فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 55 (زمستان 1396)

The concept of Child Friendly city is based on a sysem in which attention is paid too children s rights and polices and laws, programs and budget based on the needs of children cities reflect.Child-friendly design centers by the (UNICEF) human settlements program(HABITAT)was founded in 1996.The purpose of this plan, the implementtition of the(CRC) at a level where we had the greatest impact on children. The purpose of this research is aimed at the realization of child-friendly cities in shiraz accepted,The methodology of this paper is descriptive in parallel,data collection haar data using a questionnaire and the population of both city managers,specialists and experts in urban and parents living in shiraz.Based on pearson correlation, shiraz all components of defined showed none of the items participation of children, the legal framework prtner of the child, comprehensive strategy rights of the child yamkanysm coordinated, systematic evaluation and assessment of the impact of legislation on children budgets,report on the status of children in urban, independent of the rights of children and protect children 3 and older not mean this show partially in shiraz in terms of the principles of friendly child was not favorable, analysis was performed based on multivariate regression model, in the city shiraz, the indicators rights of children as the most important and effective variables prediction kntdh friendly city children coefficient of the highest rsnk 0.426.

The urbanization process and urban growth in different parts of the world result from the interconnected interactions between factors and various socioeconomic, political, technological, geographical, cultural, global and local issues. Accordingly, identifying the driving and shaping factors of the growth of cities is vital for urban planning and sustainable development, especially in developing countries, which is used as a means of predicting future trends, controlling and guiding the growth of the city, organizing the future development of the city and eventually efficiently and purposefully managing the city. The main objective of this study is to identify the driving and shaping factors of the biophysical and socio-economic growth of Tehran metropolis. In order to achieve this goal, five main stages are taken into consideration, including the production of land use maps, land cover to study the land use spatial-temporal changes, land cover in Tehran and its surrounding areas using satellite images, identifying driving factors of urban growth using logistic regression, using a factor ecology approach to investigate the human factors effective on Tehran landscape, calculating spatial metrics for quantization of the structure and characteristics of the landscape pattern in Tehran metropolis using Fragstatas software and investigating the relationship between urban growth pattern and social areas using multivariate regression. The results indicate that the distance from the roads and the commercial center of Tehran in the period 2000 to 2014 is the most significant biophysical factor shaping the growth pattern of Tehran metropolis, and among the obtained five socioeconomic components, the population density and employment components have the most effect on urban growth pattern in Tehran metropolis.

Today, the weakness of poverty Measuring and individual-based approaches to poverty survey in cities have been revealed to almost everyone. It can be said that the realization and analysis of poverty in urban areas requires adding spatial and temporal dimension of the problem When it comes to poverty, spatial or locational dimension should be considered. This paper It has been done with use of descriptive and analytical method and based on the statistical block data of Tehran metropolis in the three censuses of 1375-1385 and 1390 to Display the changes and evolution in poverty and its dynamics ,to present the spatial pattern of poverty mobility in this metropolis. The results of the study, which have been obtained using local moron statistics and spatial autocorrelation, show that poverty in Tehran metropolitan area has been moving towards clustering over the course of the study period and from a dispersed condition to a converging and clustered condition, That, the amount of Moran statistics is 0.31 for 1375, 0.41 for 1385 and 0.78 for 1390 It also confirms this matter.

In the study area, Shahr-e-Ray industrial zone, south of Tehran, petroleum activities have led to aquifer pollution, so that in some parts the thickness of a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) on the surface of the groundwater reaches to more than 20 meters. In this regard, estimation of thickness, density and viscosity of LNAPL, is of great importance to understand the quality of petroleum products of aquifer. Regarding the results of measurement, the range of LNAPL thickness in the aquifer vary between 2.73 to 14.305 m and the range of relative density (LNAPL to water) vary 0.78 to 0.83 and the range of viscosity vary 0.60 to 1.91 cst. According to the result in 10 wells the highest thickness of LNAPL is in the eastern and northeastern regions of the study area.

