جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « توسعه پایدار » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد کشاورزی »

The drop in the level of underground water and the subsequent subsidence of more than 20 cm of land in the plains of Alborz province of Iran has now become one of the biggest environmental concerns of the province. On the other hand, excessive extraction of underground water sources in this province will lead to a big disaster in the near future, and in order to prevent this, volumetric meters have been installed in the province. Therefore, the approach of setting up a water market in this situation is one of the best measures that can be taken into consideration. In this study, Hashtgerd Plain in Alborz province, as the most important agricultural region of the province, which consumes 87.23 percent of surface water resources and 90 percent of underground water resources in the agricultural sector, was studied in order to investigate the effects of water market simulation. In this study, the demand function was estimated using a Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model (aiming at estimating the equilibrium price) as it is more compatible with real conditions. The PMP and production functions of Statewide Agricultural Production (SWAP) are among the techniques used to simulate a water market and study the effects of its formation, the role of a water market in economic value changes, etc.Step 1: Zonation of the study area and collection of required dataStep 2: Solving the linear programming model and determining dual values ​​or shadow prices ​​of constraintsStep 3: Estimation of the secondary Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) production functionStep 4: Estimation of the original CES production functionStep 5: Estimation of the exponential cost functionStep 6: Estimation of demand functions of agricultural products based on endogenous pricesStep 7: Building the final planning model and explaining the calibrated PMP modelFor this purpose, using the information collected in the form of a questionnaire and referring to relevant organizations for the years 2015-2016, the Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model was estimated with the approach of regional production functions of agricultural products and the demand function was extracted. Accordingly, the equilibrium price of water in the Hashtgerd Plain was estimated 3394 IRI rials per cubic meter, which would save more than 28 percent in water consumption. With the implementation of this policy, the welfare of water buyers would decrease and the welfare of water sellers would increase. Therefore, if policies such as increasing the efficiency of irrigation systems are implemented at the same time as the water market is launched, there will be a smaller decrease in the level of welfare. It can be concluded that the required water resources were 234.5 million m3 before the formation of the proposed water market in the Hashtgerd Plain of Alborz province. After the water market formation and the application of market prices (3,394 IRI rials/m3), the use of water input will reduce to 167.32 million m3, i.e., a 28.6 percent saving in water resources. The minimum and maximum water prices are 3282 and 7282 IRI rials/m3, respectively, in the simulated market. After the water market formation, the cropping pattern will undergo changes in the region, which are different for the groups of water input buyers and sellers. The sellers tend to reduce the area under cultivation of all crops, except for wheat, due to the low water requirement of this crop, compared to the other crops. This means that the revenue from the sale of water to applicants is more than that of cultivating the crops in these conditions. The buyers will also reduce crops with high water requirements and increase the cultivation of the other crops. Increasing the efficiency of irrigation systems is one of the policies that, if accomplished in parallel with the water market formation, will lead to an increase in the welfare of water buyers to compensate for their lost welfare after the water market formation. According to the results of the calculations, the following recommendations are presented regarding water resource management using the formation of a water market:To prevent the reduction of farmers' welfare, policymakers are recommended to simultaneously implement supportive policies, such as supporting the increase of the irrigation system efficiency (and other inputs). Considering that increasing the price to the equilibrium limit will cause a sudden shock to the sector, it is suggested to first determine the minimum obtained price (3,282 IRI rials/m3) as the market price. This price is closer to the economic value and, with a saving of approximately 15 percent also covers step-wise policies of water use reduction (approved by the IRI Sixth Development Plan). Since it is possible to save water resources after a water market formation, IRI Department of Environment (DOE), as the responsible organization, is recommended to adopt a measure to prevent water extraction from the land by the water sellers and, in return, provide them with the benefits of selling water. In other words, a water market will be formed between farmers and the DOE by redeeming a portion of the shares of water rights owned by the farmers. Another recommendation of this study is efforts to change the cropping pattern in the region with the approach of cultivating crops that have higher yields and more income with less use of water. Further studies on medicinal plants are also recommended in this regard.

