جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Human development index » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The increase in the level of carbon emissions is one of the most serious concerns in the world in the last decade, and different countries adopt different policies and approaches to reduce the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions; Therefore, the current study examines the impact of renewable energy and carbon dioxide emissions as well as their mutual effects on human development. The current study is descriptive-analytical and applied, which was estimated by autoregression method with distribution breaks for the years 2000-2020. The sample size was 16 countries with high human development, including Iran. The results showed that carbon dioxide emissions in all four modes, including CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions from electricity and heat, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption, and the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions have a negative impact on renewable energies, gross domestic product, financial development, and net foreign direct investment. had a positive effect on the human development index in the long term in countries with high human development; Also, the mutual effects of carbon dioxide emissions and renewable energies on the human development index were positive, so renewable energies can be used as a tool to control and reduce the effects of environmental pollution emissions to increase human development; Therefore, it is suggested to expand the use and development policies of renewable energy and to attract more investments in this sector; In addition, establishing laws to encourage public and private partnerships and removing investment barriers can help investors to participate in renewable energy activities.

Environmental sustainability as an approach to development; It makes it possible to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations. This approach helps to preserve natural resources, biodiversity, reduce negative effects on the environment, improve the quality of human life and develop a sustainable economy. Simply put, environmental sustainability means a balance between economic development, social sustainability and environmental preservation. Achieving environmental sustainability requires identifying and determining the factors affecting it. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to examine the effect of political freedom and human development on environmental sustainability according to three indicators of Ecological footprint (EFP), carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) and Environmental Performance Index (EPI) in Iran over the period of time (1990 - 2022) using the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS). Also, in this research, the human development index (HDI), which includes the economic and social dimensions of development, has been used to investigate the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The research results show that human development index (HDI) has a negative effect and political freedom (FPI) has a positive and significant effect on environmental sustainability. On the other hand, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis test also showed that the square of the human development index has a positive and significant effect on environmental sustainability; As a result, based on this hypothesis, the inverted U relationship between human development index (HDI) and environmental sustainability is confirmed in this study. Other results of this research show that energy consumption (EC) has a negative effect, urbanization rate (URB) and commercial openness (OPE) have a positive and significant effect on environmental sustainability in the long term.

Globalization is a phenomenon that has caused many changes in people's lives. There are different opinions regarding the effects of globalization on economic growth and development and the human development index. Some believe that globalization will cause global markets to develop, which will increase trade and investment exchanges between countries and improve the Human Development Index. In contrast, others argue that increased exchanges and competition between countries will only make companies want to maximize their profits and pay less attention to improving labor conditions, which can reduce health indicators and increase poverty. It should be noted that the economic globalization index was calculated using the shannon entropy method and simple additive weighting method. The results of the study show that the economic globalization index had an upward trend until 1390, fluctuated between 1390-1397 and started a downward trend from 1397 onwards. In this research, the effect of the economic globalization index on the human development index in Iran for the period 1375-1400 has been investigated. The estimation of the model has been done using the autoregressive distributed lag method (ARDL). Also, the results show that the economic globalization index had a positive and significant effect on the human development index. Other variables of the model i.e. gross domestic product, government expenditure, ratio of urban population to total population and export of goods, services have a positive and significant effect, and inflation has a negative effect on the human development index.

Based on experiences and theoretical analysis, sustainability development is considered an important concept in the progress literature. Sustainable development has three components: economic, social and environmental. Based on this, sustainable development will be realized when there is economic stability along with social and environmental monitoring. Financial stability influences sustainable development directly by affecting sustainable development financing, and indirectly by affecting one of its main dimensions, namely economic development. Therefore, it can be concluded that sustainable development is impossible without stability and financial development.
As a result, in this study, the first step is to create a new composite indicator called sustainable development and high-quality financial stability for detailed and comprehensive analysis. After constructing composite indicators, the mutual impact of sustainable development and high-quality financial stability in the period of 2010-2020 in the countries of Iran, Turkey, Armenia, Pakistan and Iraq with the corrected ordinary least squares (FMOLS) approach and the combined group average estimate. (PMG) is checked in the tabular data space.
The results of the research indicate that there is a direct and significant relationship between sustainable development and financial stability, private investment and political stability in the long term, while the relationship between sustainable development and public investment is inverse and significant. Also, by examining causality, it was concluded that in the short term, the relationship between the variables is not bidirectional

