فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 95 (پاییز 1402)

Sleep is a state of comfort and relaxation that occurs as a result of the cessation of external senses in humans and animals. A dream is what is seen in during sleeping; Some dreams are honest. This research has analyzed the themes of the honest dreams of the Prophet Mohammad and their influence on his decisions with a descriptive- analytical method. This study indicates that dreams have been very important in the culture of Arabs before and after the advent of Islam, like other neighboring nations. Emphasizing that revelation and ascension were not realized in the state of sleep and true dreams, but both occurred in wakefulness, the article shows that the theme of the prophet's dreams was generally about the fate of people or wars and events and in some way predicting future events. Sometimes, that holiness used an honest dream to validate his words, but often, he did not consider the dreams as a criterion of authenticity for his companions and did not force them to do something based on the dreams.

Rationalism and textualism are among the most challenging topics in the history of Islamic thought and have shown their first signs and fruits in the thinking and practice of the Companions of Al-Aathar and Mu'tazila. In this article, after presenting the most important types of Sadeghain's encountering with these two groups, matching the types is on the agenda in order to open the way to analyze the commonalities and differences of the encountering. The hypothesis of the research was that the common approach of Sadeghain in relation to the leaders of the companions of the work was based on referring to the prophetic tradition for religious understanding; Along with a measured confrontation with the Mu'tazila due to the necessity of reforming the way of using reason and intellect in religious understanding. The findings of the research show the many types of convergence with the companions of Aathar against the many types of divergence with the Mu'tazila. Of course, apart from hadith and rational approaches, other variables have been effective in the type of encountering with these two sects.

One of the important areas of emerging jurisprudential debates is the investigation of the role of history in jurisprudence with an emphasis on questions about the how of discovering the tradition and the origin of issuing jurisprudential decree. In this research, the role of history knowledge in the field of the two mentioned questions has been investigated using the citation-analytical method. The most important results of this research are that the three matters of proving the connection of conduct to the age of presence (as one of the certain ways to reach the authentic tradition), the development of the certain phenomenon of frequency in the news and finally the study of consensus (which is a special task in the direction of achieving certainty according to Imams ), it requires reliable information and methodical historical studies and researches focusing on the history of jurisprudence and jurists. On the other hand, knowing the examples of the subjects of rulings, especially the inferred subjects, and knowing the philosophy of issuing some fateful fatwas, such as the tobacco ban, are among the other areas of history's role-playing in jurisprudence study.

Identifying Ashura traditions among ordinary people and the role of these traditions in the formation of Ashura culture in different historical periods is of significance. Accordingly, the following article has been compiled to answer this question on what the popular Ashura traditions are from the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate by the Mongols (656 A. H) until the rise of the Safavids (907 A. H) in Iran. And what role it has played in the development of Ashura culture in accordance with the political and social developments of Shiites during this period. Relying on the conceptual framework of rituals in the analysis of historical statements related to this issue, the article has identified the following four traditions among the masses of people including the prevalence of reciting the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt, similarity and identification between people and everyday events with the event of Ashura, changing the style of covering of groups of people under the influence of the Ashura event, and pilgrimaging the shrines of the imams. These four traditions played a role in the development of Ashura culture in the geographical, civilizational and cultural limits of Iran in accordance with the developments of Shiism in this era, i.e. the expansion of social political activity of Shiites after the invasion of the Mongols, the desire and tendency of some rulers towards Shiism, and the closeness of Sufism and Shiism.

This article compares the political and military approaches of the Seljuks of Iran and the Fatimids of Egypt in the way of handing over the military fiefdoms and exploitation to the amirs of those two governments. Through the comparative method based on description and analysis, the article has reached the findings that the Seljuks and Fatimids - who were thinking of expanding their influence - in a similar behavior in the field of land tenure system based on fiefdoms, used lands to increase motivation and the pure obedience of the military commanders. But over time, this approach led to the authority of military commanders and the decline of these governments. Fatimids, unlike the Selajqahs, who only granted the vassalage to military amirs, also gave the bureaucrats the benefit of this type of vassalage.

Da'wat organization, as the biggest propaganda means of Fatimid caliphate (567-297 A. H), was responsible for the important task of spreading and propagating Ismaili teachings and providing the grounds for Fatimid domination as the only legitimate caliphate in Islamic lands. This organization made the Fatimids against the Abbasid caliphate and the Sunni world. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method, explains the features of the Fatimi Da'wat organization that were effective in improving the performance of this organization. The results of this study indicate that the Fatemi Da'wa organization with features such as organizational discipline, organizational supervision and control, organizational focus, division of work and coordination between the tasks of the organization's members, continuous and comprehensive activity, organizational concealment and following the chain of command was able to perform better in advancing the political and religious goals of the Fatimid Caliphate, especially outside its borders.

Documents, as one of the first-hand sources, play an important role in the historical researches. As a type of Shari'ah documents arising from Islamic jurisprudence, concubine documents have certain principles and frameworks from which a lot of information can be obtained in the field of culture, society, economy and customs of the past people. The main question of the current research is what were the themes and content of the concubine license in Qajar era (1210 -1343 A. H). The findings of the research clarify that concubine license in Qajar period were influenced by Sharia and customary laws in terms of content and the social status of people was effective in the way they were written.