فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 64 (زمستان 1394)

In spite of the annihilation of the measurable part of compilations of Imamiyeh scholars in regard with historiography, the written works of scholars is considered as the most important sources of research in regard with the Shiite history as well as the conduct of infallible Imams peace be upon them. This issue leads to the raising of this question concerning the effect of approach and narrative method of historiography on the historical propositions as well as the features of Imamiyeh narrative historiography. Following the presentation of a report on the development of these books, the present research has investigated the motivation of traditionists to write them and compared their approaches with those of historiographers to answer this question. Finally, it has been done the documentary and content investigation of some propositions of Imamiyeh narrative historiography up to the half of 5th century.

Among the criticisms and suspicions made by the orientalists regarding the Shiite Imams, the most issues are directed towards Imam Hassan Mojtaba PBUH. The occurrence of stressful events in the short period of Imam Hassan’s caliph led to the peace with Muawiyah as well as the incidents happened following the peace provided the ground for the raising of numerous questions among the orientalists. The orientalists’ answers to these questions are divided into two general branches: one group has criticized Imam and the other has investigated the social circumstances of that time as well as Imam’s political conduct through a realistic view and considered his political position as a logical one. Following the report on the negative and positive view of orientalists, this article has criticized them referring to the historical and tradition sources.

The period of Umayyad dynasty is considered as the most significant historical spans in the world of Islam being studied by a number of history surveyors. The investigation on the emergence and collapse of this dynasty has been the main property of this research, but the cause of this issue has not been that much regarded. While in the latest decades it has been prevalent the interdisciplinary approaches as well as the study on the cause of collapse of dynasties through the historical sociological view within the historiography.This writing has investigated the researches done in regard with Umayyads in the three domains of western, Arabic and Iranian historiography in the latest centuries considering the order of researches and the school to which the researches belong. It has endeavored to manifest the drawbacks of each of them. Finally, it has reminded some points related to the necessities of Umayyad survey in the future.

Bokhara being considered as the most important city in Transoxania in the Islamic period has been the witness of an extended religious struggle among Shiites and Sunnites in the latest years of the second decade of 14th century After Hijrah. This struggle initiatedwith the purpose of calling Shiite mourning ceremony as an innovation- in 1328 After Hijrah- leading by “Astaneh Qowl Qosh Beigi” as the representative of Shiite minority group and “Borhanoddin” as the representative of Sunnite majority group as well as the censor of the city and it had its root in the previous political, social and tribal grounds, the most important of them are as follow: The prevalence of religious prejudice by some rulers, the weakness of Muslims in Transoxania as well as the misuse of non-Muslim to have access the Muslim lands, the religious extremism by Shiites and Sunnites in Transoxania, tribal disputes and political competitions in Bokhara. This dispute was settled and the Shiites and Sunnites of Bokhara went back totheir peaceful life. In addition to the historical study of quiddity and cause of this recent struggle in Bokhara previous to the extension of nationalism as well as the domination of Russians, this writing has concluded that Muslims should preserve the favorites of Islamic nation through the prudence, enhancement of religious awareness and strength of union.

The flourishing of Islamic culture and civilization, weakness of caliphate central power and consequently the divergence of the world of Islam provided the ground for the emergence and extension of sects with eclectic beliefs within the domain of Abbasid Caliph. The beliefs of some of these sects were obviously against Islam religion. One of these sects could be Shalmaqaniyeh also known as Azaqariyeh in some sources. This sect founded by Mohammad ibn e- Ja’far Shalmaqani in the lesser occultation was rejected by Twelve- Imam Shiites, since they believed in incarnation and reincarnation. The present writing is to investigate the social position of founder of this sect and to analyze the circumstances present in his life time and to illustrate the quiddity of the effect of newly emerged thoughts in the center of caliph on the intellectual principles and structure of thought of this sect by in a historical view.

The destructive assaults of Changiz led to the annihilation of a number of cities and villages in Transoxania being of a singular prosperity in the preceding time. In the divisions of Changiz household, this region was devoted to Joqtay household who ruled on it from 624 After Hijrah /1227 A.C towards 763 After Hijrah/1362 A.C. Joqtay household were considered the symbol and representative of nomad Mongolian and loyal to their ancestors’ traditions while their life got its meaning under the shadow of Yasa. During changiz government -624/1227 to 640/1242- Joqtay was in charge of the exact administration of Yasa and changiz khan orders. He got known as the definite opponent of Muslims due to taking anti-Islamic policy and imposing Mongolian Yasa to people under its government realm. After him, the Olos Joqtay’s Mongolian queens tended towards Islam by putting their ancestors’ religion away. This led to challenging some shamanic traditions and the extended prevention of Muslim groups particularly Sufis. The present writing has studied the trend of Olos Joqtay accepting Islam in Transoxania and evaluated its effects on the community of central Asia.

Almarinids emerged as the continuers of Almoravids and Movahedin’s policy against the Christian return movement in the 7th century within the political ground of far west. After the strengthening of their government, they entered into Andalusia with the purpose of Islamic jihad. In spite of having struggle with the Christians of Andalusia, Almarinids joined some Christian governments including Aragon and cooperated with them. Considering the political statuses of Andalusia, the military contracts of Almarinids with Aragon along with the investigation of the causes and grounds of their cooperation, this writing has concluded that the disagreement of those two governments with Castile kingdom as well as Bani Ahmar government was leading to the common objectives and favors for the two parties, so that achieving those aims was in need of cooperation and military contracts.