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the human development index on the expansion of B2B electronic commerce (business-to-business electronic commerce) in Iran and Iran's trading partner countries during the period of 2011-2016 using the Astana panel approach.The research variables include the level of expansion of e-commerce, imposed pressure due to dependence on exports, normative pressure due to consistent global trade relations, imitative pressure due to foreign competition, global common knowledge, Internet access and human development index.According to the results, in countries with a low human development index, this index has a negative effect on the development of B2B e-commerce, which can be affected by the lack of infrastructure, and this relationship is inverse for countries with a high level of human development. Based on the threshold defined in this article, the average in countries with a lower human development index, the human development index in these countries causes a decrease in the level of B2B e-commerce, but in countries where the HDI is higher than the threshold, it did not have a significant effect. The human development index regime has had a negative effect on B2B e-commerce up to a threshold level with a coefficient of 3.667 and has reduced the human development index of e-commerce. India,Pakistan and Tajikistan are less than the threshold value of 0.653, and the rest of the countries studied in this research are more than the threshold value. The threshold effect test was performed, both based on the 95% confidence interval, the numerical value of the threshold is placed between the highest and the lowest value, and based on the critical value, andthe significance levelof theH0 hypothesis that there is no threshold effect is rejected, and theH1 hypothesis ofthe existence of a minimum A threshold is not crossed.

In today’s world, countries have come to the realization that their available resources, including human capital, natural resources, and capital, are limited. To use these resources optimally requires that consumption be adjusted and productivity be increased. In this context, the labor force, as a fundamental factor in production, deserves special attention. Several factors such as geographical location, wages, welfare and health indicators, proximity, and population density can impact labor productivity. The present research aimed to investigate the impact of urbanization and its spatial spillovers on the productivity of provincial labor forces during 2006–2019, using the components of the human development index, urbanization rate, population density, and industrial wages. The study revealed the existence of spatial autocorrelation among the investigated provinces. The variables of human development index, urbanization rate, and industrial wage have direct and indirect positive and significant effects on provincial labor productivity, while the population density index has a direct positive effect and an indirect negative effect on labor productivity.IntroductionSustainable urbanization has been a fundamental component of the development of every country. Urbanization can have a significant positive impact on economic activities by providing better services, creating job opportunities, and increasing access to basic services. Cities have the ability to transform low-productivity agriculture into a high-productivity manufacturing industry and cost-effective service sectors. Cities in developing countries are the driving force behind economic growth, accounting for 70% of the gross national product (World Bank, 2009). With the increasing share of the population living in cities, improving the productivity of urban areas has become a priority for many governments and economic consulting organizations (OECD, 2016). Accordingly, cities possess the necessary ability and capacity to influence key economic factors. In this respect, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of urbanization on labor productivity, as a crucial factor for development, by evaluating the economic growth and examining several components of cities. The objective of research was to examine the spatial spillover effects of urbanization on labor productivity in Iran’s provinces, specifically focusing on the savings of density. The study tried to answer the following questions:Is it possible for an urban area to enhance labor productivity at the provincial level?Is there a relationship between labor productivity in a province and the direct and indirect effects of the provincial human development index?Are the external benefits of population density and urbanization (such as benefits from population increase and industrial concentration) responsible for this relationship?Is labor productivity affected by the direct and indirect effects (spillover) of industrial wages?Can the positive side effects of a more efficient urban economy in urban centers be affected by structural problems caused by rapid and dense population growth?Materials and MethodsThe basic model used in this study is as follows: The panel spatial econometric method was employed to analyze the spatial spillovers and geographic space involved in the impact of urbanization on provincial labor productivity. The Stata software was used to examine the final data, and a square matrix was created through GeoDa software in order to estimate the model with the spatial econometric method. This matrix represents the proximity between the provinces and assigns a value of 1 to neighboring provinces and 0 to non-neighboring provinces. Stata software packages were then used to standardize the provincial neighborhood matrix, and a vector was obtained by multiplying the matrix by the vector of each variable. The obtained vector was entered as an explanatory variable in the model, and its coefficient expresses the spatial effect. Based on the evaluated processes, the final model is as follows:+ ConclusionFirst, the estimated coefficients of the human development index and industrial wage of the labor force indicate that an increase in these factors within each province has a positive effect on labor productivity. Furthermore, the positive effects of these factors spill over into neighboring provinces. In this respect, competitive markets play a role in improving labor attraction factors within the province, thereby preventing the departure of skilled labor. With the implementation of necessary policies, job skills are promoted, and the permanent departure of highly skilled labor force is reduced.Second, the estimated coefficients of the urbanization variable show that the increase in urban population and demand, in addition to the training of specialized labor in cities, leads to the recruitment of skilled labor. This in turn has a positive spillover effect, increasing the urbanization rate of neighboring provinces. As a result, it leads to an increase in labor productivity in the neighboring provinces.Finally, the direct effect of population density in a province has a positive impact on labor productivity. However, the indirect effect of population density on labor productivity is complex. While creating a positive external effect due to economies of scale, the indirect effect is also countered by the crowding effect caused by population density. The crowding effect is actually due to the lack of sufficient infrastructure in line with population growth in the province, which leads to negative spillovers of neighboring regions into the province.The various effects observed provide strong evidence for a positive relationship between urbanization and labor productivity. These effects suggest that, under the appropriate conditions, cities have the potential to generate significant employment opportunities and stimulate growth and development not only within the city and province but also across the country. Cities can create sustainable jobs and increase productivity, thereby maximizing the ability to innovate, respond to market demand, and benefit from the advantages of dense markets.