Food security, supply chains, and food safety have all been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The social, economic, and health problems caused by the Covid-19 pandemic posed a direct threat to global life and well-being. The present study aims to identify the factors that influence sustainable development in the agricultural sector, with a particular emphasis on health aspects and critical situations (Covid-19 pandemic). First, the factors influencing sustainable development in the agricultural sector have been identified using the Grounded Theory technique and a thematic literature review. In the second stage, 20 experts in the economy, promotion, and sustainability of agriculture were interviewed using 17 questions to identify the variables that impact sustainable development in the agricultural sector, focusing on health factors and critical circumstances (COVID-19 pandemic). In the third step, the research's final criteria and sub-criteria were determined using the fuzzy Delphi technique and expert opinion. Then, using the fuzzy DEMATEL approach, the internal relationships, influence, and impact of the health factor criteria, critical conditions, and environmental, economic, and social conditions were determined. The results of the study indicate that among the sub-criteria of health, social, economic, environmental factors, and crisis situations, the sub-criteria of providing sustainable financial resources in the health sector, the degree of farmer personal development, facilitating the export of agricultural products in critical conditions, and the status of managing medical waste for Covid-19 and natural disaster have the greatest influence.

It is necessary to use the correct methods of water economic valuation. Proper use of the virtual water concept and the crop pattern can play a significant role in increasing water productivity and sustainable development.In this paper, the economic value of agricultural water, once without considering virtual water and once again with virtual water for four crops including wheat, barley, alfalfa and fodder maize was calculated, using a native-exclusive mathematical model, in Isfahan province, counties of Shahinshahr-Meymeh and Borkhar, Iran. Three weighting methods based on cultivated area, volume of net water consumption and product income were considered for water valuation. The input data for the mathematical model includes crop parameters, meteorological data, the amount of water consumed for each plant and the amount of expenses and incomes from each product for the crop year 2020-2021.The obtained results showed that by all the three weighting methods and in the both studied areas, the economic value of agricultural water increased by considering the virtual water of crops and changing the crop pattern accordingly; the water economic value by three weighting methods based on cultivated area, the amount of water consumed, and crop income increased by 22%, 44%, and 23% in Shahinshahr-Meymeh county and by 17%, 15%, and 15% in Borkhar county, respectively. This research showed that considering virtual water and changing the crop pattern accordingly can increase the economic value of water, reduce water consumption and help achieve sustainable development.

The world today is facing the problems of population increase, urbanization, increasing need for food, decreasing water resources and environmental destruction. Urban agriculture, as a part of urban activities, is considered an opportunity to make positive changes in the world's food system and produce high-quality food. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing a model of the urban agricultural effect on food security in tehran metropolis. The statistical population of the research consists of all learners participating in the urban agriculture training courses organized by the General Department of Education of the 22 districts of Tehran in 2018 (N = 726). The sample size was determined by using Cochran's formula, 164 people, and stratified random method with proportional assignment (according to the areas where they work among the 22 areas of Tehran municipality) was used for sampling. Data analysis was done using Smart PLS3 software.  According to the calculated indicators, the reliability and validity of the model were confirmed. The results showed that based on the model of the effect of urban agriculture on food security in Tehran city, urban agriculture explains a total of 0.85 of the dependent variable changes in food security. Also, the results of the investigation of the components of the dimensions of urban agriculture and food security indicate that the dimension of urban agriculture is, in order, of economic (β=0.975), environmental (β=0.967), social (β=0.963) and psychomotor functions, respectively. (β=0.851), is affected. that the aforementioned functions are considered to be the explanations of urban agriculture in Tehran Metropolis and have a significant effect on this phenomenon. The components of food security include access (β=0.970), use (β=0.969), sustainability (β=0.952), availability (β=0.939), and safety (β=0.914), which have the greatest effect on food security in order of priority.

