مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران
پیاپی 109 (بهمن 1392)

Background and Annually heart failure includes about three million emergency outpatient visits in the United States. In heart failure NT-proBNP will be released in response to increased myocardial stretch This study was conducted in 80 individuals attending Fatemeh Zahra Hospital، in Sari، 2010-2011. Patients with GFR≤60، age≥75، atrial fibrillation (AF) and hypertension (BP≥160. 100) were excluded. The patients were carefully examined and 60 patients with DHF were divided into three groups; Group1 LVEF≤30%، group 2 LVEF≤31-39%، group 3 LVEF≤40-49%. Twenty healthy people with normal LVEF≥50% were also studied to determine the cut point. The highest level of NT-pro BNP was observed in group 1 (5370. 10 ± 1781. 90) and the lowest level was seen in group 4 (36. 75 ± 24. 32). Significant differences were found between the groups in NT-pro BNP level (P<0. 001). Also، incomplete and reverse correlation was observed between LVEF values and serum level NT-pro BNP (R= -0. 699). When LVEF reduced NT-pro BNP levels increased significantly which indicates an incomplete and reverse correlation between them. This finding allows using NT-pro BNP level for approximate estimation of ejection fraction in clinical practices.

Background and

Health care system is organized at three levels in order to increase efficacy and effectiveness and create justice and also people availability. Considering the three levels of primary health care، access of people to specialized services through referral system is possible. With regard to the importance of referral system in family physician program، this study was performed to evaluate the function of referral system and network system in Northern provinces of Iran.

This analytic study was performed in autumn and winter of 2012. Twenty five percent of health centers (139 centers from 552) which implement the family physician program and rural insurance coverage by medical universities of Golestan، Mazandaran، Babol and Guilan were randomly selected. In each center، 7-8 patients who were referred to level 2 by their family physician and received necessary services were evaluated. They were at their homes at inquiry time.

From 963 patients who received the level 2 services، 687 cases (71%) were females and 276 (29%) were males. Three hundred and twenty cases (33%) had referral form from health house. Only 299 (31%) persons referred to the centers because of diagnosis of family physician and in 161 (17%) of cases، the family physician had a role to choose a specialist of level 2. For 155 (16. 1%) of cases، the specialists wrote the results of their evaluation in feedback form. Only 149 (15. 5%) of patients returned to their family physicians. Six hundred ninety-seven (79. 6%) of patients did not return to their family physician because of lack of knowledge.

The results of this study showed that many principles for referral system from level 1 to higher levels and vice versa are not considered that require education، reformation and intervention in this field.

Background and According to the confirmed dangerous side effects of chemical preservatives such potassium sorbate in public health and food safety، accurate monitoring of the presence of preservatives in food is necessary. Since، according to Iran national standard، using potassium sorbate in dough as preservative is prohibited، so، this study aimed to investigate the presence of potassium sorbate in dough and validation method of potassium sorbate detection. In this study، 100 dough samples were collected from Mazandaran province factories. The samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)، UV detectors. Validation was performed according to USP and ICH guidelines. The correlation coefficient of curve equation was 99. 9%. The linearity rang was from 19 to 100 µg/ml and the limit of detection LOD and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 6. 37 and 19. 11 µg/ml، respectively. The accuracy of repeatability and intermediate precision of the range were acceptable. Potassium sorbate was detected in 32% samples. Content of Potassium sorbate in 22% of samples was greater than 100 mg/kg and in 10% of samples were lower than 100 mg/kg. With regard to the presence of potassium sorbate in dough samples despite of Iran national standard ban on the use of it in dough، continues monitoring of several preservatives such as potassium sorbate seems to be necessary.

Background and

Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) is a simple and reliable method for upper extremity injuries. Different additives have been combined with local anesthetics to improve block quality، decrease tourniquet pain and postoperative analgesia in IVRA. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of (NTG) in quality improvement when added to lidocaine in IVRA.

In a clinical trial، 40 patients ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) I-II، the candidates with upper extremity injury were scheduled for IVRA randomly allocated into two groups. Under identical condition، the control group received 3mg/kg mg lidocaine %0. 5 and the study group received 3mg/kg mg lidocaine %0. 5 plus 200µg nitroglycerine. Hemodynamic variables were measured and recorded at 5، 10، 15، 20، and 30 min after anesthetic solution administration. The onset and recovery times of sensory and motor block were measured and recorded and tourniquet pain based on visual analog scale (VAS) score in all patients. After the tourniquet deflation، at 30 min and 2، 4، 6 and 12 h، hemodynamic variables، VAS score، total analgesic consumption in the first 24 h after operation، and the side effects were noted.

