فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 27 (پاییز 1388)

Calculating the solar radiation (global, direct or diffuse) has many applications. The global solar radiation has already been measured in Iran, but the diffuse or direct solar radiation yet has to be measured. In this study, the global solar radiation was measured by IRIMO and direct solar radiation was predicted and the Maxwell method used to calculate the diffuse solar radiation. Results were then compared with many methods for predicating the diffuse solar radiation and the best method extracted was calculated. Finding showed that the Boland method was the best in Iranian cities to predict the solar radiation diffuse.

Rapidly growing population together with city expansion have contributed to an increase in population density, environmental pollution, unprecedented development in the layout of cities and unbalanced development. Moreover, the enhancement of public awareness has led to an increase in people's wants and requirements in social and urban services. Among the needs pertinent to the population of cities the solution to the crisis of housing is of special importance. The response to this basic need establishes the basis for balanced development. Low making, planning, creating new towns in different periods of time in various forms are among the solutions to this problem. This study investigates the role and structure of Khane-Esfahan town and Malekshahr town- compact new towns to Esfahan city- and their role in organization, and guide in layout expansion of Esfahan city.Using a descriptive, sample-based and survey methodology, the researchers investigated and analyzed the data using the relevant document and pilot study. The results of this research can be considered in achieving the preliminary objectives in compact new town of Khane-Esfahan and Malekshahr. The success of this project is in planning, designing, public interest, reaching the desired population as well as destruction of northern-suburban furtive land of Esfahan city. Furthermore, this research studies the existence of pollutant industries and the intense effect of which on these two new towns. In addition, the comparative investigation of the design of the compact new towns to cities satellite towns in terms of size, distance from the metropolitan, expenditure, absorption of population and achieving to the predetermined objectives are among the results of this study.

Landslides and other kinds of mass movements are one of the important environmental hazards that threaten human habitats and other building factors in mountain fields. Mechanism of landslide happening takes influence of anthropogenic factors in addition to external and internal activities of earth. This factor has important role in instigation of north Binaloud Mountain along with environmental variables such as geology formation, topography and slope. The feature changes the shape of Binaloud Mountains. We have tried in this article to produce and measure landslide and other slope instability hazard zoning in Kang watershed as one of the complex mountain basins using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and probability models. Results of this research have been summarized as landslide susceptible zone map applicable for regional and local planners. Finally, results indicate that AHP method has more adaptation with field examination and landslide reviews with GPS, compared with probability method. The variables of geology formation, landuse, topography, slope and drainage density, have weights among of effective variables on landslides. Generally 21.9% of watershed has located in very high dangerous landslide zone and 31.3% in dangerous landslide zone. This subject threatens tourism in west of Mashhad and is dangerous for human habitats in this area.

Tectonic factors, affect all segments of drainage systems. Drainage basins in longitudinal profiles, response to all changes of tectonic activity. All these responses are reflected in longitudinal profiles and erosion and depositional processes and also the flow pattern of rivers. Garangoo basin has undergone many types of tectonic activity in its history. These activities continue at present time. Traces of such activities can be found throughout the basin, especially on rivers beds. In this article relics of tectonic activity on longitudinal profiles have been investigated by the use of SL index with an emphasis on lithological and geological units. Results show that SL value is high, unlike lithological and geological units. These results also indicated that tectonic activity affected longitudinal profiles and changes in depositional and erosional processes.

Particular position of Iran and Kermanshah Province as well as the relationship of temperature with other climatic parameters and temperature increase at two recent decades have different reflections. As most recent studies show, the worldwide increase of temperature trend cause meny problems. Therefore, planning for future trends is required. Present study has used annual temperature in Kermanshah station (1955-2005) for time series modeling (ARIMA method) and also probability distribution to investigate climate change in Kermanshah. Polynomial pattern of annual temperature. Was then tested Normal distribution was proved as the model expected. By using time series, the 10 year temperature of Kermanshah was estimated. It is expected according to the models findings that during the last 10 year period the temperature of this city has increased. The amount of this increase was estimated at 0.03 Tºc.

Using descriptive–analytical method, this paper reviews the urban hierarchy and changes in the urban network of the West Azerbaijan Province. The paper attempts to review the pattern of urban settlement distribution, city orders and patterns of distribution of population among the cities. To do this, by employing models such as "analysis of nearest neighborhood", "rank-size rule" and "the entropy index", data from 1335 up to 1385 censuses have been analyzed. According to the findings of the research distribution pattern of urban settlements of the Province has been accidental, tending to normal. Due to the existence of primate city of Urmia, the urban hierarchy of the Province has not followed the size-rank rule and unevenness is evident. Furthermore, uneven distribution of population and move towards more uneven population settlement in urban areas has been occurred in recent years. In order to reach an optimum urban and spatial hierarchy, taking into account justice in distribution of facilities and services, and creating equal opportunities for all cities of the Province is a necessity.

The pressure distribution on the Earth's surface and geopotential height in various atmospheric layers influence many climatic and meteorological phenomena. Wind is one of the important climatic features affecting significantly other climatic features. It is also an important factor in people's life and provides opportunities and limits for them. In this research first, the mean daily wind speed in Zabol station was studied and the annual wind regime was determined. The distribution patterns of mean daily sea level pressure and map patterns in 850, 700, 500, 300 and 250 HPA layers in Asia and Europe were then illustrated. The relationship between Zabol wind regime and the sea level pressure pattern distributions as well as map patterns in different atmospheric layers was studied. A correlation was found between Zabol wind regime and sea level pressure distribution and map patterns in 850, 700, 500 HPA layers.

Cities are playing important role in population distribution and economic development. Policies which change urban system can create new pattern for economic development of space. According to the important role of city development, the main cause of attention to primacy city subject is placing the cities as instrument in hand of statements. In this paper the primary city in Iran, with urban hierarchical pattern is considered and investigated and finally compared with the year 1385. The method used in this research was descriptive analytic. The main goals were: 1) studying primary city measures in 1385, 2) Comparing primary city in 1385 urban hierarchical pattern in a half century from 1335 to 1385, 3) Determining effective factors on primacy city phenomena in Iran.Findings indicate that the primacy city in Iran, is a result of industry and capital agglomeration, due to political agglomeration and geographical characteristic (territory).