جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « متامفتامین » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Crack is a solid salt processed with sodium bicarbonate from cocaine. Methamphetamine is a derivative of methylamphetamine, which is highly addictive. The current study aims to investigate the effect of intraperitoneal injection of crack cocaine and methamphetamin over the parameters of blood creatinine, urea, sodium, and potassium as indicators of kidney failure in male rats.

This experimental study was carried out over seven groups of 6 male rats, including a control group, three crack-cocaine experimental groups, and three methamphetamine experimental groups, each of them receiving concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg of crack-cocaine or methamphetamine respectively for 7 days (once a day). After the drug injection, blood was taken from the hearts of the rats and the parameters of urea, sodium, potassium, and creatinine were measured and analyzed from the blood samples taken. Statistical analysis of the data was done with the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test via SPSS.

The injection of low and medium concentrations of two drugs, crack cocaine and methamphetamine, had no significant effect on the mentioned parameters (P > 0.05), and only the medium concentration of methamphetamine caused the amount of blood potassium to increase compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Injection of 15 mg/kg concentration of both drugs significantly increased the amount of blood creatinine in the respective groups (P < 0.05).

The increase in plasma creatinine due to the administration of methamphetamine and crack-cocaine may be caused by acute renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, or the induction of acute interstitial nephritis.

Methamphetamine (METH) is a stimulant drug that causes memory and learning disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of interval training on APP gene expression in hippocampal tissue and open field test in methamphetamine-dependent rats.

In this experimental research, 32 rats were assigned to four equal groups of saline, primary methamphetamine (METH-1), methamphetamine+training (METH+MIT), and secondary methamphetamine (METH-2). The METH was injected at the dose of 5 mg/kg body weight for 21 days. The exercise program (5 sessions per week) included interval training (4 sets of 4 minutes with moderate intensity and 2 minutes of active rest between sets) on a treadmill. At the end of the injection and training period, the hippocampus tissue of the rats was extracted to evaluate gene expression changes. An open-field behavioral test was also conducted. The data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA at the significance level of P≥0.05.

Methamphetamine significantly increased APP gene expression in METH-1,2 groups compared to saline (respectively; P≥0.007 and P≥0.005). The total distance and movement speed of rats in METH-1 and 2 groups had a significant decrease compared to saline (respectively, P≥0.004 and P≥0.026). The MIT led to a significant reduction of APP compared to METH-1,2 groups (respectively, P≥0.041 and P≥0.028). Movement speed in the MIT group increased significantly compared to the METH-1 group (P≥0.008).

Methamphetamine reduced cognitive performance (learning and memory), and according to the results, MIT probably improved cognitive performance. Nonetheless, further studies are necessary to reach definitive conclusions.

