فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری
سال هفتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 22، زمستان 1391)

Application of modern medical and bio sciences and also that of modern biotechnologies to human life, during the last decades, have left impact on and indeed changed traditional religious and moral attitudes. Use of such sciences and technologies has given rise to unprecedented moral and religious discussions which could not be justified and fruitful without taking into consideration of foundations of moral judgments. This is more significant in Islamic societies in which religion plays a considerable role in formation of moral beliefs and legal rules. The method of this research is philosophical. The material is collected from published works such as books, articles and research reports in libraries or on the web. We have endeavoured to analyze the concepts of religion and morality and deal with the idea of the paper on the basis of a comparison between the Western and Islamic philosophies. Having taken into account recent biotechnological developments and normative problems arising from them, this paper attempts to study the relationship between religious and moral approaches and these problems, and evaluate various types of religious and moral theorizing on the bioethical problems. Moreover, upon discussing and evaluating (religious) theological and textual approaches to bioethics, it is ventured to put forth a justifiable religious approach to bioethical problems. Current religious moral injunctions on bioethical issues can be approached and evaluated in parallel with the secular ones. However, rational justification of the religious injunctions occurs at the level of moral theory and meta-ethics (moral philosophy). Jurisprudential rulings on bioethical issues may be issued on the basis of morality and justice. In this case, they would be both ethical and just and also backed by religious teachings.

Today ICT has led into developments such as increasing the creativity, integrating organizational units and information rapid dissemination as well as changing the areas of organizational activities. In one hand, using ICT by organizational members causes paramount ethical problems in organizations to resolve them organizations should emphasize on the basics of professional ethics to mitigate the problems such as lack of morality in organizations by human resources and to reduce ethical disorders. In the meantime, the ramification of respecting ethical principles and rules is human perfect in organization and to improve mental health. Present study is conducted by considering the recent theoretical basics and international literature on ethical working climate. In the meantime, the models in which ethical work climates are combined with technology are used to provide a new framework on IT ethics in organizations. Since ethical work climate determines the directions and goals of virtual ambiences and the way of using IT, present study points out some samples of unethical utilization of IT in international level and clarifies the concept of ethical work climate and its various scopes and also asserts the impacts of creating an ethical work climate on using IT by organizational members. Ultimately, by considering the presented model, some guidelines are provided to improve the status of morality in utilizing IT that is capable to be applied in field studies.

Given the importance of research ethics in the process of research and the need for its training in the curriculum, this study aimed to assess attitudes of Ph.D students towards research ethics principals with an emphasis on the importance of research ethics training. This study is an applied and descriptive survey. Population studied in the present study included all Ph.D students in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad studying at the University faculties in the 2010-2011. 186 students from different groups were selected randomly according to the samples formula and completed Sailor's research ethics questionnaire. 1 – Exclude of data analysis component, the average score of students in the general research ethics and other components have found to be in desired level. 2- Female students are in a more appropriate level of research ethics than male students. 3 –There was no significant difference between the three groups of Humanities, Engineering and Experimental in the mean score of research ethics. 4 –There exists a significant difference between students who somehow have been trained about research ethics with other groups who have not been trained. 5 -There is no significant difference between the type of training and the amount of research ethics. 6 -There is a significant difference between the average research ethics scores of students interested in research activities and other students who were not interested. According to the results obtained, it is recommended to pay attention to the training of research ethics in the process of researching in higher education curricula as a neglected aspect of research activities.

Auditors as employees in other's professions have a moral responsibility and in addition to have expertise, ethics should be adhered to in their jobs. Concerns about the reliability of audit reports caused, which in this study, ethical intentions of auditors be examined. It is hypothesized that auditors possessing higher degrees of idealism and lower degrees of relativism, and possessing lower degrees of guanxi orientation will be less likely to develop the unethical intentions In this research 198 questionnaires in accidentally way dispense among professional auditors who practitioner in Audit Organization and AICPA, then their extracted data analyzed by regression model. The results showed there is no significant relationship between ethical orientation (idealism and relativism) and tendency of Iranian auditors to develop the unethical intentions, when encountered ethical dilemmas. In other word the difference in a person's ethical orientation, is not important to predict the ethical intentions in auditing field, but there is a positive relationship between the guanxi orientation and Tendency of Iranian auditors to unethical intentions when they encounted to ethical dilemmas In other words when the guanxi orientation increase, Tendency of Iranian auditors to unethical intentions will be increased in countering with ethical dilemmas. The fate of audit profession depends on it’s authorities’s ethical leading. So they should express the importance of prominent ethical scales and urgency of individual honesty to present and future auditors to propel them toward to regard ethical behavior.

