study area. To achieve this goal, a qualitative method, particularly focus group, semi-structured interviews, and observations has been used. The research field includes the villages of Gachi in Ilam’s Malekshahi county. The collected data have been analysed with the Qualitative content analysis method. The results showed that lack of pasture, grassland destruction, absence of fodder, the severe shortage of drinking water and livestock water, unemployment, low expertise and skills, inadequate roads between villages and the city centre, inadequate roads between farms, deficiency of facilities services and low coverage of mobile phones and the Internet, lack of health services are the main problems identified in the villages of Gachi rural area. The root of many of these problems is the lack of educational, welfare and service infrastructure, lack of health infrastructure, lack of skilled medical personnel to provide health services, drought and drying of springs, negligence of officials, remoteness and lack of access to villages. Poverty, soil erosion and declining quality of agricultural land, aggravation of illiteracy, migration to the city, the spread of theft, interpersonal strife and sectarian strife, weakening family ties, stress, aggression and increased violence, etc. are the most important consequences of the existing problems that have intensified social, economic, natural and psychological damage in Gachi village

Border provinces have a very important role in the development and security of the country; So that both in the export and import sector in the border bottlenecks are very important and in defense of external threats act as a shield for the whole country. Meanwhile, rural areas as the smallest cells of the territorial space are very important in consolidating the role and nature of border provinces. Examining the development situation and identifying the development pattern among the border provinces will help the officials and statesmen to understand the main issues of the rural areas of the border provinces and take steps to improve the development indicators. Accordingly, in the present study, the spatial ranking and analysis of the border provinces of the country has been done based on 20 main indicators of rural development. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the required data has been collected from the Statistics Center. The tools and methods used for data analysis included Excel and GIS software as well as fuzzy methods and hot spot analysis. The results show that the border provinces have different status based on 20 indicators and the rural areas of Ilam (0.709534) and Hormozgan (0.132092) provinces have the first and last ranks, respectively. The results also showed that rural areas based on the indicators used, located in the northwestern provinces of the country have a better situation than villages located in the southern and southeastern provinces of the country. Finally, according to the research findings, it is suggested that spatial justice be established between rural areas of border provinces and the development of rural areas in the southern and southeastern provinces of the country, especially Sistan and Baluchestan and Baluchestan as a priority for the development of provinces. The border of the country.

In recent years, continuous awareness has increased on the need to empower rural women to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the role of rural women empowerment in analysis of the social and economic factors and cultural obstacles influencing local communities’ development. The study population was consist of rural women in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province that according to Krejcie and Morgan sample determination table, 384 of them were selected by stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire was used as research tools. Data analysis was performed by SPSS24 and AMOS22 software. The collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling technique. The results based on direct structural model showed that there is a positive significant relationship between variables such as social participation, social protection and economic factors with the dependent variable of local communities’ development and there is a negative significant relationship between cultural obstacles with the dependent variable of local communities’ development. Also, based on the mediation structural model specified that rural women’s empowerment variable had a mediation role on the relationship between social and economic factors and cultural obstacles with local communities’ development

Rural road as a vital artery of the regions is one of the most important infrastructure services that plays a special role and place in the development and security of villages, so its planned spatial construction and distribution can have a direct effect on the security of border villages. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of different types of roads on the security of border villages in Sistan region. The descriptive-analytical research method was based on documentary and field studies. The statistical population of the research at the village level was all border villages along the roads of Sistan (350), which was determined as a rural sample size of 46 villages using Sharp correction formula. Also, the statistical population at the household level included all households in the studied border villages (9305) that using Cochran's formula, the sample size was 369 people. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and its validity was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test (socio-economic components 0.84 and security-political components 0.85). The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between political-security and socio-economic dimensions and classes of rural distance from the road due to the amount of Kendall correlation coefficient (-0.629) and error level less than 0.01%. Also, the results of Kruskal-Wallis test of the components of socio-economic and political-security level of security showed that the level of security in border villages around different types of roads in Sistan region was significantly less than 0.000%.

In Iran, after the Islamic Revolution, the discourse of development was aligned with the discourse of the revolution. The promises of the revolution to eliminate deprivation and to pay attention to the oppressed had a special focus on the rural areas, and the schools of development emerged with the same promise. During this period, governments were primarily responsible for designing and implementing rural development programs. This article tries to analyze the discourse of each government and the relationship it has with the rural element. In this research, the theoretical perspective of the critical theory in general and revisionist approaches in development, especially the post-development theory, have been used. The purpose of this article is to describe the dominant discourses in the fifth to tenth governments and the position of the rural element in the territory of each discourse. The study also seeks to answer these questions: What are the differences and commonalities in the discourses of post-revolutionary governments? How is the construction of development in post-revolutionary governments in the field of rural development? What effect did the discourses of post-revolutionary governments have on the models chosen for rural development?  