Government, serving as the primary institution responsible for education, plays a pivotal role in ensuring universal educational access, enhancing educational quality, formulating regional and national programs, and continuously monitoring the educational process. The government's profound influence on the country's educational and training infrastructure underscores its direct impact on social and economic development. Government expenditure in the education sector constitutes a fundamental driver of a nation's human capital development and exerts significant influence on human development indices. These allocations encompass various facets of education, including teacher salaries, educational resources, school and university establishment and renovation, educational programs, and scientific research. Amid budgetary constraints in the education sector, a pressing question emerges: how to judiciously allocate this limited budget among different segments. Consequently, this article delves into an examination of this issue, scrutinizes various categories of government expenditures in the education sector, and assesses their explanatory influence on Human Development Index (HDI) behavior.

This study employs two regression models to fulfill its research objectives. The first model scrutinizes the relationship between variables associated with government expenditures in the education sector and the Human Development Index (HDI) within member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), representing developed and advanced nations. The second model explores the correlation between government education expenditures and the Human Development Index in the context of Iran, a developing country. The variables considered in this study encompass the Human Development Index (HDI), per capita government expenditure on primary education (pri_per), allocated expenditure for secondary education (sec), per capita government expenditure on secondary education (sec_per), per capita government expenditure on tertiary education (ter_per), per capita national income (gdp_cap), and government educational expenditure (GEE). Data related to the Human Development Index is sourced from the United Nations Development Programme, while data pertaining to governmentexpenditures in the education sector is obtained from the World Bank.

The research findings unveil a nuanced relationship between government expenditure in education and the Human Development Index (HDI) in the case of OECD countries. Broadly, government spending within the education sector exerts an overall positive impact on the HDI. This outcome underscores the pivotal role of education investment in fostering human development. Nevertheless, a closer inspection reveals an intriguing pattern: when government spending is examined separately per student across primary, secondary, and tertiary education levels, a counterintuitive adverse influence on the HDI emerges in these OECD nations. This discovery implies that although higher budget allocations to education at a macro level are advantageous, it is imperative to refine spending strategies to optimize fund distribution among diverse educational stages. In stark contrast, the findings pertaining to Iran present a divergent scenario. Here, overall government education spending demonstrates an adverse impact on the Human Development Index. This outcome emphasizes the necessity for a meticulous reassessment of budget allocation and education policies within the Iranian context.

The complexity of the relationship between government spending in education and human development is prominently underscored by these findings, underscoring the paramount need for tailored policies that consider specific national circumstances. In the context of OECD countries, augmenting the Human Development Index necessitates not only heightened financial investment in education but also a meticulous approach to resource allocation that takes into account diverse education levels. Conversely, in the Iranian context, the imperative is a more strategic and efficient resource allocation to enhance the Human Development Index. This highlights the essential requirement for adaptive policy approaches to optimize human development within the unique dynamics of each nation.