Biodiversity as an approach to achieve sustainable development, play an important role in food security and earth balance. Also, the reduction of production capacity and biological capital is due to the destruction of biodiversity.

The required data have been collected from the agricultural jihad management of the cities of Golestan province in the form of 25 types of crops for 2017-2018.

According to the results, crop diversity of Golestan province is in the range of 0.74 (Gomishan city) to 2.25 (Bandar-e-Gaz city) And the uniformity index also shows that the species uniformity in Bandar-e-Gaz city with 0.75 has the highest and in Gomishan cities with 0.31 and Kalaleh with 0.30 has the lowest value. This can be due to climate differences and the number of available inputs and farm management in the cities of the province.

Due to the importance of agriculture in the economy of Golestan province and the existence of climatic differences in soil science, hydrology, and the range of changes in climatic parameters such as rainfall, temperature, and evaporation from the south to north of Golestan province; To plan for maintaining sustainability and biodiversity, more extensive studies should be conducted on crop and horticultural diversity of different climates in Golestan province.

The agricultural sector relies heavily on energy consumption to meet the growing need for food. One of the challenges of sustainable agriculture is that the majority of farmers still use fossil energy. Carbon dioxide emissions in Iran have caused $ 26.27 billion in damage to the country, of which $ 1.57 billion is the share of the agricultural sector. The final energy consumption per capita in Iran's agricultural sector is 3.3 times the global average. Therefore, energy use in the country is very important. This study prioritized renewable energies in the agricultural sector of the north of Iran (Golestan, Mazandaran, and Guilan) using the Entropy weighting technique and the TOPSIS method. The information required for this study was collected using a Delphi method from 39 experts and five types of renewable energy and five criteria. The results showed that the Prioritization of energies are solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, hydropower, and geothermal energy and Environmental, political, social, technical and economic criteria rank first to fifth in importance, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sustainable production requirements of urban agriculture in the form of green city entrepreneurship development by structural equation modeling. The statistical population of study was the 150 farmer of Green Garden project in the form of urban agriculture at Razi University of Kermanshah, 90 of whom were randomly selected as a sample size using Krejcie Morgan table. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Based on the mean value of variance extracted (0.533 > AVE < 0.735) and combined reliability (0.703 > CR < 0.901), the questionnaire had convergent validity and proper reliability. SPSS21 and Smart PLS3 software were used for data analysis. The results of the study showed that social, environmental and economic requirements (with path coefficients of 0.377, 0.402 and 0.359, respectively), at the level of 99% confidence had a positive and significant effect on agricultural sustainability. Additionally, the social variables of satisfaction with authorities, executives, and stakeholder participation, the environmental component of collecting and using rainwater, and the economic element of having access to cultivation-related equipment and facilities performed better than others. In general, all three development structures (economic, social and environmental) have a significant effect on the sustainability of urban agriculture. The findings of this study can be used to design urban agriculture development strategies based on urban entrepreneurship. Therefore, utilizing urban lands' potential for social and economic empowerment of individuals as well as urban space regeneration can have a big impact on the advancement of modern agriculture.

