فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی ورزش و جوانان
پیاپی 32 (تابستان 1395)

The research was to study the effect of participative management on strategic thinking among selected Iranian sports federations. Measuring instruments included Participative Management Questionnaire (Labaf and Ranjbar, 1381) and Strategical Thinking Standard Questionnaire (Liedtka, 1998) were Applied with validity through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Cronbach's Alpha Coefficients Participative Management Questionnaire (0.88) and Strategical Thinking Questionnaire was (0.96) determined. The statistical population of the research was including 900 directors and staff of sports federations in Islamic Republic of Iran. Sample of 269 were chosen randomly sampling on the basis of the Krejcie and Morgan. The research method is Causal Research that using Structal Equation Models (Structal Equation & path diagram) was analyzed by using LISREL statistical software. Results indicated that there was positive significant impact on some components of Participative Management (goal setting, decision making, problem solving and change).Also, there was positive significant impact on some components of Strategical Thinking (System Perspective, Intent Focus, Hypothesis Driven, Intelligent Opportunism and Thinking in Time). Totally, Participative Management was of positive significant impact on Strategical Thinking. Those sequential model fitting procedures indicated impacted participative management on strategical thinking among selected Iranian sports federations. Therefore, by setting goals and developing a cohesive participatory between managers and staffs of sports federations can be identified improving strategical thinking in sports federations on the future.

The role of media in the development of sport, especially public recreational sports is clear to everyone. A numerous researchers have studied these roles. The study is to use the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to prioritize and determine the importance of national media roles in the development of public recreational sports. For this purpose, specialized questionnaire scale couple were provided, confirmed its validity by 6 experts in sports media and were distributed among the 14 experts that included coaches in public recreational sports.
The results showed that the most important roles of the media were notification, create social participation, education, and ultimately of the culture respectively. In the notification area that was the most important component the role of the "presenting of interesting and useful information ", "promote family participation in public health programs" and "increasing the share of household expenditure exercise", were the most important roles. So, using the national media to raise awareness of people can be the best measure.

In this research, the role of sports in development of international relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been studied from 1997 to 2013. The method applied is “Analytic” and “Descriptive”. The Library references, interview and self-structured questionnaire have been implemented. In questionnaire, “Statistical population” has been included the “National Sports Directors, International Sports Authorities, National Athletes, Champions and international Sports Experts. In Interview, “Statistical population” included Sports Directors and International Sports Authorities. The Sampling which has been applied was “Targeted” and Non-randomly. The Construct and Content Validity have been approved by distinguished university experts; Cronbach's alpha has been applied for investigating the questionnaire reliability. The data gathered via questionnaire is also processed by SPSS software and the result has been applied in order to analyze descriptive and deductive responses. “Two-Sampled T2 Test “has been used. The primary study in current research is based on the field of visionary and theoretical issues in Sports, International Relations and Politics. Then the foreign policy of the country has been studied during these years and as a result the role of sports in international transactions of Iran has been examined in the divided periods of 1997-2005 and 2005-2013.
The findings indicated emphasis and further consideration on the role of sports in expansion of friendly relations and cooperation with other states and international organizations in the first period(1997-2005) because of the considerable role of cultural , soft power and discuss in foreign policy , and also consideration and use of sport as a tool for broadening international prestige of country with earning success in the international sport field and power play in the second period of this research(2005-2013).

The study was to examine Role of Sport in Crime Prevention.The design applied in this research was descriptive-correlation. The population was the whole Kashan city. Subjects were some 250 who were selected using random sampling. A reasercher made questionnaire was employed for data gathering. With commentary of experts, face and content validity of the questionnaire were performed using confirmatory. Reliability was mesured in the primary study by Cronbach’s alpha (0/92). Data analysis was carried out using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (K–S test), Mann-Whitny U, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman. The results indicate that relationship betwin Crime and Marital Status, Sexuality, Age, Graduate, Occupation, Duration and Hours of Exercise, Type of Sport, Club Activities are significant.
Respectively for each individual what paid more in sports less than a crime. Those who have sports employment group compared to those who pay individual sports, more inclined to committing a crime and the people who areengaged to club activities, less than committed in the crimes. Regarding the research findings, lt should be paid more athletic facilities to people of the society to fulfill the leisure time. On the other hand, using the propaganda to direct young people to sport activities will decrease their desire for committing a crime.