The process of urban development and the process of textual changes, especially in the historical and central regions of the cities, has undergone a variety of ideas in the last century, based on the conditions of place and time and developmental policies and with different ideas in the course of its changes, diversity And the multiplicity of worn-out tissues and various components that cause tissue inefficiency, On the one hand, and the potential of the tissue and how it is used, as well as the methods of decision making and intervention, in spite of having the goal of the single developmental development of the city .The present study was designed with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the ineffective texture stability in Khorramabad against natural hazards by descriptive-analytical method based on documentary-survey resources. In this paper, firstly, threatening hazards of inefficient tissue of Khorramabad city were introduced. Further, we analyzed the factors affecting tissue regeneration using the Daimalt technique. The most important threats to the tissue are flood and earthquake tissue. The five main social, economic, physical, environmental and physical factors were studied as factors influencing recreation, According to the results of this research in the field of inefficient tissue rehabilitation in Khorramabad city, factors such as using public participation, attention to the type of economic activity of tissue inhabitants, the qualitative quality of the building in the tissue, the effect of informal factors of management on the context and environmental characteristics should be Pay special attention.

Cities are one of the most important and densely populated human habitats and require the physical safety and security of the infrastructure as well as sustainability and resistance in counter with natural disasters and enemies threats. Passive defense subject is one of the issues that has been considered by planners and Iranian cities planners in recent years. Urban planning has a variety of dimensions, which, considered with regard to their protection and sustainability therefore will be a great benefit in critical situations, The present research conducts to use the inactive principles of urban planning, with emphasis on residential and critical uses in small-scale cities and protecting urban spaces by providing them by defensive role also, how to protect and defend people and their places of life by enforcing the rules and considerations of passive defense in present and future. In addition, it provides grounds for the better security and stability of the city with the least possible damage during the time of the foreign invasion and even terrorist operations. In the present research, analysis have been done using GIS tools on distribution strategic locations of Buin Zahra city as a small town scale where is located in the vicinity of the Iran capital and as result and central areas of the city and Southwest margins were detected as unsafe and critical areas threats.