Livestock and poultry production and supply is one of the significant food sectors in which more production can lead to a decrease in dependence on exports and earning foreign exchange. Poultry farming is a vital industry for sustainable food supply in all countries. In this research, intelligent applications and solutions in the poultry industry are identified and prioritized using the simultaneous evaluation of criteria and alternatives (SECA) methodbased on criteria representing the sustainable development. Analysis showed that eighteenprincipalfieldsof intelligent solutions are identified in the poultry industry. The weights obtained for sustainable development criteria based on the SECA method are economic (0.351), social (0.3383), and environmental (0.3065) in order of value. Economic sustainability should be most importantinimplementing smart solutions-based projects in the poultry industry. One of the main challenges of the agricultural sector, especially the poultry industry, is traditional production utilization which leads to the overuse of land capacity. Also, the globalization trends, climate changes, moving from a fossil fuel-based economy to an environment-based economy, competition for land, freshwater, and labor shortage have led to more complications in supplyingnutrition. Considering the potential of smart solutions in realizing sustainable development objectives, it is suggested to focus more on the environmental aspects of poultry industry projects.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers to education and extension in management of rangelands of Mazandaran province. The research is of applied type and field research in Mazandaran Province. Population consisted of all Extension and rangeland management experts in 12 counties of Mazandaran province that in relation to the expert’s population in each of the counties related to livestock and rangeland activities through random and available sampling method, the statistical sample of the study was selected that the sample size of 110 people was obtained using Morgan formula. The main research tool included a questionnaire. Its validity (form and content) was confirmed based on the collective opinion of experts from Jihad Agriculture, Natural Resources Management, Environment Organization, Rangelands and Forests Organization in Mazandaran Province, faculty members of Department of Agricultural Extension and Education and Rangeland of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha was used to estimate the reliability (0.798). The reliability was found to be acceptable. The results of factor analysis showed that: 1) Economic-supportive barriers; (2) infrastructural-technical barriers; (3) rangeland management system barriers; (4) socio-cultural barriers; (5) Political-institutional barriers were the five barriers to application education and extension in management of rangelands. These factors explained 74.66 percent of the total variance. Finally, the proposed research model in rangeland ranchers and rangeland brokers (policy makers) has provided solutions to reduce barriers and problems in extension rangeland management. Keep up with the research results development of the use of appropriate extension methods such as training and visit approach and participatory approach and prioritization of training and extension needs in the rangeland management department of the province to disseminate information and practical skills among rangeland users, integrating knowledge and indigenous skills with new technologies in conservation Recommended from pastures and livestock production.

The purpose of this study was to study the impact of the production cooperative on agricultural production and sustainable development and agricultural mechanization in Jahrom in 2021. The aim of this study was applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive research in terms of data collection. The statistical population in the present study includes all members of the companies of the Production Cooperative Company in Simakan region with 606 people, with the formula of calculating the volume of Cochran, 235 of them were selected as the sample size and simple random sampling method. The data measurement tool in this study is a researcher-made questionnaire. Required information was obtained to measure agricultural production and sustainable development with a researcher-made questionnaire tool that included 25 questions and three subscales. After analyzing the statistical data by SPSS software, the results showed that there was a significant relationship between the Agricultural Production and Sustainable Development Cooperative Company. There was also a significant relationship between the Cooperative of Production and Environmental Development, and the results showed that the Production Cooperative Company has an impact on economic development in the Jahrom region.

Smart sustainable development is considered as a solution to urban development problems that aims to plan to achieve sustainable urban development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the components and indicators of smart sustainable development in the field of urban management. This research is based on the paradigm of interpretiveism and with inductive approach. The present study is exploratory in nature and in terms of purpose, it is a developmental research that has been done in a mixed way. The method of data collection in this research was through library studies as well as field method. The interviewees were 30 people including academic experts in the fields of management and entrepreneurship, organizational experts and senior managers in the field of urban management in Gorgan Municipality, who were selected by purposive sampling and snowball method. The findings of this study showed four dimensions in the form of 12 components and 46 indicators. The dimension of intelligent economy has four components of "entrepreneurial economy", "competitive economy", "productive economy" and "efficient economy", the dimension of intelligent society has two components of "prudent society" and "smart society", the dimension of intelligent environment has four components of "sustainability", "Efficiency", "green cities" and "efficient infrastructure", and the dimension of intelligent management are also two components of "democracy" and "creative and innovative". Therefore, based on the results obtained from the research findings, it is suggested that measures based on knowledge and communication and information innovations be made to achieve sustainable smart urban development.

