فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، تابستان 1391)

Although farmers’ psychological empower is a core prominent for development but classic development approaches emphasis on land, capital and human forces for development. However, the new development models are focusing on every single person development in a community. This approach is followed up under theme of empowerment which is developing by doing researches in different disciplines such as medicine, organizational management and women studies. But it is undermined in rural development studies. For this reason, a research was carried out to study it among members of the Rural Production Cooperatives in Fars Province as well as to explain its effecting factors because of role of cooperatives on member’s psychological empower. To do this research Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory was considered and the following variables were used: Competency: a self-believe on doing a job with full-skill and success with personal mastery and effort performance expectancy. Meaning: Having a good sense about own job as a value-job which leads to job satisfaction. Choice: An independent sense a person feels when she/he makes a decision to do a work as a part of her/his duties. Or she/he experiences freedom how to do it independently. Impact: A person is facing with a situation where she/he can change strategies of his work so that affects her/his colleagues according to her/his own understanding. Trust: It refers to relationship among people which depends on how a person considers her/himself as a competent, open and self-confident. Self- Esteem: It is a psychological characteristic which causes specific attitudes toward own abilities and capacities absolutely and/or relatively.

The rural ICT application is an attempt to supply the services of central agencies to villages, in order to achieve improved services, affordable connectivity and processing solutions (Roma Rao, 2004). ICT supports of rural poor in daily living specially in way communications while crisis, protect communication with family, recover information and business. ICT increase the capability and influence of speech and voice rural communities (Fourie, 2008). Various studies have shown that information and communication technologies (ICT) make a significant contribution to economic growth and social development of communities. This has subsequently been the basis of the assumption that ICT investment in rural communities will result in the desired economic and social development of such communities (Moshapo and Hanrahan, 2004). Findings of Qlynya and Salari Tabas (2009) revealed that use of computer, internet, SMS system and innovator in rural area have a positive influence on the use of these services by villagers from the office of rural ICT services. Findings of Moshapo and Hanrahan (2004) revealed that voice telephone is the most prominent and utilized service wherever access to ICT is available. The contribution of voice telephone to the development of poor rural communities is however of restricted significance. Internet services that are provided through dial-up over the telephone network infrastructure are of very low utility. Therefore, they know the development of poor rural communities requires ICT services that will attract revenue and public services to community members in the most efficient manner.

The Concept of ‘development of rural life’ is neither simple nor exactly definable; but the dimensions, drivers and barriers of progress are multiple. Perceptions and motivations of people about the progress are varied, so it is a chaotic and unspecific concept. In rural studies, first of all, with considering both subjective and objective geographical, situation, one would respect perceptions and insights of rustics, because these perceptions can represent the subjective realities as well as the objective ones. Secondly, the real essential Dimensions and elements of many concepts (for example perceptions of rustics from rural, rural life, progress, etc.) cannot be explored with one of the qualitative or quantitative methods. In many researches about rural development, progressing the rural life is measured through quantitative methods. The main disadvantage of this method is that the villagers minds are not involved, and therefore they usually have a passive role. Most importantly, success in decision-making and planning for rural development depend on the fact that “the whole community must be given an active role (not a passive one) in all phases of planning. By analyzing the issues and topics related to the human and social aspects, putting the thinker human at the center of geographical analysis and recognizing the mental plans and deep perceptions of places, researchers must use both quantitative and qualitative methods, because each of them has its own capabilities and limitations. Therefore, to explain the problem of people’s lives, the appropriate mixed Methodology should be chosen, because this can reflect both personal and public Geographies Mixed methodology is useful in this respect. The aim of this research is exploring the different views and perceptions about the progress of community life in Dosari Village-Jiroft plain via a mixed Methodology. In this research, the mentioned methodology could be conceived as a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative one, because it combines mathematical procedures like factor analysis with a genuine constructivist and interpretative approach to a given concept or topic.The aim of this research is exploring the different views and perceptions about the progress of community life in Dosari Village-Jiroft plain via a mixed Methodology. In this research, the mentioned methodology could be conceived as a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative one, because it combines mathematical procedures like factor analysis with a genuine constructivist and interpretative approach to a given concept or topic.

Movement of sand dunes is an important natural threat in the Coast of Oman Sea. Now many rural settlements of the region are in threat, and vulnerability has caused heavy losses. The sand dunes are visible in the wide area and wind erosion occurs in a wide spatial scale. Wind erosion faces high intensity in the area, because of poor vegetation, low rainfall, dry soil, strong and continuous winds, smooth surface and low lands, low slope and the recent drought, and the moving gigantic volume of annual windy sands. Due to the severe sand storms and the recent droughts occurred in the region, the environment, region economy, people’s health, and rural life have been faced with noticeable damages and this can be effective in unfavorable condition of life environment of the South Seas. According to the studies, undertaken by the author in this field and the study of the population and the housing census, villages’ culture and regional maps,, 15 villages have been buried and discharged, on account of sand movement during the recent 30 years (1976-2006), besides, some of them are in the forced discharge. Vulnerability in this villages, is growing so continuously that the east of Jask can be considered as a critical view of wind erosion and sand dune movement in the region. The recognition and analysis of rural settlement is an important factor in contrasting of crisis of movement of sand dunes and rural development planning and can effectively help reduce losses from related fields of this phenomenon. In this study there is an attempt to identify and classify the view of vulnerability of the physical – spatial movement of sand dune in the villages of the region.