Sensory block onset time was less in NW in comparison with the control group (2. 45±0. 51042 vs 4. 35±1. 26803) Sensory and motor recovery times were prolonged in NW group compared to the control group (8. 25±2. 1734 vs 3. 825±0. 99041 min) for sensory، (4. 2000±1. 15166 vs 3. 025±0. 80255 min) for motor recovery with statistical significance (P<0. 05). The onset time tourniquet pain was prolonged in NW in comparison with the control group (22. 5±3. 12039 vs 19. 4±2. 77963 min). Pulse rate at 0. 5، 2 and 4 hr postoperatively was lower in the study group (P<0. 05). Postoperative analgesia after 0. 5h of tourniquet deflation was prolonged with statistically significant difference in VAS scores (1. 1±0. 30 vs 1. 05±0. 22).

Totally، according to the obtained results، it may be concluded that the use of nitroglycerine added to lidocaine would result in an increase in the effect of anesthetic without additional adverse effects.

Background and The need for continuous measures of preventive behaviors، health researchers is highlighted. Means of achieving that goal requires the use of adequate reliability and validity in the scientific literature. This cross-sectional study was done in 2013 on a two-stage random sampling method، 135 persons were Tehran Health Center East. Through the qualitative and quantitative study of face validity، content validity index calculation and judging the quality via a 14-member panel of experts and validity by performing exploratory factor analysis-with the agreement reliability (coefficient alpha) and test-retest method of estimating was approved. A total of 50 males، first three items need to be corrected with the number 45 on the calculation of the index scores of items (with quantity greater than 1. 5) with CVI greater than 0. 07 and CVR higher than 0. 08 down found. As demonstrated، good homogeneity of subdirectories than the average correlation between questions 0. 35 (P<0. 001). By calculating Cranach''s alpha reliability of the tool، 0. 83 was verified and the results show test-retest stability of the questionnaire and its subdivisions. The evidence of the strength of the factor structure and the reliability of an instrument can be developed to provide a tool for research، teaching and practice of health workers are of interest. The psychometric quality of the instrument was satisfactory. The course restrictions of the methodology should be considered in the development of more questionnaires.

Background and Resistance to choice antibiotics is serious and focus of concern. Therefore، the current study was done to identify the enterococcus resistance pattern to Linezolid- choice antibiotic، which has not yet been used in the country. This descriptive study was a laboratory research done on 100 stool samples gathered from hospitalized patients of Shahid Beheshti Hospital، Kashan، 2012. The samples were transferred to the university microbiology laboratory in transport media and the entrococcus identity was established through biochemical tests. Then Linezolid and Vancomycin antibiogram was recorded by means of Disk Diffusion method. On the other hand، Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) for Vancomycine was measured by E-test method. Finally، the results were analyzed by means of SPSS software- Chi square test، and paired T-test. The mean age was 52. 26±18. 29 years old. Forty eight subjects were females (48%) and the rest were males. Thirty four subjects were colonized with Vancomycine Resistant entrococci and 33 others with Linezolid Resistant entrococci. Using the E-test method، 73 strains were sensitive to vancomycine (MIC≤4g/ml)، 27 resistant (MIC>33g/ml)، and none was intermediate. Using antibiotic was one of the most important risk factors for vancomycine resistance in enterococci (P<0. 05). The duration of antibiotic use with Linezoid in the past was the only effective factor in resistance (P<0. 05). The resistance rate of enterococci was 33%، without any history of linezolid use in the past، this can conclude that sort of cross resistance to both vancomycine and linezolid، synchronically; that suggests the necessity of future studies about genome basics of the issue.

Background and Pesticides are used to control pests in agricultural crops. According to the integrity and permeability status of surface skin of strawberry، pesticides can penetrate and precipitate in the fruit. Thus، the study was performed to assess the level of Organophosphorus pesticide residues together in strawberry produced in Mazandaran province. In this study، 211 strawberry samples were collected in the different cities of Mazandaran province during spring 2012، and the residual levels of malation، diazinon، dursban and etion were analyzed using QUECHERS and GC-MS. The data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA statistical analysis. P< 0. 05 was comprehended as significant. The results showed that the mean residual contents of malation، diazinon، dursban and etion were 4. 58±2. 8 ppb، 37. 2±6. 8 ppb، 6. 07±1. 78 ppb and 2. 67±1. 74 ppb، respectively. Despite the malation and etion، the mean concentrations of diazinon and dursban in strawberry samples were lower than that of Iran standard level. As a result، regarding to the use of large amount of unaccepted pesticides، permanent control of pesticide residues in agricultural products such as strawberry، seems to be necessary.