The increasing use of methamphetamine, as a strong psychoactive drug, has caused severe concerns around the world. Abuse of glass or methamphetamine is considered a global problem for human health, especially in East and Southeast Asia as well as in North America due to its easy production and availability and cheap price. Methamphetamine increases the activity of the central nervous system and causes increased heart rate and blood pressure and even sudden death. Glass causes the discharge of dopamine terminals in the striatum, and in high doses, it also causes the discharge of serotonin terminals in the brain. Cognitive and movement disorders, attention, learning and memory, and brain damage are observed in glass users. Methamphetamine compounds in the central nervous system prevent the reabsorption of dopamine and other monoamine neurotransmitters and also facilitate the release of monoamine neurotransmitters into the synaptic spaces. Repeated use of methamphetamine drugs causes damage to dopaminergic and serotonergic nerve terminals in different parts of the brain. It leads to abnormalities such as anxiety, depression, and movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, new evidence shows that addiction to narcotic drugs and amphetamines causes disruption in neurogenesis and weakens the function of neural stem cells/progenitors, and based on this, it has been claimed that this feature is one of the basic mechanisms of behavioral changes. In patients addicted to methamphetamine drugs. Therefore, it is possible to use stem cells/neural progenitors to reduce or treat the side effects caused by the use of methamphetamines. SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma cell lines from the stem cell category (SH-SY5Y) are derived from immature neoplastic neural crest cells that display the properties of stem cells. These cells are derived from the bone marrow, which consists of a triple-cloned subset of SK-N-SH cells, and are widely used for neurological studies, focusing on neurotoxicity, protecting the nervous system against Neuropathogenic agents. It destroys nerve tissue, and is also used to differentiate neuron-like cells into cholinergic, adrenergic or dopaminergic neurons and to express one or more nerve fiber proteins. These cells also express opioid, muscarinic, and neurodevelopmental receptors. The SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line is able to express different alleles in various conditions and turn into nerve cells in front of compounds such as retinoic acid and neurogenic factors derived from the brain. Therefore, according to the mentioned characteristics and also the high ability of SH-SY5Y cells in long-term proliferation (without contamination) of nerve cells and taking into account the high and increasing consumption of methamphetamine substances, especially among young people and adolescents, and the effects of neurotoxicity. These substances in nerve cells, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the cytotoxicity effect of methamphetamine on the SH-SY5Y cell line.
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In this experimental study, SH-SY5Y cells were purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran and then incubated in DMEM medium with 10% fetal bovine serum, L-glutamine, penicillin, and streptomycin at 37 degrees and 5% CO2. After ensuring the multiplication of the cells and reaching the necessary density, the cells in the fourth passage, to the control and experimental groups treated with a dose of 0.6 mmol for 7 days (10 days after the cultivation of the cells) were divided and the growth of SH-SY5Y cells was calculated by flow Cytometry.

SH-SY5Y cells, 24 hours after being transferred to the cell culture flask, wholly adhered to the bottom of the flask and were initially spherical, and became spindle-shaped after 24 hours. The results of the cell counting test on days 1 to 7 showed a strong decrease in the growth of cells treated with methamphetamine compared to the control group.

The results of this study showed that SH-SY5Y cells were spindle-shaped in the culture medium, similar to fibroblast cells, and based on the results of cell counting, it was determined that methamphetamine probably has the effects of cytotoxicity and inhibition of growth in the SH- cell line. Methamphetamine leads to progressive neurological disorders, which can be due to the changes and damage in the brain tissue along with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Many other mechanisms have been proposed for methamphetamine-induced toxicity; including toxicity stimulation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and Neuroinflammation which is caused by Microgliosis, Astrogliosis, and cytokine induction and leads to apoptosis and neurotoxicity in the central nervous system. One of the strengths of this study is the time-dependent investigation of the growth of SH-SY5Y nerve cells in the presence of methamphetamine, and this test was repeated within 7 days, But it would have been better if this experiment was done in vivo (animal) and by injecting amphetamine into the animal, a behavioral test was taken from the animals and its effect on SH-SY5Y nerve cells was investigated.

Methamphetamine is known as a nerve stimulant and addictive substance.Prerequisite for methamphetamine-induced behaviors is the effect of the drug on the relevant genes and proteins mentioned in the previous studies. Here, we made an attempt to examine the effect of intraperitoneal injection of this drug on the expression of specific genes AKT, GSK3b, BDNF, and CREB in the lumbar spinal cord. 

 In the current experimental study, we examined the effect of five days of intraperitoneal injection of methamphetamine and its withdrawal on increasing the reaction time of the tail in response to the shock of burning light and shook and alterations in the expression of specific genes in comparison with the sequence relevant primers in the lumbar spinal cord of four experimental groups (each including 7 male rats). For data analysis, one-way ANOVA was run in SPSS.

Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg methamphetamine over a five-day period, by increasing the reaction time of the animal's tail to the shock of burning light from 3.17 to 6.8.8 seconds, induced analgesia (P-<0.01) and increased the expression of Protein kinase B (AKT) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) genes in the lumbar spinal cord of male rats (P <0.05 and P<0.01, respectively), whereas it did not significantly alter the expression of Glycogen synthase kinase3 (GSK3b) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) genes in this region (P =0.2 and P=1, respectively). Also, deprivation of methamphetamine in the drug deprivation group, by reducing the tail reaction time from 6.88 seconds to 3.9 seconds, reduced the analgesic effect of the drug (P <0.01), but the expression of the mentioned genes in this group did not change significantly as compared with the methamphetamine group.

It seems that the intraperitoneal injection of methamphetamine dose over a short period of time has only a beneficial analgesic effect and its minimal effect on changes in gene expression is not sufficient to be interpreted as drug abuse and induce addiction.

One of the markers that change due to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and the production of free radicals in the poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) gene, which plays an essential role in inflammation, apoptosis, and necrosis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on cardiac PARP-1 gene expression in methamphetaminedependent male rats.

In an experimental study, rats were divided into four groups sham, methamphetamine, methamphetamine-control, and methamphetamine-highintensity interval training, using a simple random technique. First, methamphetamine was injected for 21 days. At the end of this phase, the methamphetamine-highintensity interval training group performed high-intensity interval training for eight weeks and five sessions per week. In the present study, the left ventricular tissue of rats' hearts was used to evaluate the PARP-1 expression gene. Data were analyzed using the GraphPad Prism 8 software at a P < 0.05.

The results showed that 21 days of methamphetamine injection increased the cardiac PARP-1 expression gene in the methamphetamine group compared to the sham group (P= 0.025). Eight weeks of high-intensity interval training did not decrease the expression of this gene in the methamphetamine-high-intensity interval training group compared to methamphetamine (P= 0.974) and methamphetaminecontrol (P= 0.993) groups.

Chronic methamphetamine use has increased the cardiac PARP-1 expression gene in rats. In the treatment field, high-intensity interval training cannot reduce the expression of this gene. Given that little research has been done in this field and the molecular mechanisms involved in this pathway are not well understood, researchers are suggested to do further research in this field.

Substance abuse incurs huge social costs in society and leads to significant clinical distress in individuals. One of the most widely used drugs in recent years is methamphetamine. One of the major challenges for people with substance abuse disorders is recurrence or relapse. The aim of this study was to determine the role of withdrawal self-efficacy, craving and attention bias in predicting relapse in individuals with methamphetamine abuse.

This descriptive-correlational study was performed on all individuals with substance abuse disorder (methamphetamine) who referred to addiction treatment centers in Ardabil, Iran, between October and February of 2019. A total of 172 individuals were selected by available sampling method. Data were collected using the Macleod's Dot Probe test, Short scale of substance abuse, Wright's relapse prediction questionnaire, and the Brahmson's Addiction Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis using SPSS 21 software.

The results showed that craving and bias of attention had a significant positive relationship with relapse and withdrawal self-efficacy had a significant negative relationship with relapse (p<0.01). The results of regression analysis also showed that withdrawal self-efficacy with components could predict 22%, craving 24% and attention bias 13% of relapse changes (p<0.01).

Withdrawal self-efficacy, craving and attention bias play an important role in predicting relapse of substance users and the results of the present study can be used in the prevention and treatment of people with substance abuse disorder.

Drug abuse can have long- and short-term effects on the cognitive function of individuals due to changes in brain structure and function. These effects often manifest themselves in the form of chronic and acute neuropsychological abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to investigate several cognitive functions, i.e., continuous attention, decision-making, and response inhibition in methamphetamine-dependent individuals

A total of 42 patients with methamphetamine dependence as patient group and 38 employees of Forghani Hospital in Qom city as control group, were selected using convenience sampling. The research sample carried out continuous performance, Iowa risk taking and color-word Stroop tasks tests.

Multivariate analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between patients and healthy groups in terms of continuous performance, Iowa risk taking and color-word Stroop tasks. The difference in these tests, was in such a way that the healthy group performed better compared to the patients in terms of assignment error response (p = 0.018), removal (p = 0.049), fine (p = 0.039), interruption time (p = 0.030), and interference score (p = 0.043).

