مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قم
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، تابستان 1391)

Although schizophrenia disorder is not a cognitive dysfunction، it often results in cognitive deficit. Self-care is a life skill which weakens in neuro-cognitive disorders. Since relationship between cognitive deficits and self-care in schizophrenic patients is not yet known، the survey was done to clarify the relationship between cognitive deficits and self-care instrumental activities daily living in schizophrenic patients. The present study is of descriptive type، wherein 58 schizophrenic patients of psychiatric ward at Nekoo''ee hospital، Qom، were selected by population sampling. Data collection tools were PASS (for measuring the instrumental skills in daily living activities)، and LOTCA-II (for measuring cognitive status). The analysis of the data was done by means of Spearman and Pearson correlation test، showing the significant level of p>0. 05. The results showed that between the seven cognitive domains (Orientation، Visual Perception، Spatial perception، Motor praxis، Visuomotor organization، Thinking operations، Attention and Concentration) and the aspects of self-care (independence، safety، quality and process of the task) there exists a significant relationship in schizophrenic patients، p=0. 000 The present study displays a significant relationship between cognitive deficits and self-care instrumental activities in schizophrenic patients. Thus، by fortifying and improving the cognitive skills، we can effectively increase proper function in treatment planning of schizophrenic patients.

One of the industries dependent on oil compounds that play an important role in economy، preserve resources and oil reserves، as well as environmental protection is the secondary refinery Oil industries. The efficiency of Coagulation، flocculation and advanced oxidation process in the Effluent treatment industry was studied. This study is a descriptive- quasi-experimental that effluent pollution quality measured with COD. Physicochemical processes of coagulation، flocculation، by using conventional coagulants and oxidation with ozone for the removal to access environmental discharge effluent standards were studied. Coagulants such as aluminum sulfate، ferric chloride، sodium silicate، poly aluminum chloride were evaluated. Jartest was used to determine the efficiency of coagulation and flocculation. Samples were collected from Salafchegan industrial district in Qom. Examination methods were extracted from Standard methods for water and wastewater examination. Initial experiments showed that BOD، indicating biological treatment wastewater، in comparison with COD، indicating chemical oxygen demand of wastewater is very low. Thus، the application of biological processes of effluent treatment without using chemical processes، not performance and not economic. The experiment showed that the amount of COD in raw effluent was varied from 38000 to 78000mg/l. Using advanced oxidation with O3 in pH=11. 5 can reach 77. 5% and in pH=9 in 57. 2 and in pH=3. 25 in 21. 3 COD removal efficiency respectively. According to the results، advanced oxidation process prior to biological effluent treatment of the second refinery oil industries is effective in eliminating pollutants and toxic substances.

Obesity due to inactivity and sedentary as an epidemic phenomenon is growing up. The purpose of this study is to determine correlation between obesity and thinness with blood CRP and fibrinogen in young girl students. In this study three groups of sixty girl students were selected: sixty girls overweight with BMI higher than 30، sixty girls with normal weight (18. 5 up to 24. 9) and sixty thin girls with BMI lower than 18. 5kg/m2. The applied method was available method. Blood samples were collected for CRP and fibrinogen assessments. The Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation، one way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Data analysis showed that there were positive and significant correlations between the amount of CRP and fibrinogen concentrations with obesity. Also، the higher amount of these values were seen in obese group (p<0. 05). Based on this study reducing weight in the form of body fat decreasing results in inflammation indices reduction which is related to low incidence of CHD in women and، also، it can reduce cardio-vascular disease danger among women.