Methodologically, this research is based on the principles of Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory and the operational stages of Post-foundational Discourse Analysis (PDA). According to this approach, in this study, the discourse of rural development has been theoretically conceptualized in three steps: (1) Co-construction (2) Reconstruction (3) Collocation. The president is intended to represent the discourse of that government. The texts used in this research are purposefully-selected lectures and interviews of three presidents. In the selection, texts have been considered that include three directions: 1) texts that show the main orientations and policies of each president, 2) texts that mention development and planning in general, and 3) texts in which rural development is specifically addressed. Three speeches were selected from each president, and after studying all the speeches and interviews of the presidents related to these three axes, a text was selected from each axis that is closest to the objectives of this research. Then, the results of the analysis in the texts of the first to fifth five-year development plans prepared by these governments have been validated and reviewed in the sections related to the rural area. 

The results of this analysis show that no discourse has been able to absorb the rural element without any defects. In any discourse, the existence of the limiting and influential factors has seriously damaged the formation of a complete and strong relationship between the rural element and the central nodal point. In the analysis of the Hashemi government's discourse in the rural area, the central role of improving physical and external conditions can be recognized, and this shows that the rural area is within the discourse of the government. But this relationship cannot be considered complete without any flaws. In this area, the discourse has acted contrary to its principles. Perceptions of rural backwardness, land ownership, and the inability of private capitalism to play a role in this area are elements that have hampered the full and comprehensive formation of this inter-discourse relationship. Also, the need for infrastructure work and the existence of a strong institution such as Jihad-Sazandegi encourages the government to play a direct role in this area, a role that has been avoided in other areas. For this reason, the formed relationship can be considered as distorted and heterogeneous. The rural sphere in the discourse of Khatami's government is in the realm of discourse and cannot be assumed outside it. Still, at the same time, two categories of elements in this regard are effective within the discourse: elements that contribute to the discourse close to the rural sphere, and elements that weaken this relationship and remove it from the discourse. This causes the discourse not to be able to function effectively in this area in a coordinated manner with other areas. The rural area in the discourse of the Khatami government has not been able to meet the conditions for the adoption of discourse policies fully. It indicates the loss of opportunities in which the rural area could have benefited from macro-policies, but these communication problems have made this benefit incomplete. However, the rural area has a better and more effective relationship with the realm of discourse in the Khatami period than the Hashemi period. In the rural area, the discourse of Ahmadinejad's government is the most relevant to all the discourses of previous governments. The central nodal point of this discourse focuses directly on the rural area. Improving the distribution of wealth and facilities has directly made the rural area one of its main goals. In this way, the rural sphere is completely and perfectly in the realm of discourse, and the connection that the elements of discourse, especially its central nodal point, make with this sphere as a complete connection. Therefore, the Ahmadinejad government's discourse in attracting the rural sphere in its discourse is the most successful president among its predecessors, and there is a strong and two-way connection between the rural sphere and the central nodal point of the Ahmadinejad government's discourse. But one of the weaknesses of the discourse of Ahmadinejad's government is that it has not been able to consider both internal and external dimensions in the rural area. It can be said that problems arising from development programs do not necessarily mean that they are implemented incorrectly but can be due to the foundations of the development discourse itself. Accordingly, in the present study, the authors have considered the foundations that go beyond the method of implementation or apparent approaches. Due to these problems, the discourses cannot deal comprehensively with the issues of rural communities, and their effectiveness should be questioned. On the other hand, the results of this analysis show that the development discourse, especially in development planning, cannot be neutral. Due to its discursive nature, development cannot move towards the goals set in the programs without any interference. Goals that are themselves influenced by the development discourse. We are now faced with a phenomenon that is at the forefront of discourse at all stages, including understanding the world around us, evaluating current conditions, setting goals and patterns, and determining ways to achieve these goals. As a result, policymakers who determine the direction of development use it to dominate their discourse.