The present research studies the impact and importance of recognizing urban geomorphology on the occurrence of settlement hazards and landslide of excavation walls in engineering structures in Mashhad metropolis. The data includes geotechnical parameters and groundwater level, and the points of settling and falling. The tools used include the urban maps of 1: 25,000 and 1: 2000 and topography of Mashhad and satellite imagery (MMS) and (TM) and (ETM) related to 1353, 1359 and 1390, and aerial photos of 1342 that using the GIS, SPSS, Excel and Matlab softwares were used for linear regression modeling and artificial neural network and the zoning hazard map was extracted at five levels. The maps show that the central part of the city, which is geomorphologically similar to the alluvial plain, and the southwest part of the city, that geomorphologically landforms of pediment and alluvial fan and mountain and fault are extremely complex in each other, have The highest probability of occurrence of the risk and the north west and west section is suitable for very low risk physical development.
The risk of the settlement buildings caused by the ground settlement in the foundation of the building, as well as the loss of soil during excavation, is one of the important issues in urban studies as well as geotechnics. Every year, we see such incidents in urban reports, and as a result, human behavior is one of the most important causes of these incidents. Although human behavior is not affected by such events, the study of scientific causes to prevent reoccurrence of this risk is very important. The metropolis of Mashhad is also witnessing a number of hazards every year, such as the fall of the excavation walls or the settlement in the foundation of the building. According to the fire department, between 1390 and 1392, seven construction workers and drivers, and five others, two of whom were pilgrims of Mashhad, have been victimized (according to the description of the fire department of Mashhad Holy). The need to address this risk is important for both human and natural reasons: First, the role of the pilgrimage and medical and tourism polygon of Mashhad, and the second type of soil and geomorphologic status of the city. The purpose of this writing is to express the importance of geomorphologic studies in urban structures and to present the zoning of risk of collapse and falling within the scope of studies with statistical modeling. Model outcomes and studies show how morphology study can be important in reducing such hazards. The hypothesis of the research is that there is a significant relationship between geomorphologic studies and the reduction of the risk of collapse and settlement, and by identifying the places prone to this risk, this risk can be largely prevented.
Study area: Considering the relevance of the risk of settlement and the collapse with building structures and the physical development of the city, the bounaries of the city's privacy were selected as a study area in 1391 in Mashhad to determine the zoning of danger of settlement and the fall in this area as a range of future development physical of the city. The area is 1080.6square kilometers and its environment is 11,501.9 km. It includes the Mashhad metropolis and part of the mountainous lands and the fans of the south and southwest of Mashhad. The studied area is geomorphologically composed of four units including mountain, plain, fans and alluvial plain. The Mashhad metropolis is located inside an alluvial basin, which covers the area from the west and southwest of the Binalud igneous massif and from the north and northeast of the Kope Dagh and hezar madjed highlands. Geomorphologic units of the study area include alluvial plain, southern and southwest fans and plains and mountains. The Kashfrood River extends along the western-eastern axis north of the study area. The Kashfrood fault along the Kashfrood River and the south fault of Mashhad along the northern slopes of Binalud has created the Morphotechnics hole in Mashhad, which Mashhad city has found in this unit of physical development.
In the study of geomorphology of this study, the urban maps of 1: 25000 and 1: 2000 and topography of Mashhad and satellite imagery (MMS) and (TM) and (ETM) related to 1353, 1359 and 1390 and aerial photos of 1342 were used. Geotechnical maps were extracted using speculation devise in 19 locations in Mashhad city. Other boreholes, which amount to almost 1500 specimens, are related to geotechnical reports of Jahd Azma Consulting Engineers. Underground water level data and psychological limit and soil dough index in ARC MAP environment were interpolated and classified using the IDW instruction. The settlement point layer first performed field identification and then was performed with a GPS device. Data were processed in Excel, SPSS, and Matlab softwares and in GIS softwares, multivariate linear regression modeling and artificial neural network were performed.
Result and The study area in this study emphasizes the geomorphology of the area including landforms such as river-beds, and fans and alluvial plains and mountainous regions. The study of soil and behavior of soil-forming materials in relation to the variables affecting it in order to prevent the occurrence of hazardous sedimentation and disintegration seems to be necessary. Studies done in this study confirm that the soil and its behavior, due to the shape of a landform that is fan or mountain, is somewhat determinating the extent of the risk of settlement and falling. In the risk zoning, it is observed that alluvial plains are the most hazardous according to the soil, but areas with no specific geomorphological complications, such as the western and eastern parts of the city, are very low in hazard zoning. In the southwestern part of the study, where several geomorphologic features are located in the opposite direction and covered in different parts, the development of constructional structures has been encountered in 40 cases and has fallen to 32% of the sessions. These landforms and complications include the part where the fault crossed the ridge of the flying flank and is separated from the plain by a relatively high slope of the mountainous area.
Studies done in this study confirm that the soil and its behavior, due to the shape of a landform that is fan or mountain, is somewhat determinating the extent of the risk of settlement and falling. In the zoning of the Alluvial plain, the highest risk of occurrence is due to its soil, but areas without any special geomorphological complications, such as the western and eastern parts of the city, are very low in hazard zoning. In the southwestern part of the study, with number of geomorphologic complications, the development of constructional structures has been reduced to 40 cases, and 32% of the sessions have been allocated. In the meantime, the variables of groundwater level and surface water flows are factors that influence the behavior of soils, and the most conspicuous point is that the type of each landform is somewhat determinative for flow and water in the studied area. For example, mountainous landforms due to high altitudes have a high psychological limit and a high sulfur index, or alluvial plain is due to its very low posture and gradient, and sometimes the very slow movement of subsurface flows, which can determine the behavior of soils and then the occurrence of the settlement and the fall, will be very influential.

Geo-economic competition of Caspian coastal states in some cases such as the legal regime of the sea, energy transfer plans and exploitation of sea bed resources are considered including the geopolitical crises affecting Iran's national security in this region. The purpose of this article is analysis of Caspian Sea Geopolitical Crises emphasizing the geo-economics competition between coastal countries and its impact on Iran's national security. The main question of the paper is that the geopolitical crises of the Caspian Sea Focused on geo-economics’ competition between coastal countries how will affect Iran's national security? The findings of this article show that these rivalries also trigger Iran's economic insecurity in the field of energy equations and also deprives Iran of the markets and the permanent and stable economic partners of the region it also provides for cultural and ethnic insecurity in the cultural geography of Iran. Given this introduction, this paper will attempt by using library resources as well as scientific and research articles to be paid analyzing and explaining the geopolitical crises of the Caspian Sea, with emphasis on geo-economic competition between coastal countries and its impact on Iran's national security.