About 50-90% of pregnant women at the first trimester of the pregnancy experience nausea and vomiting. Nausea and vomiting has deep impact on well being and daily living activities. The aim of this study has been to explore the quality of pregnant women life with nausea and vomiting. This cross-sectional descriptive analytical study has been conducted on 120 pregnant women that referred to medical & health centers in Gorgan (North of Iran) during 2008. The data sampling method was purposeful. For assessing quality of life، SF-36 questionnaire and for evaluation nausea and vomiting «Rhodes scale» were applied. The data analyzed with SPSS using T-test، Chi-square، and Spearman test. Quality life of 60 % of women with the average higher than 50، showed a high performance. 40% of women with the average lower than 50 had lower performance too. In terms of intensity، nausea and vomiting for 21. 7% of the women were severe، 59. 2% moderate، and 32. 5% mild. According to Spearman test، there was a significant relationship between quality of life and severity of nausea and vomiting (r=0. 04). The relationships among the quality of life، age of mother (p=0. 04)، education of mother (p=0. 04)، and academic education of husband (p=0. 01) were significant. The quality of life only in a small percentage of the women is desirable and also the relationship between quality of life with nausea and vomiting is significant. It is essential that health care workers consider the impact of nausea and vomiting on quality of the pregnant women life and provide appropriate interventions to support pregnant mothers.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral disease transmitted to ruminants or human by the bite of mature tick vectors. It can be transmitted through contact with the infectious blood or viraemic tissues during slaughter and hospital contacts. 80% of the cases are sub clinical and the rest of them are presenting with an acute febrile and occasionally hemorrhagic disease. The mortality rate of the fulminate form of the disease is equal to 20% to 50%. The hemorrhage is usually in the form of hematoma، melena، nose، conjunctiva، uterine or subcutaneous bleeding. CCHF complications are: encephalitis، optic neuropathy، hepatitis، renal failure and myocardial necrosis. Case Report: In this article، we’ve discussed a CCHF patient who presented with high fever، myalgia، headache، nausea، vomiting، abdominal pain، diffuse cutaneous and gingival hemorrhage during the course of the disease while the patient was hospitalized. Profound jaundice، petechia and global ecchymosis were considerable. Lab data showed at the beginning of hospitalization that the number of liver enzymes was increased up to 8-10 times. The number of placates were lower than 150000 ml. Moreover، during the first three days there was a decrease in the number of white blood cells and PTT was abnormal. (AST) was higher than 100 units per litre. The results of serologic examination of IgM- ELISA virus for CCHF on day 5 and IgG-ELISA on day 10–which were carried out in pasture Institute-were reported to be positive. According to the patient’s history and clinical symptoms، he was also suspicious for Brucellosis and the lab data demonstrated that he is also infected with Brucella. (Wright=1. 320، 2ME=1. 160 (The patient was a 22 year old man، sheep farmer، residing in the GhalehKamkar area of Qom City.

Chromium is one of the major sources of environmental pollution and a potent occupational carcinogen. The hexavalent chromium compounds are more toxic than those of trivalent. Recent studies have suggested that reduction of Cr (VI) to its lower oxidation states and related free radical reactions play an important role in carcinogenic، genotoxic and immunotoxic effects in human and animals. This paper reports occurrence of chromium tolerant and antibiotic resistant organism of four industrial wastewaters including electroplating، textile، galvanization، and dye manufacturing in Qom. In this study 241 isolates including 23 gram positive coccus، 3 gram negative bacilli and 215 gram positive bacilli were obtained by using of LB Agar plus determined concentration of potassium chromate. A gram positive coccus، chromate reducing bacteria strain isolated from effluent of chromo plaiting could tolerate up to 760mM concentration in 34°c and pH=7 within 24h and showed resistance to some antibiotics. Biochemical، physiological، morphological and 16SrRNA tests showed this bacteria belongs to staphylococcus arlettae strain R1-7A. the result indicates that the indigenous microbial isolates can be useful for hexavalent chromium detoxification of chromium contamination environment and reduction of its pathogenicity and carcinogenicity، on the other hand the control of these bacteria is important from the medical view.

Most conducted research about psychopathy has been done among Western countries'' prisoners and it has remained unclear whether these findings are applicable in other contexts. The aim of this is to survey personality traits and demographic characteristics of prisoners with psychopathic personality disorder in comparison with ordinary prisoners in sample of Tehran prisoners. This study was done based on descriptive method. 202 prisoners were selected among Ray City prisoners in Tehran and the applied method was sample available. All prisoners completed Hare (PCL-SV) psychopathic personality disorder checklist and five personality traits Questionnaire، McCare and Costa (Neo-FFI). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation، Regression، and T student for independent groups. The prevalence of psychopathy disorder among prisoners of this group was reported 10. 89. Statistical analysis by Pearson correlation test، regression analysis and T student independent groups، represent a significant positive relationship between Psychopaty and extraversion (p=1%) and a significant negative relationship between openness and Psychopaty (p=5%)، agreeableness and conscientiousness (p=1%)، respectively. No relationship was found between psychopathy، and neurosis. Furthermore، results indicated that، in comparison with non-psychopathic prisoners، psychopathic prisoners were more neurosis and extraversion، however، they showed low level of openness، agreeableness and conscientiousness. According to the findings، psychopathic disorder and five personality traits are related. Therefore، futher studies in the field of examined variables can provide more information.

