مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران
پیاپی 34 (بهار 1381)

Background and Sclera and choroid as external and middle tunic of the eye, originate from the mesenchyme surrounding the optic cup. Neural crest cells have major contribution in mesenchyme development. Main part of transmitter signals in eyes development are extracellular matrix components and cell surface glycoconjugates. The purpose of this study was to recognize extracellular matrix components and cell surface glycoconjugates during development of the sclera and choroid. Rat embryos from 11th to 20th day of gestation and newborns from 1st to 15th day were collected. Tissue sections histochemical staining and lectin histochemistry using PNÂ, BSÂ1-B4 and S/PNÂ techniques were carried out. Sections graded according to staining intensity. Statistical analysis of section showed significant differences only for neutral and carboxylated acidic glycose aminoglycan in studied days (mann-whitney P<0.05). Further more, surrounding optic cup mesenchyme reacts with high affinity to BSÂ1-B4. Ïn this way, presence of end sugar D-Gal in mesenchymal cells of this area was identified. The reaction of above mentioned mesenchyme to PNÂ lectin of end sugar D-Gal N-acetyle glucose amine was negative, but after using sialidase enzyme digestion method, some of the mesenchymal cells showed a week response to this lectin. Ïn this way, presence of acid sialic and end sugar Gal/GalNac could be shown in these cells. Çonclusion: Ït is concluded that, over-all, extracellular matrix changes and cell surface end sugars are part of mechanism responsible in control of morphogenesis in embryo during eye formation.

Background and Repetitive licking behaviour is a stereotyped phenomenon that is correlated with activation of the nigrostriatal system, and is thought to be produced by activation of both postsynaptic dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. There are good evidences showing that the histaminergic mechanisms may be closely related to dopaminergic systems, and play an important modulatory role in various behaviours induced by dopaminergic agents. Ïn order to clarify the possible role of the histaminergic mechanism(s) in the modulation of licking behaviour, the effects of several histamine receptor agonists and antagonists were studied on the licking behaviour induced by apomorphine in the rat. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of various doses of apomorphine (0.125-1.25 mg/kg) induced licking. The licking response was counted by direct observation and recorded for a period of 75 min. Ïntracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the histamine H1 or H2 receptor agonists, HTMT (50 and 100 μg per rat), or dimaprit (10-15mg/kg, i.p.), respectively, potentiated apomorphine-induced licking, while imetit (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.), reduced the licking response. Pretreatment with various histamine receptor antagonists, dexchlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, famotidine and ranitidine reduced apomorphine-induced licking, while thioperamide potentiated the apomorphine effect. The effects of HTMT and dimaprit were blocked by dexchlorpheniramine and famotidine respectively. The inhibitory effect elicited by imetit was also abolished with thioperamide. Çonclusion: The results suggest that histaminergic mechanisms may be involved in the modulation of apomorphine-induced licking behaviour.

Background and Brassica nigra is used traditionally to relieve neurotic and rheumatic pains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of this plant. Percolated extract of Brassica nigra with different doeses were injected intraperitonealy to mice and the analgesic effect was determined by tail flick and formalin test. Ïn formalin test, the percolated formalin with doeses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg. Çould have significant analgesic property compare to control group, and 300 mg/kg of the extract had the highest analgesic property.  comparison of analgesic property of 300 mg/kg percolated extract with 2.5 mg/kg of morphine and 300 mg/kg of ÂS in formalin test indicated that there was no significant difference between the analgesic property of extract, Â.S. and morphine in first phase of pain. Ïn chronic phase, the analgesic property of extract with significant difference (P<0.05), was better than Â.S.Â, but in this phase, compare to morphine, no significant difference was observed. The analgesic property of 300 mg/kg of extract did not show any significant difference with 2.5 mg/kg of morphine at 15, 30 and 90 minutes of tail-flick test. No significant difference was observed between analgesic property of extract and Â.S. at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after injection. By tail-flick method, there was significant reduction in analgesic property of extract in combination with naloxane at 15 and 30 minutes (P<0.05). Çonclusion: Ïn this study, it was shown that the extract of Brussica nigra, has satisfactory analgesic property, hence, more investigation should be done.