Nowadays, considering the changing views on tourism, especially rural tourism, the attention to economic dimensions of tourism has grown more than ever. Growth of tourism in rural areas has had a major impact on rural community’s economics in recent years. The researcher in this study is seeking to investigate the role of tourism on employment in the studied villages. In order to accurately describe the issue, 8 villages of Firoozkooh city were selected purposefully. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, documentary and field methods is used. Therefore, after designing the theoretical framework of the research for collecting data, field operations were completed by completing the local community and expert's questionnaires. For analyzing data using software SPSS and performing t-test, Levene's test, ANOVA and Walsh, we compared the research variables in all the studied villages. In calculating the reliability of the measurement instrument the Cronbach's alpha method has been used and the obtained coefficient of reliability is 0.9. Validity of the questionnaires is based on previous studies and expert's opinions. The results of research show that tourism in Jalizjand, Badrood, Khamdeh and Mozdaran villages can have an important role in increasing employment and in Harandeh, Lazor, Tares,and Simindasht villages, tourism has not had an effective role in increasing employment. Also, the highest rate of employment is in Khamdeh village and the lowest employment rate is in the village of Simindasht. In the Khamdeh village, which has the highest employment rates, the job creations were the field of supply and sale of crops and gardens, rental of houses, villas or suites, tourist’s services, livestock products supply and sale, and finally, the sale of handicrafts. In addition, according to more than 60% of the local community, jobs have been created in the areas mentioned for indigenous people.

Eliminating rural areas, in addition to improving the quality of livelihood of villagers, will have a positive and favorable reflection on neighboring countries. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the status of habitat of Dazli rural district and Khavmirabad rural district in the west of Kurdistan province. The method of doing research is descriptive-analytic. Data gathering was done using documentary and field resources based on a questionnaire and interview. The statistical population of this research consists of 4032 households. According to the corrected formula of Cochran, 260 families were selected as sample size. Sampling was done by stratified sampling and data analysis was done using SPSS software. The findings of the research indicate that the establishment of the market on the environmental and physical dimensions of the studied villages has had a positive and significant impact on the previous period. Also, the impact of border markets on the rural housing index and the value of agricultural land had a greater effect.

Measuring residential quality as an important part of quality of life is a tool for evaluating urban planning and policymaking to provide a platform for future actions. Therefore, this research focuses on the quality of social and physical environment of residential neighborhoods in Rasht city which has been done by descriptive-analytical method and using a residential satisfaction approach in the form of field survey completion. The reliability of the questionnaire was measured by Cronbach's alpha and the data were analyzed using SPSS software and statistical methods such as path analysis and One-sample T-test. Given the results, in social environment, indicators of vitality of neighborhood and thrust to sellers are at a desirable level and indicators of right of children, right of animal and continue living with acquiring better economic conditions are undesirable and in physical environment, indicators of cleanliness of passages and cleanliness of residents in neighborhood are above the average level of quality and indicators of urban furniture quality, existence of trees alongside of streets, safety related to car travelling, pavements and asphalt of pathways and beauty of outside and appearance of the buildings in neighborhood are undesirable. In general, residents are satisfied with the social environment but are dissatisfied with the physical environment. In social environment, right of children and meets expectations by neighborhood and in physical environment, cleanliness of residents and outside beauty of the buildings in neighborhood were respectively important according to the residents. In general, in viewpoint of residents, the importance of the social environment and the physical environment to be approximately equal.

Alborz is the smallest province amongthe Iran thirthyone provinces. The heart of Iran and small Iran ane some of the names given to this province. The Fourth largest city in Iran, which is expected to be in less than five years, whith a population of about seven million to become the secendlargest city in Iran after Tehran. Strong geographic and social integration between Tehran and Alborz. Are such az the geopolitical features of Alborz province. Since the development of the province of Alborz, has a direct effective impact on the security and development of Tehrna and Iran. This research has tried to ntroduce the province of Alborz, also the role of geopoloticall factors in the development of Alborz province.

The purpose of this study is to monitor dust in the southwest of Iran using satellite data Is a lady In this research, we used the pictures of 2010-2015 years. According to the studies, it has been observed that various models have been presented in previous studies. Then, using the HYSPLIT model, the prediction of the trajectory of dust motion has been addressed. To evaluate the performance of classifying methods, eight material images have been used between 2010-2015. By studying the results of classification of the images of the material using AOD educational data, one of the methods used in previous research of the backup algorithm in the southwestern part of Iran is more suitable than the other method Is. Then, using the HYSPLIT model, the dust trail of the southwestern region of Iran represents the external origin as the main source of this phenomenon in Iran.