Musculoskeletal disorders are common among children. Burden imposed on neck، shoulder and back areas by carrying schoolbags may result in musculoskeletal disorders in students. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of musculoskeletal symptoms and factors associated with these symptoms in students of Tehran. Three hundred and forty students participated in this Cross-sectional study. Students were selected from five primary and middle schools in five different regions of Tehran. Musculoskeletal disorder examination was based on Nordic Questionnarie and Body Map was used to determine the location of musculoskeletal pain and discomfort. Cluster sampling was applied to select the required statistical sample. Data using independent T-test، were analysed with significant level of p<0. 05. Most common musculoskeletal discomforts were observed in shoulders 37. 9%، neck 28. 5% and lumbar 17. 4% areas. The differences between the avarage weight of schoolbag in those cases who had muculoeskeletal discomforts with those without such disorders، were significant (p<0. 05). According to the results، there is a close relationship between the weight of schoolbag and musculoskeletal disorders in neck and/or shoulder and back in students. So، although it is believed that these disorders have different origin، carrying heavy schoolbags is very suspicious case in expressing these symptoms.

Probiotic bacteria are microbial nutrition supplements which have useful effects on human health by maintaining of bowel microbial balance. There are many studies that have been suggested the use of probiotic products as cancer risk reducer. The aim of this study، is isolation and detection of probiotic agents from yoghurt and probiotical tablet and evaluation of their abilities to decrease some effects of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents. In this study، probiotic bacteria were isolated from yogurt and probiotic tablet by using MRS in anaerobic condition (5% Co2 and gas peck) and temperature of 37°c. Then، they were detected by using biochemical tests. Their anti mutagenic effects of supernatant culture were evaluated against mutagenic agents of azid Sodium and Potassium Permanganate by ames test (Salmonella typhimurium TA100) in presence and absence of S9. Six probiotic bacteria were isolated from yogurt and probiotic tablet. Their anti mutagenic activity results based on ames test showed they can inhibit mutagenic agents more than 40% in some species، which is considered as a good result. The results of this study show that the use of probiotic bacteria found in different products such as yogurt and probiotic tablets، have proper anti mutagenic and anti carcinogenic effects. They change the micro flora of bowel and، as a result، reduce absorption of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents and help to maintain human health.

Complications in diabetes mellitus are associated with free radicals and oxidative stress. The human body copes with these complications through antioxidant defense mechanisms. This study aimes at assessing the effect of aqueous extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruit on catalase (CAT) enzyme activity and the histopathological changes of liver in diabetic rats. In this study، 30 adult male Wistar rats، with average weight 180-230g were divided randomly into 5 groups of 6 rats. Physiological serum was injected to control rat group with the same volume of injection material. The second group of rats، became intraperitonally diabetic by injecting 120mg/kgbw dose of Alloxan monohydrate. The third، fourth and fifth groups of rats in addition to the same treatment of the second group، were fed aqueous extract of Rhus coriaria respectively، 50، 100 and 250mg/kgbw doses for 4 weeks. At the end of treatment، the role of extract on CAT enzyme activity was assessed. The serial sections of liver were prepared and stained with H & E for microscopic investigations. Data were analyzed using the test one way ANOVA and Tukey test. Significant level (p<0. 05) was considered. CAT enzyme activity decreased in diabetic group significantly (p<0. 05). Moreover، CAT enzyme activity in group treated with extract (250mg/kgbw) was significantly different as compared to diabetic group (p<0. 05). Also those treated with extract، (250mg/kgbw) indicated a significant improve in side-effects of diabetes mellitus on liver tissue in diabetic rats. These results show that Sumac can be effective in decreasing diabetic complications and it can be used as an antioxidant and food supplement in diabetic patients.

Medical students are a particular class of students that Because of their specific problems، investigation of their general health has always been considered. This study is concerned with investigation of relationship between general health and emotional intelligence and creativity in medical college students at Islamic Azad University، Sari branch. 150 medical college students at Islamic Azad University، Sari branch (45 males and 105 females)، were randomly selected and Goldberg general health، Shring emotional intelligence and Abedi creativity questionnaire were completed. For data analysis، Pearson correlation and independent t-test were used. Results showed that: there is positive relationship between general health and emotional intelligence (r=0. 53 and p<0. 05)، there is a positive relationship between general health and creativity (r=0. 60 and p<0. 01)، and female college students are healthier than males (p<0. 05). results of this research indicated that there is a positive relationship between general health and emotional intelligence and creativity، and since these variables are effective in professional prospect of Medical students، employing cognitive and behavioral methods in promotion of general health in these students seem necessary.