One of the effective factors in rural development is tourism development; Because it can play an effective role in improving the economic situation of villages by creating new employment and income opportunities. Therefore, this study aims to identify the dimensions and components of tourism entrepreneurship for sustainable rural development. This is an applied research with a qualitative approach and analytical descriptive method. Library and field method has been used to collect information. The study population includes tourism experts of The Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Gorgan and academic experts. The results show 3 dimensions, economic with 6 components, increasing the amount of investment, increasing income, creating demand for new goods, creating handicrafts and local food markets, creating a local market suitable for agricultural products and investment risk, socio-cultural dimension with 8 components, increasing public awareness, increasing the level of social welfare, increasing participation for women and youth, increasing the motivation for progress, increasing social and human relations, improving individual skills, increasing the interest in education and forming a culture of employment and strengthening the culture of self-employment, and the environmental and infrastructure dimension with 6 components, increasing the level of attention to the environment, increasing interest in preserving historical and ancient monuments, efforts to preserve local customs, traditions, art and music, attention of local and regional politicians and managers, creating technical, technological and IT infrastructure, creating residential infrastructure. Therefore, tourism managers should consider the identified components in rural tourism policies and provide the necessary infrastructure.

The focus of the countries on finding a higher economic growth leads to their neglect of the environment and its degradation. In this regard, the development of economic activities with the extraction of raw materials from natural resources and the environment will lead to the loss of environmental resilience ability and the increase of pollutants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the growth of industrial production and the amount of pollutants, especially carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. For this purpose, the Kuznets environmental curve and the data of the industrial units having ten or more employees for the period of 1967-2017 have been used. The results showed that if the value added of the industry sector changed by 1%, the carbon dioxide emission rate would increase by 2.38%, and with 1% population increase, carbon dioxide emission would increase by 0.67%. Also, with gross domestic product increase at a constant price of 1%, the carbon dioxide emission will decrease by 0.79%. According to the results the coefficient of error correction term is equal to -0.64 which is found statistically significant. This means that 64% of error in each period will be corrected in long run trend.

In the process of global moving towards sustainable development, consideration of environmental damage caused by the energy sector is essential. Much of the world's pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions is in the form of carbon dioxide generated by burning fossil fuels as a result of expansion of industrial development and transportation. In this study, the relationship between transport, economic growth, and the environment in selected MENA countries over the period 1996-2016 using the Simultaneous Equations System is investigated. The results indicate that despite the positive effect of the environment on GDP growth and transportation, environmental pollution also increases in the process of economic growth and transportation. Also, despite the positive effect of the transportation on economic growth, economic growth increases transport.

The agricultural sector is going to face enormous challenges in order to feed the 9.6 billion people that the FAO predicts are going to inhabit the planet by 2050: food production must increase by 70% by 2050, and this has to be achieved. The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) that is the hot points in the Internet field has shown a new direction of innovative research in agricultural domain. Hence, in this research we seek to identify the applications of IoT in smart agriculture. This research is an applied research in nature and it would be classified as qualitative regarding data collection. In order to identify the usages of IoT in smart agriculture with the help of meta-synthesis approach, at first we have examined 480 researches among which only 168 have been selected for the final analysis, then we categorized them in 8 area of agriculture that consist of “farming”, “greenhouse”, “urban agriculture”, “Smart Gardening”, “smart fishery”, “smart forestry”, “smart livestock” and “smart supply and distribution network”. based on data analysis applications in 6 categories of “monitoring”, “control”, “tracing”, “diagnosis” and “descriptive planning” are categorized. Finally, agricultural area based on sustainable development indicators are respectively: smart greenhouse, smart supply and distributions network of agriculture, smart livestock, smart Gardening, smart fishery, smart farming, smart forestry and smart urban agriculture.