This study indicated that methamphetamine has a serious effect on a number of cognitive functions, which leads to disruption in many other psychological functions in these individuals. Failure in decision making and inhibition to control consumption, aggressive and impulsive behaviors, learning deficits, lack of reasoning, and the ability to make the right decisions in personal, educational, occupational, and interpersonal areas are a few of these cases.

Methamphetamine consumption is associated with cognitive and neuropsychological damage. Determining the effect of this substance on the activities and characteristics of the human brain can lead to the prevention and treatment of complications caused by abuse. There are diverse chemical formulas in Iran with unknown properties. Moreover, few studies have focused on electrophysiological changes in this field which accounts for a robust study in Iran.

In this descriptive-analytic study, 18 recently abstinent methamphetamine dependent individuals with the matched non-user counterparts were recruited. Brain signals were recorded through EEG with open eyes. Absolute and relative power values were calculated based on frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital regions for each group.

Remarkably, it was revealed that absolute power values were lower in Cz, Pz and Fz electrodes in terms of four frequency bands in delta and theta waves (p = 0.01). Interestingly, relative power values were lower among methamphetamine users in delta and theta frequency bands compared to the control group.

methamphetamine users have more decreased delta, theta and beta frequency bands especially at parietal regions. Chemical or subtle structural changes may be responsible for this result (p = 0.048).

Trafficking illicit drugs by body packers is a common problem in many countries. Trying to hide the packs by these people and lack of clear history in most cases makes diagnosis difficult. This study was an autopsy finding about a sudden death in a 37-year-old man suffering from cardiac arrest at the airport.
Patient & On December 1, 2017, a 37-year-old man at Imam Khomeini airport in Tehran, while intending travel abroad, suffered from cardiac arrest and sudden death. Due to death in public places and unknown cause of death, the body was referred to Forensic Organization. On the physical examination, no apparent signs of trauma were found. There was no abnormal observation in the examination of the brain, heart, throat, and larynx. The lungs were firm and congested. Mucous erosion was observed in the stomach and narrow intestine. In longitudinal incision of the colon, 13 white packets of 2 cm in length and 0.5 cm in width, were found containing methamphetamine, two of which were pierced and discharged into the body. In GC-mass and TLC toxicology tests, the presence of methamphetamine in urine, bile, and stomach contents was confirmed and acute toxicity of methamphetamine was determined as the cause. In cases of sudden unexpected death in young individuals, especially at airports and terminals, pierced packs in a body packer should be considered as the cause of death. Performing a complete autopsy to confirm the toxicity and determining the type of drug trafficking and rule out the other causes of death and homicidal matters is necessary.

Methamphetamine (METH) is a drug which is highly addictive, psychoactive and hallucinogenic. Besides marijuana, it is the second widely-used drug all over the world, especially by young people and adolescents. The wide use of METH has opened a new era in social problems. It has been proved that these compounds have toxic effects on the central nervous system. Regular use of METH can damage the dopaminergic and serotonergic synaptic network in different parts of the brain. Memory and learning disorders, anxiety and depression as well as motor disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, are among the toxic side-effects of the drug on the neuronal system. In addition, evidence suggests that this compound can cause schizophrenia, cognitive disturbances, and motor disorders in some consumers. In spite of the devastating effects caused by METH, the exact mechanism of action has not been understood yet, which has created a major challenge to the treatment strategies.
Today, using METH is highly increasing among the youth and teenagers. Sufficient knowledge and awareness on the catastrophic and irreversible side-effects of this drug can prevent serious harm to the public health.