Regarding little information about sexual behavior of vulnerable women to AIDS، mentioned in the second report of Ministry of Health and Medical Education (2006)، this study has been conducted to determine the function of vulnerable and at-risk women to AIDS in Tehran in 2009. This descriptive study was done on 128 vulnerable and at-risk women who participated in this study in Tehran in 2009. The samples were a combination of available visitor passed to Drop-in Centers، behavioral or triangular clinic and those who were introduced by participant women through Respondent Driven Sampling. Data were collected by trained interviewers. Quantitative and qualitative descriptive statistics was reported as numbers، percentages، and، also، Mean and Standard deviation respectively. Analytical findings and determination of differentiations and correlation were evaluated based on Chi-squared test. In this study only 22 (17. 2%) of participants mentioned that they have always used condom. Partner unwillingness was the most common reason (64%) for not using condom. Twenty-four percent of participants have received free condom from triangular، Drop-in and health centers in the last year. Only 32 (25%) had done HIV test. The study showed the function of at-risk women in prevention of HIV/AIDS is not satisfactory. If the situation continues in this way، vulnerable women and society will be at more risk.

Nanoparticles are very small pieces of material that have different applications in medical fields. Nanosilver technology is a functional branch in nanotechnology. Different studies have proved antimicrobial effects and useful functions of nanosilver in biotechnology field and its specific inhibitory effects on microbes. As no exact report about antibacterial effects of these nanoparticles has been made، this study was conducted to investigate silver inhibitory effects on E. coli. Nanosilver particles at concentration of 100، 200، 300، 400 and 500ppm were inseminated on blank anti biogram discs and were placed on cultivated nutrient agar environment by 0. 5 Mac Farland`s standard. Then، inhibition zone diameter was measured in the first، second، and sixth day. T-test was used to compare the average inhibition zone in control and treatment groups and the value p<0. 05 was considered as statistically significant. In the first day after the treatment of nanosilver particles at a concentration of 400ppm، the average inhibition zone diameter was 2. 30±0. 43mm in E. coli that has been increased significantly in comparison with control culture (p=0. 01). In the second day after treatment at a concentration of 400ppm، the average disc diameter was 2. 48±0. 39mm which shows that these values have been increased significantly in comparison with control groups (p=0. 01)، but they were not significantly different from the first day. Since Nonotechnology has various applications in different fields، expanding these results could be helpful in biomedical therapeutic of bacteria diseases. In conclusion، our results may provide this important insight that nanoparticles could replace many antibiotics without many side effects.

The viewpoints of students as basic elements of education، can improve the process of education. Thus this study was designed to detect the Strengths and weaknesses of clinical education from the viewpoints of nursing and midwifery students. In this cross–sectional study، 150 senior nursing and midwifery students in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences were asked about the strengths and weaknesses of clinical education using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of three sections including demographic characteristics، and the strengths and weaknesses of clinical education which was prepared based on five areas of the aims and educational programs، contact to students، educational environment، supervision and evaluation. Data analysis was done using t-test and Pearson''s correlation coefficients and the value of p<0. 05 was considered as significant. The most important strengths points of clinical education included: considering the prerequisite of clinical education (79. 7%)، clarifying the students tasks (72. 5%)، on-time presence of trainers (88. 7%) and trainees (84. 2%)، providing opportunities of patient care for students (68. 5%)، good relationship between educational supervisor and the students (56. 5%)، students'' library use in hospital (62. 5%) and taking practical exams at the end of each clinical education (58. 5%). failing to ask students'' views in planning the training program (84. 9%)، lack of congruence between the educational aims and personnel expectations (74. 6%)، stressful conditions for students (76. 8%)، lack of student support by personnel (85. 5%)، failing to use teaching aids (91. 2%) and lack of supervising in clinical education (69%)، were among the most important weaknesses of clinical education. with respect to educational aims and programs and educators، majority of students stated the strengths points more than the weaknesses، while in cases of communication with students، clinical environment، supervision and evaluation، the conditions were not much desirable and the weak points were more than the strong points.