Access to reliable and sustainable water resources is increasingly threatened by increased needs of developing community in a region. The inter-basin water transfer option is considered as an “uncommon” alternative to overcome limitations of fresh water. The purpose of this study is to investigate various aspects in decision making and planning of inter-basin water transfer projects. At the same time, positive and negative challenges, implications and limitations of the economic, social, environmental, hydrological, technical, and political aspects of such decisions in the origin and destination basins are being discussed and compared. According to projects considered in this study composition and role of various aspects in the evaluation and justification of water transfer plans vary with every specific situation. The complexity of the problem is that the contribution and effectiveness of these factors are not necessarily coordinated and cannot be generalized for other situations. Negative feedbacks from an inter-basin water transfer project can end up to be positive for another project. In general, the efficiency of inter-basin water transfer projects depends on a comprehensive approach based on integrated water resources management. A detailed understanding of the needs of the target basin should be coordinated with identifying the existing conditions and predicting future and long-term consequences of the project in the origin basin. All economic, social, cultural, hydrological, environmental, political and technical aspects of a project rely on the concept of sustainable development.

Entrepreneurship is one of the important stimulus factor for social and economic development in society development process. Stability of entrepreneurship important as much as entrepreneurship itself. As world face with daily changes in human society and unemployment and lack of prepare training are one of the most important disturbance for many governments. These problems become more serious especially in the field of agriculture in which trained and amateur work force are gathered. Existing theories about the relationship between education and entrepreneurship can be positive and normative. In the normative theory, education must be obedient to the production system, and education will be successful and effective, with high levels of entrepreneurship and a loyalty to business ratio. In the positivist theories, one of which is the theory of human capital, it provides the simplest explanation about the relationship between education and entrepreneurship. Accordingly, the main purpose of the present study is to identify and rank the components of entrepreneurship development, sustainable development in the country’s education system.This research is a descriptive survey, and data collection tool is a two-stage Delphi expert questionnaire. The statistical population of experts includes experts, educational specialists and non-random sampling method was selected with 12 interviews.  Based on the results of two Delphi rounds and consensus panel members and reaching theoretical saturation, 80 indicators identified by experts. Among the all criteria for entrepreneurship development, the highest priority given to individual and economic factors and lowest priority goes to political and cultural criteria.  Educational system is the main factor in mampower training.Therefor it should be identic in cope with changes and be able to solving unempioyment related problems. Considering sustainable entrepreneurship development indicators its expected that the educational system be capable for step forward to find some practical solutions for unemployment through focus on sustainable entrepreneurship development.

cooperatives play a pivot role in creating sustained society. The objective of cooperative movement in developing countries is not only to renew old economical methods, but also to create fair economic and social conditions. For example, in the agriculture sector of most of these countries, small and even moderate agricultural units do not have acceptable productivity and efficiency and are not able to have production with reasonable prices. Therefore, one of the most effective ways for reaching to a successful agriculture development pattern and finally realizing the large-scale objectives of development is to organize people in groups known as “agricultural production cooperatives (APCs)”. Hereby, economic growth, production increase and fair distribution of incomes can be achieved by practical cooperation of rural population in various civil and social activities. Indeed, these cooperatives pave the way for boosting the production and fair distribution of interests by providing a favorable ground for institutionalizing the cooperation of rural population. All the cooperatives do not act in the same way even if they are located in the same country and are governed by the same laws. Studies showed that successful Iranian cooperatives have longer organizational history and more members, grant greater credits and inputs to their individual members, earn greater income, get more benefits, and incorporate more small scale farmers.

in this study, Questionnaire has been used for information collection. The questionnaire is validated after some revisions following consulting with professionals and experts. The reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed by Cronbach's Alpha (α = 0.971) and its validity is confirmed by professional and experts view. Finally, an interpretative equation (ISM) is used to analyze the results of the findings and presenting a sustainable development model for agricultural production cooperatives. ISM is an interactive learning process. In this technique, a set of different directly and indirectly related elements are structured into a comprehensive systematic model. The so formed model portrays the structure of a complex issue or problem in a carefully designed pattern implying graphics as well as words. In other words, interpretive structural modeling (ISM) is a well-established methodology for identifying relationships among specific items, which define a problem or an issue8. For any complex problem under consideration, a number of factors may be related to an issue or problem. However, the direct and indirect relationships between the factors describe the situation far more accurate than the individual factor taken into isolation. Therefore, ISM develops insights into collective understandings of these relationships.