Methamphetamine is simply made from available chemicals such as pseudoephedrine, this drug was previously used to treat ADHD, and a major contribution to controlling sexual acts in men and women is through the secretion of the GNRH gonadotropin hormone from the hypothalamus. This hormone enters the anterior pituitary through the portal vessels and secretes the LH and FSH hormone. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between chronic methamphetamine consumption on testosterone, LH and FSH in males.
In this study, 30 men with chronic methamphetamine dose referred to health clinics in the city for the use of random sampling method and were assessed. The subjects completed the questionnaire of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and transferred to the laboratory after blood sampling.
The results showed that the duration of taking methamphetamine does not affect the amount of FSH. There was no significant difference observed between different times. However, the amount of methamphetamine consumption affects the level of LH and testosterone levels.
Duration of taking methamphetamine has an effect on the level of LH and testosterone, but does not affect the FSH hormone.

Methamphetamine is simply made from available chemicals such as pseudoephedrine, this drug was previously used to treat ADHD, and a major contribution to controlling sexual acts in men and women is through the secretion of the GNRH gonadotropin hormone from the hypothalamus. This hormone enters the anterior pituitary through the portal vessels and secretes the LH and FSH hormone. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between chronic methamphetamine consumption on testosterone, LH and FSH in males.
In this study, 30 men with chronic methamphetamine dose referred to health clinics in the city for the use of random sampling method and were assessed. The subjects completed the questionnaire of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and transferred to the laboratory after blood sampling.
The results showed that the duration of taking methamphetamine does not affect the amount of FSH. There was no significant difference observed between different times. However, the amount of methamphetamine consumption affects the level of LH and testosterone levels.
Duration of taking methamphetamine has an effect on the level of LH and testosterone, but does not affect the FSH hormone.

The use of opioid has a long history in Iran. In recent years, with the changing pattern of drug use from traditional to industrial, have increased the use of stimulants, especially methamphetamine. The purpose of this study was to compare the demographic characteristics of methamphetamine users with opioids in the selected addiction treatment center in Zahedan city.
This research was a descriptive-analytic study that was done in the period from April to March 2015 on the record of all users of methamphetamine or opioids who were referred to the selected addiction treatment center in Zahedan, numbering 156 people. The required information was collected from patient's records. Data analysis was done using chi-square and logistic regression through SPSS software (version 21).
Most of the participants were male (89.7%), less than 35 years (50.6%), married (59%), employed (60.3%) and primary or non-elementary education (35.9%). In terms of age, methamphetamine users were significantly younger than opioid users (P = 0.004). The two groups did not have a significant difference in terms of gender (P = 0.15), education level (P = 0.6) and marital status (P = 0.94). In addition, In terms of job, the most methamphetamine users unlike opioid users were unemployed (P = 0.01).
The findings of this study showed that the use of methamphetamine versus opioid has more prevalent in younger and unemployed people, therefore it can be prevented by promoting cultural and educational fields and creating an engagement for young people of the occurrence of such abnormalities in society.

Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), such as methamphetamine and ecstasy (MDMA), are a group of substances, mostly synthetic in origin, that generally stimulate the central nervous system (CNS). There has been a growing tendency among Iranian youth for the abuse of methamphetamine and, to a much lesser extent, ecstasy during the past decade. GC-MS methods used to identify and quantify ATS are lengthy, expensive processes, but often rapid analysis is requested. In this study we used colour tests as the simplest and quickest chemical test to identify MDMA and methamphetamine in the forty samples seized in Iran
TIn this study 20 samples of ecstasy tablets and 20 samples of crystalline methamphetamine obtained from antinarcotics police of Iran were analyzed. Color tests (Marquis test, Simon’s test, Chen’s test and Gallic acid test) were carried out on the samples. GC-MS method was used to confirm the color of test results.
All tablets containing MDMA gave a dark purple color to Marquis test and dark blue to Simon’s. No color was developed in reaction with Chen’s reagent. For all tablets containing MDMA a dark green color was developed in response to the addition of Gallic acid reagent. All samples containing methamphetamine gave a orange color to Marquis test and deep blue to Simon’s. No color was developed in reaction with Chen’s and Gallic acid reagents. Color test results were confirmed by GC-MS. The range of MDMA content in tablets was 10–60% and the range of methamphetamine content in samples was 30–70%.
The Marquis test allows the distinction between amphetamine and its ring-substituted analogues. Simon’s test is generally used as a test for secondary amines, such as methamphetamine and secondary ring-substituted amphetamines, including MDMA. Chen’s test is used to distinguish ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, phenylpropanolamine and methcathinone from amphetamine and methamphetamine, which do not react with Chen’s test reagent. A fourth test, the gallic acid test, provides a simple means for the distinction of MDMA from amphetamine or methamphetamine. The results showed that color tests can be used in many laboratories which are not equipped with systems analysis.