The purpose of the study was determination of strategic position and disigning strategic plan of Islamic Republic of Iran gymnastics federation. The statistical population of this study included 160 sport management faculty members, managers and experts of sport organizational who were familiar with gymnastic sport in Iran. 15 elite sport experts were chosen purposfully to qualitative samples. Based on Morgan table, 117 persons were randomly selected to quantitative sample. To achieve the study objectives, the list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Iran gymnastic federation were provided, and the final list was completed based on Delphi method. Based on the provided list, the researcher-made questionnaire including 96 items was distributed among the subjects. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 15 experts and its reliability was examined in a pilot study with 30 samples by Cronbachs alpha which it was calculated as 0.81. For data analysis, the descriptive statistics and inferential statistics methods, including confirmed factor analysis by application of AMOS software and SPSS software were used. Also, it was used the Delphi method at the qualitative section. The findings showed that there are 14 strategies in devevpoing Iran gemnastics federation. The strategic position of Iran gymnastic federation is located in defensive position.

In today's world, young people are exposed to lean and muscular body ideal and it increases body dissatisfaction and their impacts to the existing body. So, young people are trying to shape their bodies based on idealized vision of a harmonious society closer to their cultural expectations. The research is to review the effective factors on dissatisfaction of body image among body building athletes in Yazd. Conducting a cross-sectional survey, data were collected and analyzed from a sample of 116 body building athletes in city of Yazd. The samples were selected using multistage cluster sampling. The data collected from questionnaires standard used. The data used descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression. The results showed significant relationship between eating disorders, idealism, membership in the club variables and dissatisfaction of body image. Meanwhile, there was no significant relationship between performance and dissatisfaction of body image. Also, the regression equation explained 34/8 percent of variance dependent variable per independent variable.

With regard to increasing growth of social media and different aims and motivations which young users have to use them, the present study is to identify Iranian young users’ aims and motivations to use social media and different types of those young users. In fact, the present study is to investigate the typology of young users of social media using the mixed method research and employing the semi-structured interviewing technique and a researcher-made questionnaire conducted on 2100 Iranian young users in five cities of Isfahan, Tabriz, Tehran, Mashhad, and Sari. Findings of the present study indicated that the most important aims and motivations of young users in using social media are as follows: getting news and information; communicating with friends, relatives and classmates; making new friends and connecting with old friends; forming groups and participating in discussions and other facilities, expressing their emotions; seeing photos of their friends and their activities; making familiar with virtual and modern communication styles; tracking and following their favorite topics; listening music; sharing any video, photo, clips, entertainment and truancy; and running away from the problems of everyday life. Other findings of the study indicated that Iranian young users can be divided into eight groups of actives, passives, communication seekers, down loaders, news readers, discussers, pornographers and entertainment seekers.

The study is to review the social and political factors affecting young students’ National Solidarity (case study: political sciences faculty of Islamic Azad University- Central Tehran Branch) through exploration and analysis of the theoretical and experimental background and survey study sought. From this perspective, in addition to reviewing the conceptual space of the case and determining the structures of national solidarity, integrated approach was used based on the theory of social capital by Robert Putnam, social system by Talcott Parsons and social justice by John Rawls to theoretical and experimental (empirical) explanation of the research topic. Also, with respect to the assumptions obtained from these approaches and theories regarding the characteristics and features of the study population, it was tried to identify social and political factors affecting the National Solidarity of students. Using the survey and utilizing questionnaire technique on 310 students in political sciences of Islamic Azad University central Tehran branch that have been selected through stratified random ratio sampling and the table of Krejcie & Morgan (1970) and needed information and data for the study were collected. Index of Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the range of zero to one was used for calculating the credit of indicators formal (nominal) content validity, as well as for calculating validity (reliability). The findings indicated that variables such as intergroup social capital (social trust within the group, social participation within the group), functioning of politic institutions, media function, the function of the family, strengthen national-religious rituals, the student's understanding of social justice (understanding and communicative and procedural justice) showed a significant and important relation to the National Solidarity variable. Also, between students national solidarity in terms of age, gender, educational level, marital status significant differences were observed and married individuals compared to singles, MA and PHD students than BA students, women than men, and age group of older than 35 years old and from 26 to 30 years old have high National Solidarity.