Background and The role of health system managers has always been emphasized in the efficient running of system of hygienic and remedial services and much attention is paid to the selection of the best persons to do that. The main purpose of this study was to design the managers'' competency model of health sector and evaluate them from the standpoint of middle managers of health system. The study population included all the health system managers in Iran. The questionnaires were distributed among 385 people. The data were collected through the researcher''s questionnaire which was used to assess the model proposed by applying library and field studies (interviewing with 30 person of health system managers of Iran). The questionnaire contains 8 main categories in competency criteria of managers and includes 63 questions. It was validated in terms of construct validity and Cronbach'' alpha was used to ensure its internal consistency reliability. (more than 0. 79 for each category). Inferential statistics (confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations model by specifying T-Value) and «LISREL» software was used to analyze the data collected from the questionnaire. 280 filled out questionnaires of the participants (75. 1%) were analyzed in this study. Based on the collected data، T. values for knowledge of and professional awareness competencies، behavioral and intellectual، personal traits، service، responsibility، and considering the ideological and moral (ethical) values equal 11. 90، 11. 06، 8. 39، 10. 68، 6. 55، 9. 31، 3. 43، and 2. 17 Considering and applying the presented criteria in proposed competency model of health system managers which are ranked by the middle managers can be one of the way of improving the quality of management in the health system of Iran.

Background and Heavy metal pollution has always been a major cause of environmental contamination and is considered as a major concern for food health. Rice is the most popular food among Iranians and the presence of heavy metals in trace level in rice has received special attention because they are directly related to health. In this study، the amount of Pb، Cd and Cr in Tarom rice farms in the province of Golestan was determined and compared with imported Indian rice in this province. Ten famous brands of Indian Rice were bought from market of this province as were coded from 1to 10. From the cities of Golestan including Gorgan، Ali Abad، Maraveh-Tapeh، Minoodasht، Gonbad and Galikesh based on the geographical location of each city، 20 rice samples were collected. The concentration of heavy metals in samples was measured using atomic absorption technique. Our data showed that generally the amount of Pb، Cd and Cr in Iranian rice were 0. 32±0. 09 ppm، 17±0. 5ppm and 17±0. 10 ppm، respectively and 0. 33±0. 19ppm، 0. 04±0. 02 ppm and 0. 28±0. 11ppmwere observed for concentration of Pb، Cd and Cr in Indian rice، respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0. 05) between the amount of lead in Iranian Rice and Indian Rice. However، the amount of cd in Iranian rice was significantly more than the Indian rice. One the other hand، the amount of Cr in Indian rice was significantly (P<0. 001) more than the Iranian rice. Considering the aforesaid findings، it seems that the difference between Indian and Iranian rice is mainly related to the amount of Cr and Cd but there was no difference in the amount of Pb in both samples. So، it is recommended that in accordance to the adverse effects of chronic exposure to heavy metals، the amount of heavy metals and weekly intake of them via other agricultural products such as vegetables should be evaluated periodically.

Background and

Fluctuations in the heart rate can be affected by many factors such as breathing. The amplitude of heart rate variability during inhalation and exhalation provides a quantitative measure that puts the estimate of cardiac vagal function which is considered. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a single dose of hyoscine-N-butylbromide (hyoscine) on the amplitude of heart rate variability, namely cardiac vagal activity.

15 healthy young male subjects participated in the study. Each subject came to the laboratory twice with one week interval. Before and one hour after intramuscular injection of hyoscine or placebo, normal and deep breathing tests were performed every 10 minutes. The amplitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) associated with cardiac vagal activity between periods before and after administration of the drug/ or placebo were analyzed by RM_ANOVA.

Comparing with normal breathing, deep breathing increases the amplitude of the RSA. The One way ANOVA of RSA showed that hyoscine reduced the RSA amplitude that at 50 min after injection returned to basal level. Similar results were also observed during normal breathing test except that RSA amplitude at 40 min after injection of hyoscine returned to baseline.

Overall, the findings of this study showed that intramuscular injection of 20 mghyoscine reduces cardiac vagal activity that returned to base line 40-50 minutes after the injection.