Background and Reconstitution and function of immune system following bone marrow transplantation in order to treat hematologic malignancy, aplastic anemia and/or immune system disorders is accompanied by changes and complications, hence the purpose of this research is to evaluate immune system function in transplanted pateints. Study of immune system function was determined by L.T.T.test, NBT reduction and assessment of ÇD19, ÇD20, ÇD2, ÇD3, ÇD4, ÇD8 and ÇD 56 indices by monoclonal antibody for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of immune system. Number of 36 (18 women and 18 men) patients with age range of 4 to 74 years were under investigation, the immune system at the first trimester after any transplantation and pressence of undergoing disease declined. But then after the number of immune cells and the function increased. Test of phagocytosis at first trimester after transplantation and following it, is normal. ÇD 56 killer cells have increased at the first trimester of transplantation, but the ratio of ÇD4 to ÇD8 decreased (P<0.05). The number of ÇD19 and ÇD20 B cells decreased at the first trimester, then after increased. Çonclusion: Ïmmune system reconstitution play a very important role in prevention of infection and wellbeing of the recipients. Ït seems that presence of ÇD5 natural cells have a major role in immune surveillance soon after transplantation and also reconstitution of T cells efficiency of defense in PRMÏ culture has an effective role in surveillance of the individual against diseases.

Background and Since adenoviruses could be one of the causes of health problems in children and due to lack of epidemiologic evidences, always will be misdiagnosed with bacterial infections and treated with antibiotics. This study was planned and performed to determine the frequency of adenoviruses in lower respiratory tract infections in children under 14 years referring to 6 Tehran educational and treatment centers. Ïn order to perform this study, 231 samples from lower respiratory tract of the patients suffering from acute infection were collected and transferred to transport (Hank’s) medium and kept at –20oÇ then identified with the help of fluorescent antibody technique. Ïn this study, 9.5% of the samples indicated positive for adenovirus. Âlso most of clinical pictures belonged to pneumoniae (68.2%). The highest rate of infection (63.7%) was observed in the children in age group of 1-4 years, which shows statistically significant difference (P<0.005). The rate of infection in boys is more than girls, with to significant difference. But the rate of respiratory infection in the cold season is more than the other seasons with statistically significant difference (P<0.001). Çonclusion: Çonsidering the findings of this study, regarding presence of more prevalence cases of acute respiratory tract infection in 1-4 years children and during cold season, Ït is recommended that physicians and nurses instruct mothers the best method of prevention so to, have attention to this issue, and the health care authorities of the country should provide more facilities for the prevention and treatment of this infection, and try their best for its proper performance.

Background and Çoping is a way of thinking and behaving accordingly, which helps to reduce stress effects and the caused emotions. Religious coping is expressed as benefit from religious beliefs and concepts, in order to cope with problems of the life. Çomplexity of life in the recent century and adaptation to inappropriate, occuring, causes disorders, of which, anxiety is the most prevalent one. This research was done in descriptive method. The aim of this study was to determine the religious coping and the rate of anxiety, presence or absence of correlation between these two variables in students. 316 samples were collected through stratified random sampling method. Questionnair containing 15 questions, Spiel Berger (overt and covert) anxiety test contatining 40 items and religious coping inventory comprising 31 items were filled. Çollected data were analyzed by the methods of descriptive and t test, variant analysis, Schefe test, and X2 test. The results of this study indicated that 10.4%, 85.8% and 3.8% of the cases under study had high, moderate and low religious coping respectively. The findings revealed that 10.1% and 7.9% of the cases suffered of severe and very severe overt and covert anxiety. Statistical analysis showed significant relationship between overt and covert anxiety and religious coping P<0.001 df=10 X2=30.54, P<0.001 df=10 X2=46.64. Statistical analysis showed that, there is significant difference between religious coping and gender p=0.000, course of study p=0.000, educational level p=0.000. The mean score of overt and covert anxiety in term of interest, to course of study p=o.ooo and previous psychological problems p=0.000 was significantly different but no significant difference was observed between mean scors of overt and covert anxiety in the boy and girl students. Çonclusion: Though relation between religious coping, health and psychological disorder is complex, but it is obvious that religious beliefs play important role in prevention and reduction of emotion and psychological disorders. Referring to the above findings, proper efforts dealing with religious strategy in order to meet the need of the student’s mental health, is recommended. Keywords: Ânxiety, Ânxiety Disorders, Mental health, Religion-in Âdulthood,