Research suggests that sustainable development covers different economic, social, tourist, physical and environmental components. One of the important elements in this relationship is physical changes and land use and creating transport and its impact on rural settlements. So many parts of our country because of these changes have economic, social and environmental developments. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of creating freeway on the development of villages and path settlements and identifying and providing appropriate solutions in the following areas: Environmental, demographic, animal ecology, social structure, industry, service, meadows and forests, geology, agriculture, land, livestock, tourism, economic, traffic and transport structure and management by using AHP method. Research theory suggests that freeway has positive impact on passing rural settlements and creates environmental effects and changes to the area under the influence. The research method is descriptive - analytical and with functional goal and from field studies in the form of observation, interviews, questionnaires, providing photographs and videos have been used. It is concluded that there are many villages which were impasse in path, and were leading only through local way to other villages, districts, counties and cities, after construction of freeway and its evolution, they were connected to the main artery and moreover this flow has its remarkable developments in areas under the influence, it has least environmental damage.

If today we consider rural development as a strategy, which is implemented to improve the economic, social, environmental life and also the life of a particular group of people, then there is a significant relationship between the duties of Dehyars and rural development. This research tries to study the goals that rural development are looking them in female Dehyars’ performance. Therefore the purpose of present study is evaluating and analyzing the performance of female Dehyars in comparison with male ones, which has been assessed and evaluated in the environmental, socio-economic, and physical aspects of the rural development process. It is a descriptive-analytic study and its necessary data has been collected through both documentary and survey methods. The statistical universe is the villages in central part of Rasht. In order to evaluate the performance of women, 12 villages in the central part of the city which had a female Dehyar and 12 villages with male Dehyar were selected and 370 questionnaires were distributed by random sampling among villagers. The research findings indicate that women in different parts of rural development have different performance and their highest performance based on John Friedman's survey and statistical test is in the physical and economic fields of the village, which totally female Dehyars in many cases and issues are better than male Dehyars and also villagers’ satisfaction toward them is high.

In order to realize efficient urban management, systemic and comprehensive approach should be applied to urban management and systematic communication to urban development factors. One of these factors is the managers of the municipal services themselves. Professional development of managers is an action that improves managerial performance by improving manager's knowledge or skills and changing his/her attitude. In this regard, the present study uses a qualitative research approach to study the factors affecting the professional development of Tehran municipality managers in order to provide sustainable urban development with the development of urban managers. For this purpose, deep interviews were conducted with 23 top officials and senior managers of Tehran municipality. Interpretative analysis was used to analyze data from interviews. The validity of the research findings was verified by the members (interviewees). To determine the reliability or compatibility of the coding, the retest reliability method and the agreement method between the two oders (intra-subject agreement) were used. The results of interviews showed that professional development of managers includes development in both individual and organizational dimensions. In the dimension of individual development, there are three levels of development of psychological characteristics, the development of specialized knowledge and management and moral development. In the area of organizational development, the development of structural and organizational features must take place. In the area of development of psychological characteristics, factors such as critical thinking, creativity, emotional intelligence, risk taking and self-development of managers must be developed. In the field of professional and managerial knowledge, the needs of professional development of municipal managers include the ability to use technology, mastery of decision making principles and problem solving, stress management, team building capabilities, management of organizational conflicts, the ability to communicate effectively, and the principles and techniques of negotiation. For professional development of managers, organizational structural development including attention to talent management, organizational support, performance management, learner organization, organizational climate, career path and networking and in the area of developing educational processes of the organization, such as coaching, practical learning, successor and organizational learning should be considered and developed.

In the Contemporary era, world of Islam is faced with violence, instability and suppression of freedom. Saudi Arabia plays a very important role in maintaining these conditions. Saudi prevents the spread of Iranian cultural strategies in the Muslim world. Therefore, the question arises why the Saudis are trying to prevent the spread of Iran cultural policies in geo-culture of the Islamic world? Many to answer the question highlight the differences between Shia and Sunni. But we will prove that Iran's cultural strategies arising from its role as Umm al-Qura and based on this role, Iran wants to change the status quo the Muslim world. So, one of the main duties of Iran is supporting of all the Muslims to create unity in geo-culture of the Islamic world. For this reason Saudi Arabia is trying to prevent the unity of the Islamic world through actions such as the spread of Wahhabism and Iran phobia.

