نشریه پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان
سال هفدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 67، پاییز و زمستان 1391)

To date، the Indian style of poetry has been known by many scholars and literary critics as comparable to the European baroque in the seventeenth century، to which it is almost contemporaneous. Consequently، many comparative studies can be found which have focused on the affinities between Persian poetry and the baroque school. In the present research، Sa''ib Tabrizi، who is acclaimed as the sole representative of the Indian style، has been selected for investigating his verses from a baroque perspective. Far from presenting Sa''ib as completely identifiable with the baroque in its entirety، by utilizing a structural analysis، the authors have tried to investigate some of the unique properties of the baroque، theatricality and chiaroscuro، in Sa''ib''s sonnets.

Scholars have divided novels into various types based on different criteria including content، structure، place، etc. Some novels have been written with the key topic of oil and its relevant issues، thus having a special autonomy which bans them to be placed under the novel category. Therefore، a new name should be chosen for these novels، something which seems forgotten in novel categorization. Using the theroy of the novel and its defining principles، this research tries to introduce a novel type called “Petroleum Novel” to the readers after conducting an analysis of the novel Alhobo fi Zaman-e Naft by Nawal El Saadawi in Arabic.. The results suggest that the novels covering such elements as oil and its relevant outcomes should be placed under the title “Petroleum Novel”.

Comparative literature is an important area of literary studies with a long history. The comparative study of writers and poets can shed light on the impact of various thoughts among different cultures. Sohrab Sepehri، as one of the eminent contemporary poets of Iran، and William Wordsworth، one of the founders of Romantic poetry in England are chosen for this research. The employment of some Romantic concepts are among the common poetical aspects of Sepehri and Wordsworth. This research is based on the following basic principles of Romanticism: Nature and childhood nostalgia، ambiguous locations and، death wish،، individualism and self image and the notion of poet- prophet، and the love of birthplace and country. The current research demonstrates that all of the above mentioned Romantic elements، central to Wordsworth، are also observable in Sepehri’s work. thus bringign the two poets extremely close in terms of the employment of Romantic concepts.

The current research examines the role of Postcolonial and Decolonization Theories in the study of Susan Glaspell’s Trifles، which has always been interpreted through feminism. Application of Postcolonial theories to this work is controversial; since neither the subject of the play، nor the setting، nor the characters can be regarded as an instance of postcolonial literature. This paper proves that despite the differences between Postcolonial and Feminist theories، it is possible to use those postcolonial theories that raise similar issues with those of the feminist theories، namely Memmi’s anonymous collectivity، Césaire’s thingification، Bhabha’s sly civility، Fanon’s Postcolonial Theory of Violence، and Gates on signifying monkey، in such a sense that it not only consistent with the feminist readings، but also reveals to the reader the hidden aspects of the play. In order to remark the significant role trifles play in the play، Ernest Hemingway’s Iceberg Theory will be employed.

Characterization is a significant element which makes the comparative study of Akbar Radi’s The Persian Heritage and Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie، possible. The authors of this paper believe that Tom in The Glass Menagerie has different aspects of characterization which can be found in the form of different characters in Radi’s The Persian Heritage. This study is an attempt to analyze Tom’s character and his roles in the play، and trace his changing roles in the form of Jalil، Azim and Javad in The Persian Heritage. It is arguable that Tom’s characterization can be taken as a resultant of the three mentioned characters of Radi’s play. What affects such characterization and developments can best be studied in the drastic change that the structure of family has experienced in the modern era. This signifies that change in the traditional structure of family can be detected in characterization. This essay attempts to reveal the status of modern man in the modern world by analyzing the characterization of the plays and reaction of man to the dominance of certain social conditions based on the American school of comparative Literature.

On the threshold of the twenty first century certain women writers appeared on the literary scene، whose ability to represent individual and social conditions was admired by critics. This essay looks at the writings of three women who have attempted in an original way to depict the different facets of modern life in their works and have been received relatively well by cultural media and literary circles. The selected works will be analysed from the perspectives of various relevant literary and philosophic discourses، with a special emphasis on “pop” and “postmodern” approaches. Moreover، particular attention has been paid to these works’ distinguishing characteristics and the way they differ from “feminist literature”، which actually came into being with the basic intention of calling in question and challenging patriarchal structures and models in the seventies.

