فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 26 (پاییز 1389)

Land use The evolution of urbanization in Iran has always had some ups and downs. How even، the changes in urbanization in the past 50 years have been so different. In the period، urbanization has monthly been influenced by government's policies and plans. The government of the Mashrouteh Revolution and the commencement of land amendmentpolicy depend totally an oil income. A major part of income expend through oil invested in big cities and influenced the economy of the cities. Government's polices / plans and measures in land and housing sector in addition to other kinds of attraction in big and small cities lead to sprawl and disorganized expansion in most of the cities of the country. Masal is one of the cities that was deeply influenced by government polices often the revolution and especially after 1370 its population and size substantially. The city is located on agricultural land. This is be come of government policies construction work. The present article has tried to show the government policy effects on different aspects physical Growth in Masal city through description and analysis on library research and document survey

Economic effects، Gorgan County The concept of seclusion as a function of distance element is a one of reason for rural inaccessibility from social and economic effects. TheRural Information and Communication Technology with specific nature make a fundamental change in this concept and create special effects in all of rural life districts. This article، with analytical and descriptive method، focus on this question that what is the impacts if ICT in social and economic rural life districts? And whether of elements effect amount of this impacts? In this course، we study the villagers (ICT Users and others) of seven rural that have Information and Communication Technology in Central Part of Gorgan County. We use variance analyze and T test with SPSS for question examination. The result of this research shows that ICT users have better condition in social and economic indicators. So، the relation between variable such as study، job، income، marriage and sex with ICT indicator and social and economic indicator is confirming

Good run، especially large cities and towns without the integrated management of urban can ¬ not be sustainable and integrated urban management system that generated the look is a strategic look. In this paper، using existing literature and experiences in public and private organizations and appropriate conditions and characteristics of cities and municipalities Iran (especially macro Tehran)، an integrated model of strategic planning program is presented. Model consists of seven main steps: 1 - review and editing of headlines mission and the city council، 2 - to identify and assess internal and externalenvironment and the city council، 3 - review and set ¬ line approach (within the selection) and the the city council's strategic 5 -eye view representation of the city council، 6 - review the difference between the desired structure and the current city council structure، 7 - review and strategy needed in ¬ and municipalities. taking advantage of the proposed model can be in addition to city and municipal، similar inorganization ¬ also be used. Proposed model with regard to restrictions and conditions governing city of Tehran has been developed

Housing Problem has been taken to serious form since 60 decade in Iran. The crisis peak of housing (especially in terms of price and cost) should know in recent years. This crisis has caused housing costs among urban households، the highest percentage compared to other costs in recent years. Considering the importance of this topic، this article trieswith analytical-descriptive method to be paid housing costs rather than income and cost of Qom city household - one of the largest and most important cities of Iran. Accordingly، Statistics of housing costs، income-cost Qom households for 1997-2006 has been extracted. In thisregard، Qom household based on income are divided to ten groups. Share of different costs between different groups show: Between 1997- 2006، housing costs among the various groups has been included about 33% of total household spending and it grew by 25% annually in this period. Also، housing costs to household income has had a very dramatic difference in different income groups، So that high incomegroups of about 30% of their income spent on housing costs، While lower income groups a very high percentage of their income (over 60%) to account for housing costs. Generally the results of this paper show share of housing costs is very high in the basket cost of Qom households (this percentage in Qom is almost two times more than developed countries). In addition، lower income groups than high income groups in Qom city have more problems in terms of housing costs and providing it. Overall the high share of housing costs in the basket costs of households in Iran are result in the inappropriate system of state planning and housing management. Finally this paper presents somestrategies to reduce housing costs، especially for lower income groups.

One of the main goals of green design is to achieve social impact and closing human and nature to one another. Green space، including the portion of land use which has any plants (trees، shrubs، the flowers and grass). In addition to the importance and role of green spaces in life، the issue of their distribution (geographical equity) is important too. Ilam city not only faces a shortage of green space but this amount has unequaldistribution in the city. The city with four regions and fourteen urban areas has per capita green space 1. 39 square meters. National per capita green space is 7-12 and the world standard is 25-50 square. In this paper to test the hypothesis that per capita green space in the city of Ilam has not got a balanced distribution، socio-environmental sustainabilityindicators were measured in the city of Ilam، and Standardized then Ttest is used to test differences among the means in regions and districts Reviewing socio-environmental sustainability indicators represents the difference between the regions and districts of Ilam city. T-test result for difference between the averages of all indicators shows the difference between the areas in level of α= 0. 025 are significant. Thus، with 95 percent confidence interval، the principle of inequality between regions can be approved. And can be said: Development of Ilam city in the socioenvironmentally goals are not Sustainable

The aims of this article is to analyze development levels in 2006 and study effective causes and factors on inequality in urban places of East Azerbaijan Province. The method of the study is descriptive-analytical. At first، thirty-nine development indices and degree of development as well as ranking of the regions were determined by using factor analysis and HDI methods. Urban places of East Azerbaijan Province were categorized in three levels of developed، developing and less developed by using of cluster analysis. By using of coefficient of variation gap and regional inequality was specified. Then، regression relation was proposed in order to predicate effective factors contributed in development and prioritize of regions for investment and coordination of regional inequalities. Finally، effective causes and reasons for progress or reduce inequality in urban places of EastAzerbaijan Province were explained briefly. Examining influence factors in inequality in temporal-locational area case study shows that influence approximately all factors in inequalities، but relative to the temporal-locational and the human nature show that influence one factor or some of the factors in inequalities. Therefore، in study and analysis inequality matters alike other humanity matters that complex nature should be to operate on systematically and all factors of study.

In most of political texts and writing there is difference between meaning of two words OMMAT (community) and MELLAT (nation). According to common view the main criterion in defining OMMAT word includes its religion and belief aspects and other elements and geographical properties such as territory، population، governance arenot taken account for this word and extra territory meaning of this words is used. Meanwhile the concept of nation word means localism view (spatialist approach) and this word is taken account as people groups regardless to common belief who reside in defined territory whit common governance، history and customs. In this paper despitecommon imagination it has been emphasized that OMMAT (community) word has tow sided meaning which includes localism particularies and extra localism properties hence in interpreting local view both words (community and nation) can be considered synonymand same.