نشریه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 7 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

Through a comparative viewpoint, the present study explores some common and contrastive ideas and features of two autobiographies, i.e. Taha Hossein's Al-Ayam and Mohammad Ali Eslami Nadushan's Roozha; the environmental factors leading to the creation of these two works with a similar title have also been examined (both books could be translated into English as "The Days". Some of the similarities of the two authors include spending elementary school years in rural environments, leaving home in order to continue their education, and eventually being admitted to Sorbonne University in France for a PhD degree; there they learned French, philosophy, and the art of fiction writing. Returning to their countries and based on a common set of beliefs, they set out to challenge issues like superstition and prejudice to a past heritage, and to speak for intellectualism, knowledge and the appreciation of ancient culture and civilization. Evidences are provided as to Eslami's being influenced by Taha Hossein's Al-Ayam in writing his autobiography.

Geoffrey Chaucer, the 14th century English poet, has a compilation of poems called "The Parliament of Foules" which has been translated into Arabic as "the birds’ meeting". The poem depicts a poetic dream on love in the form of “movashah” in which three male eagles give a marriage proposal to a female eagle who is sitting on the hands of the goddess of nature and each presents a lengthy chapter on love. The birds’ debate was interrupted by other birds and the poets’ views on the theme of love in his poetic dream and forms the skeleton of the compilation. The centrality of love in the two forms of mundane and sublime is alluding to a heavenly journey to paradise and hell in the poem and the opposition of incarnation of positive and negative human attributes such as patience, satisfaction, reliance on God, which is reminiscent of the mystical stages. The presence of the element of debate and dispute before the king to attain the goal reminds us of a general motif in Islamic tales such as The Arabian Nights (One Thousand and One Night), Sinbad Nameh, Haft Peykar, Shah Nameh which are discussed in this article as elements of Eastern thinking dominant in the anthology under study.

The literature of resistance as a special kind of poetry reflects nations’ opposition in front of foreigners’ invasion and their oppression. At the end of the first half of the 20th century, occupancy of Palestine and at the end of the second half of it the seizure of some parts of Iran caused the resistance literature in these two countries to be flourished, so some men of letters entered this field of literature. For example Mahmud Dervish in Palestine is considered to be the best representative of it who from his childhood was subject to various sufferings and oppression like exile, arrest, and homelessness which affected his lines and words, and also in Iran we can refer to Nasrullah Mardani as a great poet of resistance who attended the Iran-Iraq war personally.This research with a glance at the life and political, literary, and cultural activities of these two poets tries to compare some poetical elements such as: thought, sentiment, language, poetical expression, between them, using descriptive and analytic approach and it made clear that because of their differences in diction and thought, their style is rather different; but since the basis of thought and sentiment in both poets is patriotism, their diction and poetical expression are somehow identical and relevant to their theme which is resistance poetry.

This article is going to demonstrate the influence of Hafiz on the American poet, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and tries to prove that the conformity of Emerson’s poetry and Hafiz is beyond mere incidental similarities and that Emerson’s borrowing from Hafiz is absolutely conscious and direct because liberalism and enlightenment of Hafiz touched the core of Emerson’s poetry and caused Emerson to translate some of the poems of Hafiz to English entitled The poetry of Hafiz. A poet like Emerson soaked himself in Hafiz and fell in love with Hafiz’s poetry and many a time declared that he likes to be similar to Hafez and to compose and write poetry like Hafez. In order to spread his philosophical aims and objectives based on the new classical Christian Humanism, unlike the ancient classical Greece, Emerson needed live sources from other countries so as to improve the political and religious conditions of the American society. Studies indicate that Emerson owes Hafiz. Emerson’s inspiration of Hafiz was extended to many other American poets and this fact made these poets, by showing other rich cultures, criticize the shortcomings and empty self-confidence and self-esteem of American culture-stricken class.

Ohad-o-Din Mohammad-ibn Mohammad Anvari is ranked among the more Eminent Persian poets of 6th century A.tl. This celebrated poet was peerless master in the Persian and Arabic languages arena. His Familiarity and awareness of Arabic language and literature is a clear image of affinity and interaction of Arabic and Persian languages in his times as well as his command and predominance on Arabic literature.Anvari has enjoyed from Arabic language more in the area of Quran, Hadith, and Arabic sayings,however his susceptibility from some of the Arab poets,particularly Abbasid ones is clear. The findings of this research paper are reflecting the Arabic culture and literature in Anvari’s poetry from two aspects; Firstly the themes which the poet has Composed taking as example or by Responsive from Arabic literature and, secondly, the conventional themes that are the result of the poet’s innovation and his experiences in the life, which can be interpreted as the subject of resembling speeches and poetical borrowing.The form and system of this enquiry which has been inscribed on the domain of comparative literature (French school) is as the follows:A- A preface on Anvari’s era and environment, along with his closeness and affinity with Arabic literature. B- The study of some Arabic themes and literature in the Anvari’s poetry as well an Analysis of them.

Maqama refers to a type of technical and riming prose such as narrative, humorous writing and literary notes. Many studies have been conducted into the technical prose and writing style of maqama, however, the Arab and Persian critics and researchers have not paid any attention to the speech acts of this genre. “Fel-sakbaj” is written by Ghazy Hamid-o-din Balkhi. Noticeable similarities between “Fel-sakbaj” and “Almozyrye” have led some people to introduce “Fel-sakbaj” as a translation of “Almozyrye”. The purpose of this paper is to reject this theory. To this end, “Fel-sakbaj” and “Almozyrye”, were analyzed based on speech acts theory. the results of the study indicated that “Fel-sakbaj” is not pure imitation of “Almozyrye” and also it is broader than “Almozyrye” and speech acts of “Fel-sakbaj” is more variable than “Almozyrye”. Because of these features, Ghazy Hamid-o-din Balkhi has been able to give more dynamic narrative to Persian-speaking audiences.

Confessions is one of the literary genres in western literature and gustine's "Confessions" is one of the oldest and most prominent samples of it. Although, so far this type hasn’t been introduced as an independent literary genre in Persian language and literature, some researchers, it has been entitled confession-like and others regard the book of Ghazali’s Al-Munqidh min Al-Dalal similar to Augustine's Confessions, without any scientific and literary criterion. This study tries with comparison of the two books Al-Munqidh min Al-dalal and Confessions, from view of form and content, pay attention to issues such as position of confessions in Persian literature, accuracy or inaccuracy of confessional literary genre to al-Munqidh and the reason of their similarity. To fulfill these objectives, first, the structure and content of these two works have been studied with descriptive - comparative method, then an analytical- criticism method has been employed to resolve the second problem. The result is, its literary genre, based on three main component of structure of Augustine’s Confessions (fictional form, to confess sins and pray), Al-Munqidh is wholly different from Augustine's confessions and putting it in literary genre of confession is false. But since these two have similarities from the point of view of content, they can be put in a literary genre - certainly not in the literary genre of confession, but in genre of education - critical especially critique of ideas.

Many natural phenomena in contemporary literature have been in service of expressing poet's ideasin a symbolic and artistic form.Rain, in both Persian and Arabicliterature,is a symbol of concepts such as forgiveness, purity, etc. In Badr Shaker Al-Syab's poetry, an Iraqi poet, rain mostly has virtual concepts that are very similar to concepts of symbolic concept of rain in the poetry of Mehdi Akhavan Saaless. It seem that the common social and political concerns such as religious, patriotism, justifiability, ideological and common religious, narrative culture are the main causes of this similarity between the two poets. Based on the characteristics of their native culture, the symbolic form of rain has been used in their poems and they have employed rain as a social, political and, sometimes, mystical element.