Securing livelihoods and reducing the risk of migration caused by the impact of external shocks on arid ecosystems is one of the essential requirements for ensuring human sustainability. Therefore, the approach to improve the resilience of rural livelihoods against drought is of particular importance. Accordingly, the present study based on descriptive- analytical methodology, examines the effects of drought on the livelihoods resilience of villagers. The research method is applied and based on library and field studies (through a researcher-made questionnaire). The statistical population includes 2168 households in Barakouh, Mazhan and Khosf rural districts of Khosf county. Based on Cochran formula with error of 0.07, 214 questionnaires were randomly distributed and completed by the villagers and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. The findings of the study indicated that the most impacted drought between livelihoods capitals occurred in two dimensions of institutional capital and natural capital with average of 2.83 and 2.76. There is also a significant relationship between the two variables; affecting the resilience of livelihoods capitals from drought and its perception by residents and people's residential background. The results of ANOVA test showed no difference between group and within groups with a history of residence in drought susceptibility except for the two dimensions of economic and natural capital. The results of the Tukey test showed that in the two dimensions of financial and natural capital, a different mean of drought impacts can be observed based on residential history. 

The main purpose of this paper is the conception of lived experienced of social exclusion among Ilamian rural poor people. The method used is qualitative research by grounded theory approach. Each village that has sever poverty index, was selected. Our study is based on information gathered from 35 unstructured interview and focus group in seven district of Ilam. By this 35 unstructured Interview and 7 focus group theoretical saturation was occurred.  "Inequality and social exclusion" was selected as central category. Casual conditions were congregational poverty, lack of proficiency, unemployment, diverse, widowhood, gender discrimination, infertility, and social inequality, lack of social ties, migration, and disability. Some strategies are creation of minority group, conformity, migration, self- impoverishment and social dispute. Some consequences were pessimism, distrust, lack of partnership, apathetic, raise of social deviance, scuff of social ties, depression of agriculture and free – range economy and finally persistence of poverty, inequality and social exclusion.

The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and the data of this research have been collected through a library and field study (questionnaire). The statistical population of the study is the rural population of Ardabil city with a population of 74536 people. To calculate the sample size of this society, Cochran formula was used and the family size criterion was used to determine the sample size of the villages and the sample size was estimated to be 358. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the professors of Mohaghegh Ardebili University and Tabriz University. Also, using Cronbach's alpha, the reliability of questions in the cultural traditions section was 0.79 and in the sustainable livelihoods section of 0.78, which can be said that the questions presented have an acceptable reliability coefficient. The data were analyzed using Spss 21 software. Pearson correlation test and regression were used. Results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation with coefficient of 0.63 between cultural traits variable and sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. Also, the beta coefficient showed that 0.63 percent of cultural trends predict the changes in the sustainable livelihoods of villagers.

In today's world, the acquisition of a socially affiliated personality and getting out of the circle of personal activities for development is essential. Therefore, the participation of women as an important part of the developmental force is significant and gender inequality, as one of the most important issues and problems of society, can threaten the social order, development, and even the political stability of society and disrupt the development process. Rural women, as the influential elements of rural areas, are largely exposed to this discrimination for various reasons such as ignorance of their rights. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of gender discrimination on the level of participation of rural women. The research methodology is a descriptive-analytical study carried out in the form of library and field studies. A sample survey in 116 households questionnaires was conducted in 10 villages of Rajkan and Golamkan villages in Chenaran city.The results of this study showed that, based on t test, the greatest effect of gender discrimination on reducing the economic participation rate of rural women with a mean score of 3.53 is. Subsequently,The beta value reflects the relative importance of gender discrimination in women's participation. Therefore, it can be said that since rural women participate in the field of rural economy and work in the fields of livestock, agriculture, horticulture and ... along with men, they are the most discriminating in the field of economics. Because, despite the large participation in this field, there is little interest in the possibilities and benefits of the economy

Today, one of the ways to save Rurals from poverty, immigration, social and economic problems, and the development of tourism in areas prone to rural tourism. Regarding this, the present study seeks to identify the capabilities and bottlenecks of rural tourism in the Pishin part border of Sarbaz county using a set of internal factors (strength, weakness) and set of external factors (opportunity, threat(.

The research method is descriptive-analytic and survey type. Two groups (rural households and authorities) have participated in this research. The Pishin part border has 85 rural with 34,270 people in the form of 8250 rural households. Accordingly, 450 rural households in 25 studied villages were selected using randomized sampling method, taking into account their potentials and attractions and their geographic location along with 27 tourism officials. Data gathering and data are required by documentary and library studies and field studies. Data analysis using SWOT technique has analyzed the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of tourism and possible strategies for tourism development in the region. Findings and

Based on the results, 8 strengths, 6 weaknesses, 6 opportunities and 6 threats were identified as the most important capabilities and bottlenecks of tourism development in border rural areas from the perspective of people and officials. And the defensive zone was defined as a strategic zone and appropriate strategies were developed.