This research was conducted with the aim of studying the role of perceived organizational justice and justice compensation in relation between organizational ethical climate components with deviant behavior and organizational citizenship behaviors. Research statistical populations were the employees’ of an Inorganic complex (650 persons) in autumn 1389. Among this statistical population, 300 male were selected using simple random sampling. Research instruments were consisted of organizational ethical climate questionnaire, perceived organizational justice, justice compensation, deviant behaviors and organizational citizenship behaviors. Data were analyzed with the use of Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis. The results of hierarchical regression analysis revealed that: 1) Active justice compensation (direct) has been moderate the relationships between service and instrumentality with deviant behaviors toward organization. 2). Active justice compensation has been moderate the relationships between service and instrumentality with deviant behaviors toward coworkers. 3). finally, perceived organizational justice has been moderate the relationship between instrumentality with organizational citizenship behaviors. when active justice compensation is high, there is positive relationship between service and instrumentality and deviant behaviors toward organization. When active justice compensation is high, there is positive significant relation between service and instrumentality with deviant behaviors toward coworkers. When perceived organizational justice is high, instrumentality decreases the organizational citizenship behaviors.

Neo institutional theory bases its arguments on the notion that organizations are socially rewarded by legitimacy, resources, and survival based on their acceptance institutional pressures (of coercive, normative, and mimetic). Neo institutional theory explains an organization’s actions within an institutional and strategic vision and as a response to both institutional and competitive pressures. Some experts expressed their criticism of the legitimacy of institutional theory is more socially and to improve the efficiency does not help, in fact the legitimacy and efficiency are inconsistent goals. To response to this criticism, the aim of this paper is to survey legitimacy role on organization efficiency by combining neo institutional theory and transaction cost theory. The goal of this research is development and the way of this research is survey- analysis. Statistical population of research is 2 banks of Eghtesade Novin and Persian in Tehran. This research is presented that the result of re-definition of neo-intuitional theory is consistence to new environmental requirement. This research is presented that the result of re-definition of neo-intuitional theory is consistence to new environmental requirement. That mean the legitimacy and efficiency are not inconsistent and it can be concluded that the efficiency can be provided by the legitimacy in addition to pervious source.

Pornography is one of the most loved themes for the Internet users. Being cheap, diverse, accessible, anonymous etc., Internet has become a suitable watershed for sex addicts along with commonalty, and particularly inexperienced children. Hence, the Internet has created a sort of moral crisis, particularly in the Third World. Sexuality is a manifestation of this crisis. This article studies moral crisis in terms of sexual issues and endeavors to scrutinize the role of media, Internet and pornographic industry in this respect. This study has employed a qualitative method based on interview analysis to study the effect of chat rooms on virtual sex experiences among the Internet Users. Findings of this study show that experience of sexual satisfaction by chat rooms on the Internet is a failed experience which will culminate into frustration and real dis-satisfaction. This will alienate one from his or her self. The space of chat rooms on one hand wipes out the enormity of what has been previously known bad in the traditional ethics, and on the other hand puts the individual and his or her privacy in danger. Visual communication and webcams make the situation even worse.

Realization of moral values in the prosperity and good fortune of every human life has an important role in this world and the other world. Among responsible social institutions, education department is undoubtedly more responsible and earlier than other institutions and characterized by training learners through textbooks. The research is applied in terms of objective and is descriptive in terms of type and is conducted through quantitative content analysis. The statistical community is content of the Persian textbooks of 2010-2011 of primary school and since the whole book has been studied, a sample statistic is equal to the statistical community, thus census method is used. Data collection tool is the researcher-made checklist based on moral purposes for primary education, approved by Higher Council for Education Department and descriptive statistics has been used for data analysis. The results suggest that in content of the Persian textbooks of primary education, polite and gentle and having reasons for your behavior towards others have been most considered and disclosure of manifestations of modesty and chastity in the student have been least considered. According to the results, it is recommended to review and revise the curriculum content and also to consider ethical objectives more and to provide better and greater opportunities and conditions to discuss and institutionalize them.

With respect to the importance of morality and organizational spirituality in the process of development of human personality and workforce training for organizations, the purpose of this research is to analysis the relationship between employee’s moral values with two important variables in the organization including person– organization fit and turnover intent. The method of this research is developmental- applied study as research’s objective and also in view point of data collection is correlation study. Required data was collected from Sadad Data mining institution (Sadad co.) as research’s statistical population. From this institution an appropriate sample was selected. The samples size was n = 75 and method of sampling was probabilistic. Then using a standard questionnaire data was obtained from statistical population and finally, questionnaires using SPSS software was analyzed for evaluation of research’s hypotheses. The results of this research showed that there was negative and significant relationship between employee’s moral values and turnover intent. There was significant positive relationship between person–organization fit and employee’s moral values. Also there was negative and inverse relationship between person– organization fit and turnover intent was identified and presented. If in an organization or any businesses, the condition is that moral values have been accepted appropriately by employees and also this manner has been internalized, they have better adaptation with their work or job and will better perform for achieve the organizational objectives. Also the willing of key employees to leave the organization will decrease. Therefore it is necessary to enhance employee’s beliefs to the fundamental values of the organization and internalize these values by means of appropriate cultural activities.