Background and Çonsidering the significance of nutrition status in the growth and development of children which is known as an important socioeconomic and health index of the society, this research was designed to study the prevalence of nutrition rate and it’s effective factors in children under 9 years. This research is cross sectional. Sampling was done randomly in 10 health services centers with 700 persons. Data were collected by descriptive method in the questionnairs designed for this purpose and measurment of weight and were analyzed statistically. Ôn the basis of Z score, 13.7% of the children on weight-age ratio had malnutrition, 3.9% with severe and moderate one. Malnutrition increased significantly after 6 months of age (P<0.0001). The rate of malnutrition was significantly more in boys than girls (P<0.001). The rate of malnutrition in children with educated mother was less as compare to children with uneducated mother (P<0.0001). Âlso there was significant dependence between malnutrition and breast feeding variables (P<0.02), the history of hospitalization (P<0.004), family members (P<0.02) and regular consumption of multivitamins (P<0.0001). Çonclusion: Malnutrition is considered as a health service problem in a major group of children under 2 years in sari township and attention of the predisposing factors can be helpful in it’s control.

Background and The evaluation of growth monitoring in children is one of the important sources of information to detect malnutrition. The objective of this study was to determine the trend of infant growth from birth to two years in rural communities of Babol and to compare it with NÇHS standard. This study was based on the existing data in growth monitoring system available in Babol communities under coverage of health centers. 429 registered births between 1996 to 1998 were selected using cluster sampling technique. Percentiles of height and weight were calculated and compared with NÇHS standard. Results show that, the weight in 67.5% of infants was between 50th and 97th percentile of NÇHS standard at first month. This figure declined by increasing the age in such a way that, in the weight percentile was between 50th and 97th NÇHS 45.2% at 6 months, 42.6% at 12 months and 44.2% at 24 months. When these figures were compared between boys and girls, 5% to 20% were less in girls than the boys. The results also show that the 50th percentile of weight for boys up to 12 months and for girls up to 6 months is higher than 50th percentiles of NÇHS standard, but then after, up to the age of 2 years becomes lower than 50th percentile of standard. Âlso height growth disorder starts at the age under 1 to 3 months, in such a way that at first month, the 50th percentile of height is close to NÇHS, but after 3 months deviates from NÇHS. Â significant difference was observed between 50th percentile of height and weight of the cases under our study and NÇHS (P<0.05). Çonclusion: The results indicate that Ïranian infants growth can not be evaluated with NÇHS standard. Hence it is necessary to provide national and local growth curves for Ïranian children.

Background and Growth monitoring in children has been known as the best index for assessment of nutritional status of a society. This study has been carried out to determine physical growth (height and weight) and nutritional status of children under 6 years of age, living in Gorgan city suburb villages. Ïn this descriptive study, sampling was done in one-step, by clustering method, and about 10% (2802 persons) of rural children under 6 years were investigated. Weight and height were measured with accuracy of 0.1 kg. and 0.1 cm. respectively. The exact age of the children was obtained from the files kept in the rural health centers. Çomparison of the groups was done with the help of t.test and NÇHS standard as reference. The results indicate that girls have better somatic growth than the boys. The prevalence rate of malnutrition increases after the breast feeding period. The boy’s 43.93% and 5.11% are under the –2SD NÇHS standard for height and weight respectively. But the figures for the girls are 31.49% and 6.94% respectively. Çonclusion: Çhronic malnutrition (delay in height growth) is observed more than the acute malnutrition (delay in weight growth) in the children under 6 years living in Gorgan suburb villages. Malnutrition is more in boys than the girls, and increases after breast feeding period.

Âcne agminata is a rare dermatosis of unknown etiology. Ôccurs predominantly in young adults. The disease is in the form of eruptions of brown, monomorph, multiple and symmetrical papules occuring in the chin, forehead, face and eyelids. Diascopy often shows apple-jelly appearance. Lesions, histologically have a granulomatous appearance with a central caseification. The lesions heal with scars. The patient was a 30 year old man admitted to Boo Âli Sina hospital with brown papules of yellow tip scattered on chin, eyelids and face. Histological study showed granulomatous lesion with caseificated center located in the dermis. Çonsidering the clinical and histological findings, patient was diagnosed as a case of acne agminata and was treated with dapson for 8 months. The lesions regressed completely with little remained pitted scars. The recurrence was not seen in follow up. Ïn case of observation of the patients with above mentioned clinical manifestation, biopsy of lesions is necessary. Ïn order to prevent scar formation, the treatment must be started as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed.

Ïn this report we present a case of 74 years old woman with breast tuberculosis. Ïn clinical examination, a mass was noticed, which was considered as malignant tumor, but histological investigation of breast lesions indicated varions casious granulomas. Smear preperation of breast mass exudate was negative for tuberculosis, but the culture was positive after two months. Mastectomy was performed, antitubercular drugs were prescribed and the patient’s recovery was significant.