Governments play a pivotal role in shaping the course of education, thereby influencing human development. As a consequence, they face the delicate task of allocating finite resources to various educational sectors with precision. Education systems share this responsibility, optimizing budgets to achieve their educational objectives effectively. In a world characterized by budgetary constraints and fiscal challenges, these findings underscore the paramount importance of deliberate and strategic investments in education. Such investments contribute not only to the betterment of society but also to the advancement of human development as a whole.

Brain drain is one of the most critical challenges facing developing countries. Educated and skilled people migrate from these countries to more economically stable ones. Brain drain can reduce the capabilities and economic growth in developing countries. Human capital is significant in the theories of economic growth; as a result, less developed countries, as a source of brain drain, mainly face problems such as a low economic growth rate and a high unemployment rate. Another consequence that the countries of brain drain origin are faced with is the reduction of the economic well-being of the society. This is because productivity decreases with the removal of human capital and the government is forced to increase the cost of education. One of the ways to reduce the problem of brain drain is to raise the level of life expectancy and increase people's satisfaction and self-confidence. For this purpose, it is necessary to improve living conditions and create suitable job opportunities in countries with a low level of human development. In addition, raising education and knowledge can increase people's capabilities and improve working conditions in countries. Political instability is one of the most severe obstacles to a country's economic growth and development. The lack of political stability can lead to decreased investment, increased inflation, and economic and social problems. A low level of political stability has a negative effect on economic and financial development. This is because political instability causes an increase in risk and uncertainty in economic contracts, the structure of property rights, and tax policies for entrepreneurs. Improving the political stability of a country is an essential step toward achieving economic growth and development; countries with higher political stability have more power to create wealth. Nowadays, Brain drain is a critical issue in developing countries. Low income, high unemployment, discrimination, and lack of social justice are the main reasons for brain drain. Developing countries face political, economic and financial instability; as a result, skilled and talented individuals seek better welfare and job opportunities in developed countries. This study aims to investigate the impacts of country risk and human development on brain drain in 106 countries. To achieve the goal of the study, the countries in question are divided into three groups including countries with a low political risk (44 countries), a medium political risk (48), and a high political risk (14 countries) from 2007 to 2020. The research is conducted through the fixed panel method, the standard generalized method of moments, and two-stage generalized method of moments. The results of the research show that country risk and its sub-indices in all the three groups of countries have a positive effect on increasing brain drain. This effect is greater in countries with medium and high political risk levels. Also, the human development index negatively and significantly affects the brain drain in the studied countries. To reduce the level of brain drain, it is suggested for policymakers to give priority to providing suitable conditions for business and investment in the country so as to increase job opportunities and improve economic conditions.

In this research, both one- and two-step methods have been used to prevent single effects. Two tests are proposed to ensure the appropriateness of using this method for estimating the model. Initially, the Sargan test is used to demonstrate the validity of the instrumental variables. The second test includes a) the first-order correlation test AR and b) the second-order AR. According to Arellano and Bond (1992), in GMM estimation, the disruptive terms should have first-order serial correlation, not second-order one (Arellano & Bover, 1995).

The results indicate that country risk and its sub-indices positively affect brain drain in countries with low, medium, and high political risks. However, this effect is more potent in medium- and high-political-risk countries. The human development index also negatively and significantly impacts brain drain in all countries. As an important finding, the effect of country risk and its sub-indices on brain drain in countries with low political risk levels is less than that in countries with medium and high political risks. In fact, in countries with low risk levels, the effect of uncertainty and the risk of brain drain is less; in these countries, investment security is high, and investment laws and regulations are usually substantial. Moreover, Human development can be considered as one of the factors to reduce brain drain. Poverty and unemployment will decrease by increasing education, improving health, and increasing access to economic opportunities, job opportunities, and entrepreneurship. Also, human development can improve living conditions and social security, reducing brain drain. As a comprehensive and inclusive solution, it can help to reduce brain drain in different countries.

Conclusion and Policy Implications:

 Brain drain has become a critical issue in poor and less developed countries. This issue in developing countries is primarily due to political, economic, and financial instability. For this reason, skilled and talented people migrate to advanced countries for better welfare conditions and job opportunities. This issue causes a decrease in human capital and, as a result, a reduction in the economic growth and development of the countries of origin. In addition, brain drain causes discrimination and social injustice in developing countries because people with high abilities migrate to developed countries, while people with fewer abilities and without particular expertise remain in their country of origin. The results indicate that country risk and its sub-indices positively affect brain drain in countries with low, medium and high levels of political risk. However, this effect is greater in countries with medium and high political risk levels. Also, the human development index negatively and significantly impacts brain drain in all the studied countries.