Emigration from villages to cities has been happening constantly and nowadays too, and shows the motion of rural societies. But, today the great number of emigrations and the villages getting evacuated from skilled and youth is a social- economical inexpressiveness in our country. Considering the important role of human authorities in rural development, youth has an important place not only in the regard of quantitative (number) but also, in the regard of qualitative (mental faculties, innovation, motion). Excessive attention to these issues and existing problems in urban areas because of rural -urban migration occurred, especially in our country, often the negative aspects of these migrations is the impact and its positive rural areas is often overlooked This event has made this research necessary. Migration from and to depopulating areas is related to the prospects for rural economic regeneration. The focal point is that of the migration processes give rise to the necessary human capital required for successful endogenous development is among the key life course questions that many young people must address as they grow to maturity? Social mobility increasingly presupposes geographical mobility, especially in rural areas. The migration processes affecting rural areas are important at a time when endogenous development is advocated. This ‘bottom-up’ approach requires the presence of local human capital and migration processes will either remove or introduce human capital.The migration processes affecting rural areas are important at a time when endogenous development is advocated. This ‘bottom-up’ approach requires the presence of local human capital and migration processes

Improving the living standards of rural people has been among the major concerns of the post-revolutionary state in Iran. For this purpose, the government has made an attempt for reorganizing the pre-revolutionary rural and agricultural administration. Enhancing the quality of rural housing has been one of major programs that systematically received a notable attention in recent years for various reasons. First of all considering the quality of life as a basic need, housing and enjoying a minimum of its standards is mostly defined as a basic right for all people. Secondly, according to the different country's national censuses of population and housing, rural housing, as compared to urban areas, is more vulnerable and less sustainable, mainly due to using less or low qualified materials in constructing rural houses. Thirdly, the periodic occurrence of natural disasters, like float and earthquake, has had the most ruining effect on rural people and making them more vulnerable. The problem of poor quality of rural constructions along with the rural housing vulnerability and, make the government consider the renovation of rural housings continuously at the top agenda of its rural development policy. In fact, since the second development plan, improving the conditions of housing in rural areas has constituted a main objective of the development plans. Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution was to be the charge of various related initiatives to enhance the country's rural housing status. Since detailed report of the national Censuses of population and housing in various years had revealed a gloomy picture of rural housing for different parts of the country particularly for the province of Hormozghan, this province has been a Suitable major target for housing programs. Despite emphasis on significant role of the programs in enhancing the status of rural housing, no scholarly systematic study has been done for clarifying the effectiveness of mentioned programs. This study attempts to fill some of the existing gaps in related fields by focusing on Hormozgan Province. In other words, it aims to probe the fact that to some extent rural housing programs have succeeded in meeting their objectives. So two aspects of program evaluation have been taken into account: effectiveness, and impacts.

Tourism is one of the world's largest industries, generating. 11.1% of global GDP, nearly employing 260 million people and annual turnover about 4.5 trillion dollars. In other words, the tourism accounted for 8 percent of total global employment offers. In 80 percent countries in the world, or in more than 150 countries, the tourism is among the five most important sources of foreign exchange business, and in 60 countries, it is ranked in the first position. Given the capacity of natural and cultural tourism in villages, it can play an important role in the revitalization of the villages, creating employment and incomes for rural residents, as well as protection of natural heritage, history, and culture. Ultimately it can lead to the integrated and sustainable rural development. The creation of entrepreneurial opportunities is among the important effects of rural tourism, and analysis of entrepreneurial attitudes affected of rural tourism is a key factor in this matter. However, although the high attention has been paid to rural tourism in recent years, but there is a few researches about relation between tourism and entrepreneurial attitudes in rural areas. This is the main question of the research: Is there a significance difference between touristic villages and non-touristic ones in the study area? The Abr and Abarsej villages are the case study and located in south of eastern Elborz Mountains in Bastam District and Shahrud County. The Abr village unlikely Abarsej village is a touristic village and located near to Abr forest.

Local institutions in Iran are known as local administrators. These indigenous self-help groups have been around since 1998 with the Act of Establishing Self-sufficient Local Administrators across the country. According to the latest statistics, the rank of Kermanshah province is second in the Positions of local institutions across the country. Interestingly, Khorasane-Razavi holds the largest number of local institutions in the country. There are several activities set for local administrators by government body. For example, different domains of activities may range from social and economical issues to the cultural and environmental ones; but it may even go beyond these activities. Currently local administrators are held accountable for so- called “Hadi Project” (Directing Plan). This project that started a few years ago is a type of rural planning that aims to improve the overall view of villages across Iran. Villages that have undergone Hadi Planning are physically attractive and environmentally safe. This participatory project is coordinated by local administration and it is the responsibility of local administrative to see that the project is well underway and that rural villagers are involved in every step of the project. Local administrations are involved in local services too. Rural sanitations, sewage systems, water, electricity, gas, and many more services but a few are on the shoulders of these people-centered institutions. Although local administrations have been active during the past 8 years in Kermanshah province, little attention has been paid to made to the diverse activities played by these indigenous groups. Moreover, limited existing researches reveal determinants of success among local administrations in Kermanshah province. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative study has been determining different activities that local administrations are engaged in, and finally analyze the factors of success as perceived by local administrative