فصلنامه اقیانوس شناسی
پیاپی 32 (زمستان 1396)

Pollution of the aquatic ecosystems by heavy metals is posing serious threats to the survival of aquatic organisms including fish. Cadmium is a metal which is accumulated in high concentrations by a range of living organisms and which has unknown biological function. It enters aquatic environments especially via industrial wastes. Thyroid hormones have important roles in growth, development, metamorphosis, osmoregulation and reproduction in fishes. In the present study, the 96 hours LC50 of Cadmium on Binnei (Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi) was determined as 37.56 mg/l. The plasma thyroid hormones of Binnei through different sub lethal concentration of cadmium (1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 ppm) were assayed in order to determine the endocrine response of innei. Fish were exposed to different concentrations of cadmium as an endocrine disrupter during 2 weeks. Plasma thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were determined using Radioimmunoassay method. In opposite manner, Plasma T3 was significantly decreased at days 7 and 14 by all doses of cadmium. Plasma T4 in treated fishes was increased in comparison to the control group in dose dependent manner. In conclusion, results of the current study indicated that the encounter of Binnei fish with Cadmium led to thyroid disruption of the fish which may have treated for growth and fish health.

Tropical cyclones develop over oceans as low pressure phenomena. They could be developed further when the conditions are met and cause storm surge. The devastating consequences of these storms in coastal areas reveal the importance of investigation on such subjects. In this research therefore, the variation in the height of water level due to the Ashobaa cyclone has been studies using Flow module of the MIKE 21 software. The study has been conducted at two stations; one near the port of Bushehr and another near the port of Chabahar. The model first was calibrated and validated using field data. After the model validation, two simulations were carried out; one with and one without the effect of Ashooba cyclone. Positive storm surge was observed due to the Ashobaa cyclone in Chabahar station (about 50 cm). The effect of the storm was negligible in Bushehr water level. It was also observed that the storm affected the current speed and direction in Chabahar station. Such an effect was not observed in Bushehr station.

The goal of this article was to examine the Jurisdiction in International Law of the Sea in conflict between right to protection of offshore facilities and freedom of navigation. Ships are under nationality of their flag state in the high seas and offshore zones. Seizure of the ship and arrestment of its crew in the exclusive economic zone under the control of the coastal government on the pretext of violating its offshore facilities and equipment were assessed interference in flag State and his sovereignty affairs. Coastal government is allowed to take security measures to prevent and manage dangerous maneuvers of environmental activists to offshore facilities in protest to its offshore activities. Final conclusion showed that seizure of ships and arrest of environmental activists by the Russian state is an illegal act and in conflict of jurisdiction of the Netherland’s flag State according to the recent judgment of the Arbitration Tribunal.

A coupled ocean-waves COAWST model was employed for simulating the waves and currents along the southern basin of the Caspian Sea. Simulating were carried out using mixed reanalysis/forecast ECMWF ERA-Interim dataset over two layer refined nested grids during 2007-2011. The results were evaluated in coastal area of Guilan province for 2011. Two Komen's formulation for growth of waves due to wind and energy depreciation with whitecapping, JONSWAP formulation for the bed friction, generallength method for vertical mixing and atmospheric bulk forcing were involved in the configuration of the coupled system. The results were implied the agreement of 87% and 73% in deep water and 68% and 78% in shallow area for the significant wave height and wave period and 53% for current speed at the inner shelf. The wave's simulation results from the deep and coastal waters zones indicated the underestimation of the profile only occurred at the beginning of July. The regional and local eddies were found at the SBC. The western alongshore were dominated along the coastal area of SBC, however the local transitional currents were established.

Considering the importance of wind waves and its effects on the marine environment, prediction of these waves by different methods has been extremely thrived in recent years. In this study, the performance of numerical wave model, SWAN, has been evaluated to predict wind waves in the Persian Gulf, using different methods of generation and deterioration of wave. Three kinds of these methods using CCMP wind data has been applied in this study. For ttainment the model error, the results has been compared with measured significant height, peak period and direction of waves in Farur and Lavan stations between 2009 and 2010. The result showed that WAM4-AB method, compared with other, had better performance. Error of this approach to modeling HS in Farur and Lavan stations was 44 and 48, respectively. Modeling of this method underestimated Hs and Tp comparing to the measured data.

This study addressed the Micro Plastics (MPs

Closed and semi-enclosed seas possess significant standing in the international environmental law and are referred to in the 1973 Convention as "Special Zones." For this reason, efforts have been made in the various issues of the law of the seas and environmental law in order to develop a particular regime for them. The Persian Gulf, as a semi-closed sea, is one of the zones for which there have been attempts to define a sui generis since the 1970s in cooperation with the States of the region. The Kuwait Convention and its four protocols are a clear examples of this cooperation. However, the existence of regional tensions egative factor in order for these mechanisms to have failed. There are still serious questions about the 1973 Convention from legal perspective. A serious legal question on this subject is about the impact of war on the applicability of Kuwait Convention during that armed conflict. This paper tries to provide an overview of regional environmental protection mechanisms in the Persian Gulf region, with the aim to provide an answer to the regional environmental obligations of the States of the region in the event of occurrence of a regional conflict