As one of the strategic production inputs, energy has always drawn the attention of policymakers and economists, and humans' ever-increasing need for this input cannot be disregarded. Therefore, access to energy is one of life's essential requirements to reach higher levels of development. Petrol is one of the important energy carriers, and policymaking regarding this fuel has always been a controversial topic in Iran. In fact, petrol becoming a distinctive commodity in the eyes of Iranians has led to petrol pricing having extensive economic, political, and social aspects. In the present study, the Vector Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method is applied in order to investigate the impacts of petrol prices on the Human Development Index (HDI). The period under study is 1980-2019. The variables used in the model include the HDI, the Gini coefficient, inflation rate, Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of production, and petrol price. The results indicate that in a long-term perspective, petrol price and the Gini coefficient are the variables with significant negative effects on the HDI, and the inflation rate and TFP of production are the variables with significant positive effects on the corresponding index. As a result, due to the negative impact of gasoline price increase on the human development index, necessary considerations should be taken into account to increase the price of gasoline in Iran's economy, and other policies such as increasing the productivity of production factors should be used to reduce the negative effects of this policy.

Human development index is based on aspects of human quality in a country. Human development is affected by many variables. One of the main variables is urbanization. On the one hand, urbanization promotes human development by improving the level of income, educational and health services, and on the other hand, with the rapid growth of urbanization, increasing urban congestion, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions negatively affect it. Since rapid and incomplete urbanization has positive and negative effects on the economy, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of urbanization on the human development index during the period 1990-2017 with a multiple regression approach. The results show that the effect of urbanization rate on human development index is symmetric, negative and significant, which has become stronger in the upper quantiles. According to other results of this study, health, education and economic growth expenditures have also had a positive effect and CO2 emissions have also had a significant negative impact on the human development index; the pattern of population growth and migration be considered to changing the laws concerning the creation of new cities in order to adapt the urbanization rate to human development in the cities development plan.

The economic structure in oil-dependent countries is different from other countries. The human development index (HDI) may increase due to rising oil rents and subsequent increases in per capita income, but there may be no significant improvement in other indicators (literacy rate and life expectancy). The improper injection of oil rents into the countrychr('39')s budget without investing in manufacturing, agriculture and services, whether domestically or abroad, leads to the Dutch disease and “resource curse”. Bilateral official development assistance (BODA) from the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) can have a positive impact on human development without having a negative impact on various economic and social aspects. In this regard, this study examines the impact of BODA on human development using a Panel-Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (Panal-FMOLS) model in selected countries (Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Yemen, Jordan, Azerbaijan and Georgia from Southwest Asia, and Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar from Southeast Asia) during 1999-2018. The results indicate that BODA and health expenditure have positive and significant effects on HDI. The findings also indicate a significant negative impact of oil rent, population growth rate and unemployment rate on HDI. The effect of personal remittances is different in the two samples, so that these funds have negative impact on HDI in the Southwest Asia and a positive effect on HDI in the Southeast Asia.