The Smart Growth Strategy is one of the new approaches to sustainable development. The present study is based on a descriptive-analytic method using a questionnaire, where the reliability of the research tool was obtained based on the Cronbach's alpha coefficient as 0.82. The statistical sample involved 321 citizens of District 1 of Shiraz. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. To achieve the research objective (determining the status of Smart growth indicators in District 1 of Shiraz), a factor analysis test was used. The results of Bartlett's test of sphericity showed that there was a significant relationship between the urban Smart growth indexes studied in the study (with 0.000Sig), in fact, there was a significant correlation between variables. in the Criterion of the four factors density, "net residential density" with the factor load of 0.760, "public transport access or walking to work" with factor load of 0.820 and " using public transportation or walking to access the CBD” with: 0.790 were identified as the most important factors. Moreover, in the factor accessibility criteria, "rate of apartment living" with the factor load of 0.821, "ease of access to public transportation" with factor load of 0.570 and "rate of using public transport or walking for access to CBD", 0.539 were identified as the most important factors. Finally, in the field of mixed land use, “percentage of households in residential units”, "walking or public transportation access rate to recreational facilities" and "ease of access to public transportation" were identified as the most important factors.

Social Capital as one of the most prominent factors and executive agents of any country, plays a crucial part in a sustainable development of every region. Thus, addressing various aspects of social capital have proved significantly important in urban development studies. Social Capital is the way people interact with each other, their participation in civil affairs, their common beliefs and values which can decrease time, economic and social expenditures. Hense the concept of Social capital (with natural capital, economic capital and human capital) is presented which is composed of organizations, relationships, attitudes and values that leads to interaction of people. These human interactions encounter challenges in regions where there are racial and ideological differences and Ahwaz city is not an exception to this rule. This study is assessing the correlation between Social capital and sustainable development in two neighborhoods of Lashkar-abad and Kianpars. The current research is a case study which is conducted in the descriptive, analytical and correlational approach by using questionnaire. The results of this study show that the quantity of Pearson in this correlation in 0.891 and the direction of the correlation is positive, the amount of Sig in this correlation is 0.00 which is less than 0.1, so the statistical relationships of these two variables with the accuracy is meaningfully 99%.

Tehran's territory is about 23 cities, 237 villages and hundreds of activities, covering a total of about 2 million people, which, along with nationa conditions, continues to attract immigrants, population growth and sustainability. Spread of official and informal settlements if we ignore the harassment of the northern part of Tehran, the southern zone is the focus of the poor and dense lives that seems to be the mechanism of civil disarmament of urban and regional development programs, Acceptance of this type of residence has made. In this article, referring to the studies and the secondary data collected in the field of social and cultural issues of the Tehran metropolitan area (especially the social and cultural impact assessment of the comprehensive plan of privacy) and SWOT analysis of about 30 experts in this area, summing up Challenges and socio-cultural issues of Tehran metropolitan area, the strategies of macroeconomic stability and sustainable development are based on the assessment of the socio-cultural impact of privacy in Tehran.

The rapid growth of urbanization has caused many problems for citizens over the past few decades, which has endangered the health of cities. The purpose of a healthy city is a social and physical environment with facilities that make it possible to perform all life activities with ease and with optimal efficiency. The purpose of this research is urban planning to create a healthy city in Bandar Imam Khomeini. This research is descriptive-analytical and data collection has been done in two documentary and survey methods. Excel and SPSS software was used for indexing and computing, and GIS was used to map the map. In the end, using the SWOT analysis model for the study area, using field findings and expert's views, we will present strategies for achieving a healthy city in the city. in this research, the port city of Imam Khomeini is considered for five health indicators (social, economic, environmental, health and cultural). The results of this study indicate that the current status of five health indicators (social, economic, environmental, health and cultural) in Imam Khomeini port is in good condition and the standards of a healthy city are not well-suited. the results of the SWOT model showed that, in terms of weighting points, opportunities in planning the healthy city in Imam Khomeini port had the highest score, which means that in the study area, while the standards of a healthy city are far from the current status, but with the help of planned strategies, Bandar Imam Khomeini has the ability to meet the standards of a healthy city.