Based on the findings and factors affecting development of cooperatives (economic, social-cultural, environmental, legal, educational, managerial, marketing, infrastructure, individual and cluster characteristics), variables are classified in 5 different levels and according to relationships, the ISM chart is drawn. After analyzing the MICMAC, the variables are divided into three groups: intrusive, independent and dependent variables. Since the definition of relationships between variables and types of variables can lead to better understanding of the subject and appropriate decision, it is recommended to managers of agricultural production cooperatives to pay attention to each component in order to create sustainable cooperatives.

Based on the findings from theoretical literature and interviews with managers and experts of cooperatives, components that affect sustainable development of agricultural production cooperatives are identified. Then, by using expert opinion and structural-interpretation equation approach, 10 components as the main objectives for sustainable development of agricultural production cooperatives are selected. The results of the analysis show that economic, social-cultural, environmental, legal, educational, managerial, marketing, institutional-infrastructural, personality-individual and clustering factors are effective on sustainable development of agricultural cooperatives. Also, it is important to specify the exact relationship between variables and their ranking in order to provide a model for sustainable development of agricultural production cooperatives. In this regard, structural-interpretive equations have been used. The results show that economic, socio-cultural, environmental and infrastructure-institutional factors are classified as intrusive variables. Legal factors and clustering cooperatives are classified as independent variables. Finally, marketing, educational, managerial, and individual factors are classified as dependent variables. According to the results, economic, institutional- infrastructural, and environmental factors are among most basic factors in the sustainable development of agricultural production cooperatives in East Azerbaijan province. Therefore, it is suggested that strategic action be taken to improve the status quo.

The purpose of this study was to identify and weigh the criteria for assessing the Sustainable Development of Ecotourism (SDE) and measure the level of SDE in the tourist poles of Lorestan province. The criteria were extracted by reviewing previous studies and weighted by AHP analysis. The statistical population consisted of 31 tourism experts from the center of the province and the cities that all of them were selected by census method and the required data were collected regarding the weighting of criteria and the determination of seven eco-touristic areas. Data were analyzed using Expert Choice and Excel softwares. According to the results, seven criteria for measuring SDE were important in cluding security of tourists (relative weight of 0.255), natural condition (0.169), recreational attraction (0.163), social acceptance and participation of local people (0.133), the existence of tourism infrastructure (0.110), governmental support of the region (0.087) and creation of economic opportunities for the region (0.083). Also, based on the sum of criteria, the most susceptible areas for the SDE in Lorestan province were respectively Gahar Lake, Bisheh Waterfall, Absefid Waterfall, Nozhian Waterfall, Grit Waterfall, Wark Waterfall and canyon of Shirz. Although Gahar Lake and Bisheh Waterfall have the highest average in terms of criteria, other areas also have capabilities that, with the support of the government and the private sector, can be possible to reduce weaknesses in order to SDE.

The main aim current of the descriptive-correlational study was Analysis the factors affecting farmers' attitudes in Islamabad city, toward organic farming. The statistical population of this study was comprised of farmers in Islamabad city (N = 13910). The sample size was 370 using a table Bartlett et al. (2001), and stratified random sampling was used. Data were collected by questionnaire. According to findings, farmers in Islamabad have a moderate attitude towards organic agriculture (mean = 3.6, SD = 0.8). The result of path analysis showed that the variable of Farmers' income had the most significant effect on the farmers attitudes towards organic farming (β= 0.78). Furthermore, the other variables like: Participation in extension courses related to organic farming (β= 0.55), The farmers' access to communication channels (β=0.42), Farmers' knowledge of organic farming (β=0.35), The economic and technical support to government (β=0.32) and the organic market (β= 0.19), had the most effects on the farmers attitudes towards organic farming and respectively ranked in other priorities.