For the United Nations, the overriding goal is to improve the quality of human life. Accordingly, the Human Development Index has been introduced by this organization as a measure of quality of life. The Human Development Index is a pure composite index that measures the average success of a country on three basic benchmarks of development: health, health, education and economic welfare. In this paper, the human development index (without oil) for the provinces of Iran in 2005, 2010 and 2015 based on the United Nations method. According to the results, the highest and lowest human development indices of provinces in 2005, 2010 and 2015 were 0.733, 0.751 and 0.769 for Tehran province and 0.595, 0.539 and 0.631 for Sistan and Balochistan province, respectively. After Sistan and Baluchistan, the provinces of Kurdistan, North Khorasan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, and Lorestan have the lowest human development index among Iran’s provinces. The data show that the average human development of provinces in the country has increased by 3% between 2005 and 2010, while it has decreased to 0.5% between 2010 and 2015. Another result of this study is the impact of human development on the economic growth of provinces using Fuzzy Mamdani method. Implementation of the second and third laws of the fuzzy rules has shown the positive impact of human development index on economic growth as the output of the provinces fuzzy system. An examination of the components of human development indicators shows that the most important factor in the slowdown in human development is the negative growth of provincial per capita income between 2005 and 2015. In the meantime, the per capita income of the provinces has fallen by an average of about 20%. Careful examination of the findings shows that the provincial education index is a strong point of provincial human development index as it has increased from 0.577 in 2005 to 0.736 in 2015, which indicates that good developments have taken place in recent years and that education has been constantly improving. Given that the pace of improvement in human development has been modest in the years 2010-2015, it is necessary for national planners to focus on investing in education and health, which are important components of development. Also, to improve the living conditions of the provinces with low human development indexes and more poverty and deprivation, more attention should be paid to investing in education and health in these areas to increase per capita income and employment, which would reduce poverty and deprivation measures that can ultimately lessen regional and inter-provincial inequality in the country. It is also conceivable that during the past three decades the government and development planners have identified various underprivileged and underdeveloped areas in line with the findings of this paper. However, despite the authorities' attention to these areas, no significant change has been observed in the socio-economic status of these provinces, perhaps due to a one-dimensional look at the issue of development and making blind investments in these areas. Another result of this study is the impact of human development on the economic growth of provinces using Fuzzy Mamdani method. According to fuzzy rules designed in MATLAB software, the impact of human development index on economic growth of provinces is determined. Implementation of the second and third laws of fuzzy rules has shown the positive impact of human development index on economic growth as the output of the provinces fuzzy system. Careful examination of the findings shows that there is little to no relationship between human development and economic growth prior to the level of human development, while there is clearly a positive relationship afterwards

The existence of economic discrimination in the country can pose a threat to the soft economic threat, and knowing how to measure it and examine its trends across different states can reflect their performance against this phenomenon. In this study, it has been tried to combine the economic discrimination index between the provinces of Iran according to the principles of the Islamic Republic of Iran constitution, considering the capacity and needs of provinces in the distribution of budget between the provinces during the first and last years of the tenth and eleventh administrations. The results show that in the three-year average of budget allocations to needs and capacities, Markazi, Alborz, Azarbaijan Sharqi and seven other provinces are in the worst situation with direct discrimination and at the expense of them. There is no direct or indirect discrimination in the distribution of budgets to the needs and capacities of Golestan, Khorasan Razavi, Kerman, and seven other provinces, and the distribution of budgets is in line with their needs and responsibilities. There is indirect discrimination in the distribution of budgets to the needs and capacities of the provinces of Qom, Khorasan Junubi, Gilan, and eight other provinces that benefit them. The coefficient of variation also shows that among these years, there has been the least economic discrimination between provinces in the 1392.

Emphasis on eliminating deprivation and poverty on the one hand and expanding insurance services on the other, confirms the fact that the concept of insurance has a key role for economic planners and policymakers in achieving the goal of reducing income inequality. The efforts made in the present study are aimed at improving the position of insurance in this field. In this regard, the impact of the insurance penetration coefficient on income inequality in 30 provinces of Iran during 2011-2015 has been calculated using the dynamic panel data in a basic model and two scenarios (based on human development index and insurance penetration coefficient). The results show that inflation has a positive effect on the Gini coefficient and consequently increases income inequality. However, per capita income index and insurance penetration coefficient have a negative effect on the Gini coefficient and lead to a decrease in income inequality.  Furthermore, the effect of this factor on the Gini coefficient in provinces varies depending on the level of human development and insurance penetration coefficient level. So first, there is a significant difference in the extent of the influence of insurance penetration coefficient on the Gini coefficient in two groups of provinces in terms of human development level, so that an increase in the level of human development reinforces the effect of the insurance penetration coefficient on reducing income inequality. Second, there is a significant difference in the magnitude of the impact of insurance penetration coefficient on the Gini coefficient in the two groups of provinces in terms of insurance penetration coefficient level; Thus, by increasing the size of the insurance penetration coefficient, the influence of the insurance penetration coefficient on reducing income inequality is strengthened.