Background and Cigarette is the most common and cheapest addictive substance associated with physical، financial، familial and social harm. Khantezian self-medication hypothesis proposes that many people smoke because of low distress tolerance and emotional deregulation. However، there is no research concerning this issue in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate Compression Emotion Regulation Negative Strategies in Smokers and Non-Smoker Students. According to this، 80 smokers and 80 non-smoking male students of Tabriz University were selected randomly. The participants were examined by Emotion Regulation Negative Strategies questionnaires. The data were analyzed by SPSS software. For data analysis، descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance was used. The results showed that smokers and nonsmoker students in-cognitive components of setting that there is a significant difference excitement. Thus، students who smoke have more negative cognitive strategies to regulate. Therefore، the appropriate use of positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies can be taught to students، especially in our country، because our information about this problem is very little.

Background and Health promoting behaviors are important due to the potential for the prevention of chronic disease، reduce morbidity، improve quality of life and reduce health care burdens in the community. This study aimed to determine the health promoting lifestyle status and its dimensions in adolescent boys and its relationship with self-efficacy and socio-demographic characteristics. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 760 adolescent boys 18-14 years old in the city of Sanandaj in 2013. Random sampling was used. The data was collected by Adolescent Healthy Lifestyle questionnaire and Sherer General Self-Efficacy scale. To determine the relationship between health promoting lifestyle with self-efficacy and socio-demographic characteristics، multivariate linear regression analysis was used. The mean of age was 15. 6±1. 88% of the male students were studying in governmental and semi-governmental schools and 37% were studying in grade nine. The total mean score of health promoting behaviors in adolescent boys was 3. 49. The adolescent boys had the highest (4. 00) and the lowest (3. 12) score in life appreciation and health responsibility، respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between self-efficacy and health promoting lifestyle and its subscales (r=0. 2 to 0. 4). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that there is a significant correlation between variables of self-efficacy، course of education، father''s occupation، and income with health promoting lifestyle The findings show the adolescents «sometimes» to «often» engage in health promoting behaviors. In addition to self-efficacy as the main predictor، some of the socio-demographic characteristics also are among the predictors of health behaviors. By considering the adolescent years as a foundation for one’s future life، it is necessary to provide strategies to promote lifestyle in adolescents.

Background and Oral cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers and the 10 most causes of death in the world. Most oral cancers are diagnosed at late stages. Thus، it is an important public health problem in the world. Since dentists play a critical role of oral cancers، they should be knowledgeable and skillful in oral cancer diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of general dentists about oral cancer in Sari. This descriptive analytical cross-sectional study was done on 150 dentists who had private offices in Sari in 2013. A questionnaire including the information and 13 questions regarding oral cancer was prepared. The questionnaires were delivered to dentists at their offices and then gathered. The data were analyzed via SPSS software student''s t-test، Pearson correlation coefficients. There were 98 male and 52 female dentists with the mean age of 39. 94±7. 24 years (P=0. 09). The mean score of total dentists'' knowledge was 7. 27±2. 49 out of 13. The mean score of knowledge was 6. 91±2. 37 and 7. 78±2. 6، for males and females، respectively. There was significant difference between them (P=0. 03). Ninety-One percent of dentists knew the most common types of oral cancer. The results of this study indicate that knowledge of dentists in Sari about oral cancer was not sufficient. Because of the importance of the issue، the application of strategies to increase the knowledge of dentists regarding oral cancer is necessary.

Background and

Nowadays، quality of life (QOL) has become an important issue because of the development of societies and the improvement of living standards. The aim of this study was to survey the Health-related QOL in Kermanshah rural women and some related factors.

Our target community was selected among 20-50 years old women from 20 villages of Kermanshah county by multistage cluster sampling (n: 394)، and our tool was WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS software and ANOVA، Independent t-test and Linear Regression test.

The mean age of respondents was 32. 94±8. 98 years. The mean of QOL in Physical، Psychological، Social and Environmental domains was (61. 55، 53. 22، 60. 58، 47. 94)، respectively. Based on linear regression test، the most effective factors on the four domains of women''s QOL were as follows: Physical Health domain (illness status، age، developmental level of the village (DLV)، marriage status) (R2=0. 236)، Psychological Health (illness status، marriage status، educational level، DLV) (R2=0. 185)، Social Health (illness status، DLV) (R2=0. 105) and Environmental Health (illness status، DLV، educational level، marriage status) (R2=0. 170).

Based on our data، the level of quality of life was moderate. This study is the first research about Health-related QOL in rural women of Iran; therefore، its findings can provide useful information in this group and be used for designing later studies.