Methamphetamine causes damage in different body organs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of methamphetamine on morphometric changes and biochemical parameters in kidney of adult mice.

In this experimental study, 56 mice were randomly divided into 7 groups: control and 6 experimental groups. Experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 received methamphetamine 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg respectively for 10 days. Experimental groups 4, 5 and 6 received methamphetamine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) respectively for 40 days. After 10 and 40 days, kidneys of the mice of the experimental groups were removed and after tissue processing and imaging, volume of kidney and glomerulus were measured by using cavalieri's principle. In addition blood urea and creatinine levels were measured. Using SPSS software, data were analyzed by means of ANOVA.

Histopatological study showed that methamphetamine increased renal damage in a dose dependent manner. High doses of methamphetamine caused a moderate lobulation, glomerulosclerosis and kidney congestion. There was also a significant difference between the experimental (groups 3 to 6) and control groups in regard to the volumes of kidney and glomerulus (P=0.000). Significant differences were found in the level of urea in group 6 and creatinine levels in all experimental groups compared to those of control group (P=0.000).

Use of 10 mg/kg of methamphetamine for 40 days led to destructive effects on kidney tissue. Also, it increased serum levels of urea and creatinine.

Methamphetamine (MA) dependence is associated with neural abnormalities and corresponding cognitive deficits, including impairment in prospective memory and executive functions. This study evaluated the hypothesis that MA use is associated with impairment in memory for intentions, or prospective memory and working memory.

Twenty MA-dependent individuals, 20 detoxified MA patients and 20 demographically similar non-MA-using comparison subjects were administered the questionnaire for the subjective assessment of the prospective memory task and assignment reminder phone calls and personal belongings test. For assessment of working memory, span subtest of the Wechsler memory scale was used.

Results showed that the dependent and detoxified MA groups performed significantly lower than the comparison participants on overall prospective memory and working memory tasks.

Findings suggest that individuals with MA dependence experience difficulty in the strategic components involved in the retrieval of future intentions and MA detoxified group were improved somewhat on cognitive functions in this regard.

Methamphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant and one of the most common drugs which used in the United States and some Asian countries like Japan. Its use has been increased in the recent years in Iran. Using histological and stereological methods the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term administration of methamphetamine on the number and size of different cell layers of the cerebellum in mice.
A total of 30 male mice (weight: 45gr, age: 8 weeks) were divided into three groups (10 mice each group) and group I (control) received normal saline and groups II and III received methamphetamine (0.1 and 1 mg/kg respectively), intra-peritoneally. The animals were anesthetized with ketamine after one month and the cerebellum was removed and fixed in 5% formalin. Then, the left cerebellum hemispheres slides were stained with toluidine blue and hematoxylin-eosine method. The volume of cerebellar cortex layers was investigated by Cavalieri's principle, using point counting. To calculate the number of Purkinje and granular cells, physical dissector method was used.
Methamphetamine decreased cerebellar volume, the volume of the granular layer, the number of granular and Purkinje cells in both experimental groups compared to control group. Methamphetamine consumption also decreased the volume of molecular layer in the 1 mg/kg group compared to control group. Furthermore, methamphetamine increased the volume of white matter in the 1 mg/kg group compared to control mice and the 0.1 mg/kg group.
Methamphetamine reduces the cells and volume of cerebellar possibly due to cell injury and neuronal death. Enhancement of the white matter could be a compensatory reaction to the cerebellum cells loss.