One of the most important needs of today’s societies is people commitment to social rules in different positions they are. When a group of people ignore social rules and norms of the society, the situation is called law-evading. This study was to investigate the sociological factors affecting young people illegality in Borujen. Social factors include responsibility, religious and traditional values, ethics, gender, marital status, education, housing and use of mass media. Dependent variable is young people illegality which is considered as the main concern in the present study; the dependent variable is investigated in relation to every independent variable. The method applied in the present research is survey and questionnaire carried on 376 young people in Borujen. Data analysis is conducted using descriptive and analytical statistics, in a frequency distribution tables, and inferential statistics applying Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of the research showed that the variables of responsibility, religious and traditional values, social ethics, use of mass media, marital status, housing and education affect young people illegality in a positive way. But according to the findings of the study, it is shown that the gender variable has no effects on the young people illegality.

This was a descriptive study that examined the attitudes of youth about establishment of marriage agencies in five Iranian metropolises: Isfahan, Tabriz, Mashhad, Ahvaz and Shiraz in 1391. The Samples were 1837 young people whose common characteristics were living in these metropolises and being bachelor. They were selected from a society about eight millions people by Morgan and Krejcie’s multi-stage cluster sampling. They were also selected from centers and four geographic points of these cities. Then Participants completed a researcher made 55- item questionnaire .Its Content and formal validity has been confirmed by experts and its reliability was calculated 93% by Cronbach's alpha. The results indicated more than 50% of young people had positive attitude to establishment of these centers. Tabriz youth’s attitudes were more positive than other cities. Also, males had more positive attitudes to establish these centers. More than half of young people believed that the government is responsible to establish marriage agencies to facilitate their marriage. Most youth believed that marriage agencies can help them to find a suitable spouse and could be a good guide as well as could solve the problem of people who got old and did not married yet. However, there were positive attitudes to the establishment of these centers, practically less than half of them accepted to choose their partner by them. Most of them believed if the agencies were established, it was better to manage by government and were governed by psychologists .Generally- according the youth positive attitudes- it seems if they were managed completely by government can be very attractive for them.

Young period is the density of family-demographically events. One of these events which reached its peak at during young ages is divorce. About half of all registered divorces in Iran occures in young period, as well as one fourth of divorced population are youth, aged 15-29. Thus, using secondary analysis of micro-census data from 2011 Iranian census from nationally sample size, the present article aims to explore socio-demographic and economic situations of divorced youth, and as well as to examine socio-economic factors affecting divorce of youth. The findings indicated probably of ever divorced significantly are higher among females than males, higher in urban area than rural area, and higher among low education youth. Unemployment and job instability strongly have a positive effects on divorce, but only for young males. In contrast, female employment leads to increase probably of ever divorced. In addition, having a child significantly reduced the likelihood of divorce.

This study is to examine the social factors related to drug use among 18-27 year-old students using the survey. The sample population has been consisted of 299 male and female students of the Kharazmi University. The theories used in this research were included social bonding theory, opportunity differential, differential association, anomie and frustration feeling (love, and academic failure). The results indicate that there is a significant correlation between the independent variables the social and economic base, commitment, differential association, the feeling of anomie, academic failure, failure of love and drug use variable. Variable s of love failure, anomie and social status don’t have direct causal effect on drug use and influences through other variables on substance use. Association differential correlation with (0/446) and beta (0/379) had Maximum correlation and causal impact on drug use among students.