Youth play a pivotal role in nineteenth-century Russian literature. Their life and thoughts were different from others. They developed different ideas and methods. The grasp of different sciences، eloquence، poet and literature، fighting skills، and aristocratic way of life were common characteristics of superfluous man. However، they were different from usual aristocrats. They did not find anything but emptiness، mere entertainment، hopelessness، and sadness in the routine، luxurious life of usual aristocrats. They were proponents of change and reformation both in society and personal life، though the path to this end was not paved well. Their ideas and ideals were not tangible for others and rejected by the mainstream. This intrigued many authors of the nineteenth-century and a great deal of literary work was created. In Russian literature، this group of aristocrats are known as “superfluous man.” This article tries to compare sportsman in Pushkin and Goncharove’s works and survey the differences in attitudes and ways of life of these characters. The life of these heroes in both works represents the ideology and mental frame of the mind of the authors. To this end، we help the reader to learn about the difference of these characters by offering description of characters and their appearance and the settings.

Comparative literature is defined as an empiric discipline within literary studies that focuses on the comparison between a literature and other literature (s) or other forms of human expression. Nowadays، due to the clash between the two trends existing in the discipline -the historical and the theoretical، comparative literature is immersed in a process of theoretical and practical renewal that focuses on the search for a new field of study.. Translation studies is one such field. The review of the influence of Spanish literature on Persian literature is important in three aspects: 1. the process of sampling 2. The category 3. Recreation of new style. In this article، different literary texts in Spanish that have arisen under the influence of Persian literature have been analyzed. I intended to demonstrate the effect of Persian literature on Spanish literature through loaning، while the function of Arabic language and literature as an intermediary language has also beenacknowleged whereever it was necessary.

This Study focuses on the relationship between tradition and modernity and their reciprocity and/or opposition in Iranian short fiction. For this purpose، six short stories have been selected from Beshno Az Vey Chon Hekayat Mikonad، a collection of short stories written by the most recent Iranian short fiction writers. These stories are as follows: Shahrnoush Parsipour''s «Bagh-e Farrokhleqa،» Mansour Koushan''s «Ayne-ye Sangi-e Madarbozorg،» Monirou Ravanipour''s «Kanizoo،» Amir Hassan Cheheltan''s «Asrar-e Marg-e Mirza Abul-Hassan Khan Hakim،» Asghar Abdollahi''s «Dar Posht-e An Meh،» and Jafar Modarresi Sadeghi''s «Shazdeh kouchulou.» Besides being recent، the mentioned stories best suit the approaches adopted for the analytical purposes of this study. The researcher seeks to examine the notions of tradition and modernity in these stories through feministic and deconstructionist criteria and prove that there is a negotiation between the two discourses in the selected material. In other words، the researcher is going to propose that some modern Iranian fiction is capable of representing both modernity and tradition rather than depreciating tradition in favor of modernity. It should be stressed that the researcher is not going to extend her conclusions to all contemporary Iranian short fiction.

In the second half of the nineteenth century realistic stories were replaced by fictive ones in Urdu Literature. Wisdom and the important purposes of the Aligarh movement made very big changes in the fiction and novel. Nazir Ahmad and Abul-Halim Sharar were the first authors who created the novel. Their traditional beliefs could be felt in their novels. In their books and stories، first they were pointing to the role of women in the society and the family. Nazir Ahmad who did not like the European culture، started warning about westernization and the effects and problems which would come as a result.. He negated all the superstitious and religious misconceptions. Sharar started to write historical novels to create samples from Islamic Myths and in his novels cleared many things about the parties and groups which were not true. Ratan nath Sarshar، who was a Hindu، was well aware of Muslims and their beliefs، and started to describe muslim ‘s life and beliefs in the form of consolation. The varieties offered in the novels of these two writers has enriched Urdu literature.