Background and The most common cause of diarrhea is Shigella and no vaccine has been found so far. IpaD and STxB proteins (B subunit of Shiga toxin) play an important role in invasion، infection and pathogenesis caused by Shigella. To evaluate the immunogenicity of each of the proteins IpaD and STxB can using of two animal models mice and guinea pigs and could be determined role of each recombinant protein IpaD-STxB for appropriate vaccine. In this experimental study، the gene sequences of stxB & ipaD were obtained from gene bank and was purchased the synthetic gene. This gene transferred to E. coli BL21DE3 and produced the protein by the bacterium. The level of recombinant protein expression was evaluated and confirmed by techniques of Western bloting. Recombinant proteins were purificated using column chromatography، and were injected into mice four times consecutively. After the second injection (first booster)، a week after each injection، were collected blood samples and was performed ELISA. The results showed that was raised antibody titers against IpaD-STxB protein in the mice. The immunogenicity was evaluated using active toxin E. coli: O157: H7. The challenge results showed that immunized mice could endure 7. 5 times the LD50 Shiga toxin E. coli O157: H7. The protein obtained of the fusion ipaD and stxB genes could protect mice against Shiga toxin. Consequently، STxB proteins were induced immunogenicity in an animal model mice and recombinant protein obtained can be a suitable candidate for the production of recombinant vaccine against Shigella types.

Background and Fluoride in drinking water can be either beneficial or detrimental to health depending on its concentration. Its high concentrations leads to dental and skeletal fluorosis and lesions of the endocrine glands، thyroid and liver. This paper describes the removal of fluoride from water using lemna minor. This research was a lab study. The lemna minor plants were collected and dried in the oven at 105 in 24 h and sieved in 18-30 mesh. The optimum values of pH، contact time and adsorbent dosage were determined and the different concentrations of fluoride were experimented in lab scale conditions for modified lemna minor. The fluoride concentration was measured in wavelength of 518 nm by spectrophotometer. Also، the found data of this research were fitted with Variety Isotherm and kinetic models. The results showed that by increasing pH solution، removal efficiency decreased and optimum pH was 5. Increasing of contact time and adsorbent dose can lead to the increase of the removal efficiency. Adsorption isotherm data show that the fluoride sorption followed the Langmuir No 2. Fluoride sorption is better agreed with pseudo- second order of Kinetics model which was well described by pseudo- second order model. The result of the present work shows that lemna minor can be used as an effective and cheap adsorbent for fluoride removal.

Background and In recent years، emotion dysregulation has been introduced as one of the most effective factors in tendency of people، especially young people، for risky behaviors. Risky sexual behaviors could result in serious social and individual damages، therefore، study of determinant variables are considered important. The present study aimed at investigating emotional dysregulation in people with risky sexual behaviors in comparison with ordinary people. This descriptive comparative study was performed in eighty people with behavioral disorders attending Urmia City counseling centers between 2005-2011. Another group was also selected which was matched with the first group in terms of age، sex and educational background. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer، 2004) were applied for both groups. Dependent group’s T- test was used in this study. The results indicated a significant difference between total score and all components of emotional problems in both groups and the mean of total score in group with sexual risky behavior was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0. 01، P<0. 05، respectively). This study showed various problems in emotional regulation in the group with risky sexual behaviors hence، more training on emotional regulation and management are recommended. Furthermore، treatments based on reducing emotional self-regulatory problems should be considered as an alternative in treatment centers.

Background and Hepatotoxicity and elevated serum aminotransferase is a severe side effect of anti-Tuberculosis therapy and some cases could even develop hepatitis. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of drug induced hepatitis and predisposing factor after anti-Tuberculosis therapy in Razi hospital. In this cross-sectional study we used the medical records of all confirmed cases of tuberculosis admitted at the infectious disease ward of Ghaemshahr Razi hospital between 2006-2011. Variables included age، sex، type of TB، other medications، basal levels of liver enzymes، enzyme changes during treatment، and co-infection (such as hepatitis B - HIV). The diagnosis of drug induced hepatitis was done with at least five-fold increase of aminotransferase levels. Data was analyzed using SPSS17، chi square tests and Fisher''s exact test. Of 230 patients، 56. 5% were male. The frequency of pulmonary TB and extra pulmonary TB was 91. 7% and 8. 3%، respectively. Standard treatment was used in 92. 5% of patients with tuberculosis. 23. 5% of patients had an underlying disease. Prevalence of drug-induced hepatitis in this study was 9. 5%. There was no significant correlation between gender، type of tuberculosis and type of drug treatment with drug-induced hepatitis، but there was a significant relationship between age and druginduced hepatitis. The results showed that old age was the only significant risk factor for druginduced hepatitis in the treatment of tuberculosis، hence، elderly patients must be placed under regular clinical and laboratory evaluation.

