فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 24 (زمستان 1387)

This research aims at studying contribution of Agh-ghala local market and quality formation. It makes use of a descriptive survey method and reference of library. Statistical society includes sellers and buyers and city trades in the local market. As shown by research results, there are more than 25 types of goods supplied in the local market. The seller's average monthly income gained through selling is estimated at about 228 thousand Tomans and the minimum income was 100 while the maximum income was 400 thousand Tomans. We defined appropriate seasons and months to supply the goods. As mentioned by 80 percent of the customers, advantages of goods, diversification of goods and their relatively suitable prices were compared with other places.

Geotourism or geographic tourism as the name applies is one of the newest approaches in tourism attraction, whose generalization is derived from its geographic characteristics. Not only the geotourism can be a factor for natural attractions of geology and geomorphology field, but it also can contain historical and cultural attractions.Therefore, there is a need for such study and we might suggest that there is a gap in general plans of the country for this field. Fars Province is one of the appropriate regions for geotourism planning taking on various rich geologic, and geomorphic heritage's (such as gorges, salt domes, waterfalls, etc.), and historical and cultural attractions (such as Persepolis, Pasargad, etc.). We have attempted in this paper to introduce natural and cultural attractions concentrating on comprehensive views, and applying Various maps including geologic maps, satellite pictures, and other provincial maps, and finally doing field works. We have introduced later on some places that have sufficient standards for geotourism planning in this province. Results of study indicate that locating of some geomorphic features like gorges, anticlines, salt domes, and springs alongside historical and cultural attractions and their close relationship and short distances from each other have changed these places into suitable areas for tourism. It is notable that there is a necessity for geotourism planning in specified places, but it is not sufficient. Paying attention to sustainable geotourism which stems from sustainable development would complete the study and planning for tourism. Out of many strategies for sustainable development there is public participation of local people in tourism planning whereby the quality of local living would promote. Also the benefits of these people might be maximized, and their local and national identity would be enhanced.Some other approaches and strategies include the construction of infrastructures, and their development (e.g., the construction of roads), the increment of tourism facilities and services, the stimulation of private investments, the conservation and maintenance of historical and cultural monuments, and the training of specialized tour guides.

Southern slopes of Binalood, because of suitable conditions of topography, lithologic and characteristics mountainous rainfall is a developed area. There is also the formation of alluvial fans, Excavating of qanat, irrigation and gardening on the surfaces of alluvial fan have developed cultivation continually.For the same reason, Bojan alluvial fan with an area of 1825m2, has unstable alluvial fan surface. Although the rate of stability and instability on alluvial fan surfaces depends on different variables, the intensive landuse in Bojan alluvial fan and its drainage basin during the two last decades has caused potential geomorphologic hazards (such as mudflows, floods, and rockfalls). Using geometry of Bojan alluvial fan we have tried in this paper to recognise the landfroms, various landuses and instability of its alluvial fan.

In this paper we have analyzed non-linearity and complexity character of the earth. The application of developed and complicated method of nonlinear artificial neural network has been proposed as one of the reliable and relatively precise methodologies by some researchers. The study is emphasizing the use of well-developed models in studying climatic systems and its components in addition to indicating the nonlinear artificial neural model preferences compared to classic models. We have concluded that the existing relations between climatic elements and factors are more complicated than those being illustrated and included in models. Accordingly, it appears that we should wholly revise the application of classic models in the study of climate, because when highly developed models such as neural networks cannot ideally predict the behavior and the spatio-temporal trend of a climatic system, then there is only limited scope for the use of simple classic models that lack the ability of discovery of complicated relations of climatic systems.

Today, the basic reason and foundation of crime and dispute in a country is cultural differences. It is necessary therefore, to engage the relation between culture and nationality. Nationality is an ambiguous expiation of identity of a group bigger than family, tribe and clan. Nationality is born with nation-state system which appeared in late Middle Age. However, identity roots from spatial situation and according to its principle forms small clannish region up to the great positions like empires. The basic question of this research paper is: "What kind of relationship exists between the cultural differences and nations" differences in the world? And, what is the aftermath of majority and minority in the world?Passing of time shows that nationalism as a phenomenon reinforces and begins to strengthen in the world. Therefore, the states with minority and majority cultures can control most probable internal quarrels by taking into consideration the minority's rights.The purpose of this paper is to consider the relationship between nationality and culture, and deliberating a general picture of the minority and majority's condition in the world.The significance of this matter arises from the recent knowledge of the minority of the world which causes not only the new challenges of the states but also it changes the political maps of some states.

The main aim of this article is the synoptic study of thunderstorm ram falls in southern Aras basin. For this purpose, we extracted thunder and shower rainfalls of six stations of Maku, Khoy, Ardebil, Parsabad, Ahar and Jolfa for the time period of 1986-2003. Using synoptic maps, we analyzed those shower rainfalls resulting from cold front entrance in stations under study. Results indicated that the most important causes of shower rainfalls in this region are two factors, namely, local instability caused by local factors during warm seasons and the entrance of cold fronts to the area during cold seasons. Among the stations studied, Maku receives more precipitation thanks to its higher elevation, and also locating on the path of western atmospheric system.

We have used different evapotranspiration models to analyze the environmental capacity. We selected three synoptic stations, thereby; a 20 year data related to Ardebil, Ahar and Parsabad in Ghara-soo basin was used. Five experimental methods were applied to evaluate the amounts of PE including temperature (Blaney-criddle and Hargreaves-Samani), radiation (Jensen-Haise), multiple correlations (Christiansen-Hargreaves) and synthetic (Penman-Manteith).Findings were compared with the observed evaporation pan data. To compare the evaporation pan data with the data achieved from models, the correlation coefficient (r) and the root of the mean square difference (RMSD) were considered as the basis of comparisons. Results indicated that in all of the studied areas, the Blanuey-Kriddle method with the average correlation coefficient of 0.98 (p.value = 0.01) and the root of the mean square difference of 20.26 were in line with the evaporation data while Hargreaves-Samani method with the coefficient correlation of 0.92 (p.value = 0.01) and the root of the mean square difference of 53.34 had the least correlation with the evaporation pan data.

In recent years, environmental problems of industries in cities are one of the important subjects in different areas of Iran because of potential ground pollution threatening water2. Using geology data, topography maps, aerial photos, deposit maps and piezometry information, underground water map was designed and the position of industries relative to ground water was intergraded in GIS software.Results showed that industries in Zanjan Province are released ground water that produces over 4088 million tones of waste water. Considering soil infiltration and rapid, movement of a great volume of wastewater that enter the environment they contribute to ground water pollution.