Today, urban transformations have led to general changes due to increasing sensitivities to human and environmental well-being. So far, there have been many approaches to urban transformation that most notably of them include urban revitalization, urban redevelopment, and urban regeneration. Regeneration approach has a more comprehensive and integrated vision for solving urban problems, especially Brownfield which has many opportunities for urban transformation and improving people's quality of life. But its regeneration faces challenges in clean-up and redevelopment. To overcome these challenges, the strategy of urban catalyst can be applied due to being an instrument within the strategies of urban transformation that comes out of the texture and rehabilitates that. This research presents the concepts and basic requirements of urban catalyst projects and their planning (political, management and leadership, legal, economic, social and environmental), design (underlying factors, Sense of location and identity) and implementation (4Ps model or public-private-people partnership) components for the acceleration of urban development. At the end, with the knowledge that every city has unique characteristic and it is not possible to adopt a single instruction for all cities, however, regarding to the global experiences, a common Brownfield regeneration process with the help of urban catalyst projects is presented by a proposed model in this study. If projects are understood and developed in accordance with what the city needs, they can deeply affect on the inefficient urban areas regeneration especially Brownfield.

Achieving the balance and reducing the inequality in rural settlements requires studying and identifying the resources and facilities of these settlements. Indeed, spatial analysis of development identifies the inequality and deprivation of different areas and prioritizes actions to improve the quality of life. The present study is based on the purpose, applied and research method of descriptive-analytic. The required data are obtained using 29 indicators in various dimensions and by documentary method. The study area is Damghan and the statistical population of the study is all the inhabited villages of Damghan. The research indicators weighted using FANP model and data analyzed using VIKOR multivariable decision making method. Cluster analysis used in order to classify the studied villages, from the aspect of developmental levels and analysis of their inequalities, and linear regression used to analysis the effectiveness of the components (emphasized in the conceptual model) on the final index of development in the area of the study. The results of the study indicate that the development in rural areas of the study has not been uniformly and fairly. The spatial pattern of this situation has become unbalanced. In this pattern, population and facilities in some villages are overprovision and in the others are under provision. This has caused immigration, in particular among young people, and thereby eliminating the age and gender balance, undermining the economic foundations and raising unemployment rates. Also, this developmental inequality in the rural districts of Damghan city was most affected by two factors: "access to welfare services and the level of economic participation".

The purpose and investigating the geostrategic of Iraqi Kurdistan is of this article Different geographic spaces analysis of US and Iranian Strategies in this environment. Geotechnical and of the world in the three dimensions of internal, regional and global geopolitical status in terms of geographic location as well as their cultural theyre playing and on that basis have from a different strategic position characteristics Different role in policy implementation. The main question of the article is that what is the geostrategy of Iraqi Kurdistan? And what are the strategies of the United States and Iran in confronting this environment? The results of this article show that Iraqi political space environment is Somehow that Unlike Shiites and Sunnis in this land which they have from the relative support of the countries of the region, Kurds are Lacks strong regional support. This problem has driven Kurds to take strategic part and acquiring support from the United States, Israel, and some European countries. According to this, accordingly following the cultural spatial association of Iraq with the peripheral countries, Iraqi Kurdistan has become to the intersection of the country actors. Given this interconnected geopolitical affairs and interests and cross introduction in this article Will try by using Library resources and scientific and research articles to be paid to analyze and explain the geostrategy of Iraqi Kurdistan and analyzing the strategies of the United States and Iran in this environment.

Tehran's territory is about 23 cities, 237 villages and hundreds of activities, covering a total of about 2 million people, which, along with nationa conditions, continues to attract immigrants, population growth and sustainability. Spread of official and informal settlements if we ignore the harassment of the northern part of Tehran, the southern zone is the focus of the poor and dense lives that seems to be the mechanism of civil disarmament of urban and regional development programs, Acceptance of this type of residence has made. In this article, referring to the studies and the secondary data collected in the field of social and cultural issues of the Tehran metropolitan area (especially the social and cultural impact assessment of the comprehensive plan of privacy) and SWOT analysis of about 30 experts in this area, summing up Challenges and socio-cultural issues of Tehran metropolitan area, the strategies of macroeconomic stability and sustainable development are based on the assessment of the socio-cultural impact of privacy in Tehran.