Achieving economic growth and development is one of the most important goals of human societies. In the meantime, the role of human development is very important and human being both as a goal and a development tool has a special place in designing and implementation of development policies. This importance has made the world and international organizations pay special attention to human development and identify the factors that affect it. Islamic banking contracts are among the factors that are of great importance in the Issues related to development in Islamic economics and can have significant effects on the components of economic and social development in Islamic countries. In this study, the effect of Islamic banking contracts in terms of Musharekat, exchange contracts and Qard-ul-hasanah contracts on the human development index has been investigated in Iran during the years 2000 to 2016 (based on seasonal data). In order to estimate the effects of variables, the bounds testing and autoregressive distributed lag modeling (ARDL) approaches have been used. Regression results show that Islamic banking contracts in the short and long term have led to improvements in the human development index in Iran

There are 2 general approaches in statistics science to estimation: classical and Bayesian approaches. In addition to using the random sample information in Bayesian approach, the prior information of parameters is also used for estimation. In other words, in Bayesian approach, a combination of random sample information and prior information is used for deduction. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the human development index and innovation in the elected developed countries based on Bayesian approach. In order to measure the innovation index in this study, the number of inventions and the number of inventors were used. In addition to innovation factor, the inflation rate and the health and education costs of the government were also considered as control variables. The statistical sample consisted of 22 elected developed countries in the time period 1996-2015. The analysis results showed that innovation and its indicators, as well as inflation and the health and education costs of the government play a significant role in explaining the human development index in Bayesian approach, which was based on theoretical foundations. According to the obtained results, it is suggested that in the future studies and different research areas, Bayesian approach is used and the results are compared with those of the classical approach.

Trade liberalization is the removal of restrictions created by policymakers on the way of macroeconomic variables in the market. Trade liberalization leads to more specialization in production, division of labor, and increase in income. In turn, increase in income results in educational opportunities, better health and medical care services, and provision of more favorable social services by governments. Moreover, trade promotion improves the cultural interactions, and increases the variety of goods available to consumers. Trade introduces new types of goods and services, such as medical and sanitary equipment, to domestic markets. Thus, the health and longevity of individuals increase, and affect the human development index. Trade liberalization can reduce government tax revenues and tariffs. Reduction in government revenues affects the quality and quantity of public government services, such as education, health, and decreases the human development index. Trade promotion can also impose adverse effects on environment and sustainable development. In this regard, this paper aims to examine the effect of trade liberalization level on human development index in a group of selected middle-income countries during the period 2000-2015. The results of models estimated by the fixed effects method indicate that the trade liberalization has a positive and significant impact on the human development index

One goal of the Iranian Vision Document is to advocate for improvement in the quality of life of Iranians. This improvement majorly includes enhancing public health, public education, purchasing power etc. Another goal of this document is to move towards a more innovative economy through exporting knowledge-based products and declining the dependency to the export of crude oil. Toachieve these goals, innovation should receive adequate support. This paper analyses the current relationship between innovation and welfare in Iran and its nominated competitor countries, mostly located in the Southwest Asia, in the Vision Document. HDI was applied as a proxy for welfare. The share of R&D of GDP, the share of FDI of GDP and portion of high-technology exports in GDP were the selected variables to indicate innovation. The results of this study showed the effectiveness of FDI in improving the welfare and quality of life.

The lack of capital is known to be one of the main causes of many countries’ entrapment in the vicious cycle of poverty and underdevelopment. In addition, the presence or absence of appropriate institutional quality has an impact on poverty rates in these countries. This paper examines the effects of foreign direct investment and institutional quality (rule of law) on reducing poverty. To this end, a random effect panel econometric technique is applied using MENA countries’ data for 2000–2009. The Human Development Index is used as an indicator of poverty reduction. The findings show that the foreign direct investment and the appropriate institutional quality have significant positive effects on reducing poverty and increasing welfare.

Nowadays, human development play a key role in Development studies. The man is the main pillar of sustainable Development. Human Development Index has been the most popular indicator of development. Knowing the variables involved in the estimation of human development index is essential in choosing the appropriate model that can accurately measure the human development index. In this paper, we consider the uncertainty modeling framework for study of the factors that affect the human development index. For this purpose, we use the Bayesian model averaging which is appropriate with the assumption of model uncertainty.In this study, by estimating 960000 regression equations, five variables are identified as non-fragile variables which is mentioned as follows: Growth of oil revenues, growth of Government health expenditure, Growth of primary education, Inflation, capital stock. Other variables lost their effect in the presence of non--fragile variables. Therefore, it can be concluded that in order to raise the index of human development in the country, it is necessary to pay more attention to the mentioned variables