Background and Annually outbreak of cholera is reported in our country. Awareness of the general population about cholera is the cornerstone of disease prevention. The aim of this study was to assess the awareness of general population in Mazandaran province about cholera. This cross-sectional study was carried out in April 2013. The study population included 425 people of general population attending health centers in Mazandaran province who were randomly selected. They completed a questionnaire containing 10 questions about cholera in the presence of researcher. SPSS ver. 16 was used to analyze the data. The participants were 222 (52. 2%) female and 203 (47. 8%) male with the mean age of 34±11. 50 years. The awareness level were، 27. 5% poor (score≤3)، 33. 2% moderate (score4 and 5)، 34. 8% good (score 6 and 7) and 4. 5% very good (score≥8). We observed low levels of awareness among those aged under 20 and over 60 years old. However، no significant difference was seen in two genders. This study revealed a low level of awareness among general population on cholera. Therefore، educational programs are recommended to enhance the knowledge of people on cholera.

Background and

Today، environmental pollution، especially pollution of aquatic ecosystems، humans and other organisms are faced with serious problems. Endocrine disrupting chemicals are one group of chemical compounds that are important because of their significant adverse effects in humans and animals. Therefore، this study aimed to determine the concentration of 4-Nonylphenol، Bisphenol A and Octylphenol compounds in surface sediments of 4 areas in the coastal of Caspian Sea.

Surface sediments samples taken from stations were studied and after preparation (Drying، Extraction، Clean up) the samples were injected into the Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry

The concentration ranges of 4-Nonylphenol، Octylphenol and Bisphenol A compounds in surface sediment samples were as follows (in ng/gdw): 16. 41-174. 48، 5. 63-41. 90 and 0. 3-30. 66 respectively. The station that is located in the Anzali region showed significant amounts of all three compounds، Because the sources of these compounds there and the stations that are located in Kaporchal and Astara regions showed extremely low concentration. Compare concentrations were abtained from coasals of Caspian Sea with sediment quality standard showed that these compounds have potential to cause negative effects on the organisms in some stations

There are concerns about the presence of Estrogen Doubt Compounds in the aquatic ecosystems due to the adverse effects of them in biological communities health even at low concentrations.

Background and The importance of studying mental health at universities is precious، because of expressed linkage to the students'' educational progress. The main goal of the current research has been the study of effects of mental health on educational progress among students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences، in the year 2012. This research is a descriptive-comparative cross-sectional study. The subjects included 334 students، 153 males and 181 females of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences which were selected through stratified random sampling. In order to gather the research data، the Goldberg''s General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used. %45. 8 of students had good mental health status، while %54. 2 of them was suspected to have mental health disorders. Between age، gender، faculty، birth order، parental status، university entrance semester، and mental health of students، there were not significant differences (P≥ 0. 05)، but the variable «marital status» (P=0. 034)، the variable «average monthly earnings» (P≤0. 001)، and average grade points of students (P≤0. 001) were related to their mental health. Another finding of the research showed that most of students had some degree of disorders linked to the four dimensions of questionnaires'' queries، most disorders were social function. Considering the results of this study، including the mutual correlation between mental health and academic performance، the high rate of mental problems and suspect cases of mental disorders among the students، the serious attention to this issue is of high importance to resolve the mental health problems of students and activating Students Consultancy Centers. Hence، the assistance of consultants، professors and specialists، comprehensive planning، and interventions towards the promotion of mental health to prevent and treat psychological disorders، will be effective for students'' educational progress.

Babesiosis is one of the most important parasitic infectious diseases in livestock industry throughout the world. Studies with various diagnosis methods have been done on this disease، nevertheless the current status of using the diagnosis methods with high specificity and sensitivity is not well defined. Hence، this narrative review investigated the published articles on the status of Babesiosis and its diagnostic methods in Iran and the world. The data were collected from available scientific databases including Google scholar، Pub med، Web of science، Scopus، Springer، and Scientific Information Database (SID). We found many studies with different diagnostic methods for detection of genus and species of Babesia spp. In recent years، using specific diagnostic methods has increased، although traditional methods (peripheral blood smear) with low sensitivity are still applied in some parts of the world and also in Iran. Our investigations show that researchers frequently use molecular and serological methods to increase the accuracy of diagnosis.