فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 56، زمستان 1402)

Agricultura sector due to extensive interaction with the environment, the agriculture receives the greatest impact from climate change and threatens rural communities depending on agriculture activity with serious risks. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of climate change on agriculture and to choose adaptation strategies in Najafabad. The research method in this study is descriptive and analytical and the data was prepared by field work and a questionnaire. The statistical population is Najafabad Farmers. The sample size is 300 farmers who were selected through Cochran's formula in the simple random. The main tool of the research was a questionnaire, the validity and reliability of were confirmed by experts with Cronbach's alpha 0/760. The analysis of the collected data was done with statistical methods and SPSS software. Results showed that farmers are aware of the increase in drought and the decrease in precipitation and the weather getting warmer. For 51% of farmers, crop diversity is one of the adaptation strategies. Almost 53% of farmers believe that the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increases the capacity to adapt to climate change. 66% of farmers have chosen advanced irrigation systems to deal with climate change. The results of logistic regression showed that the variables of gender, awareness of climate change, information received from extension service offices and adaptation to climate change play an important and decisive role in the production of agricultural products. Three regression models as agricultural product, unemployment and food shortage were compiled all of which were significant.

Applying livelihood resilience thinking in the research of rural tourism destinations is a new perspective on sustainable tourism. Despite conducting studies in the field, a comprehensive review and analysis of this entire field is limited and a comprehensive knowledge map has not been done. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to analyze the knowledge map of livelihood resilience of rural tourism destinations, based on the review of 886 documents including books, articles, etc.; also, map analysis in this area is a topic in Iran-related research based on the review of 15 article-type documents taken from the Scopus database. By searching the keyword "livelihood resilience of rural tourism destinations" from 2003 to July 2023 and then by adding the word Iran, this search was carried out from 2016 to July 2023 for research related to Iran, to analyze the science. Analysis of co-citation of previous studies, co-authorship, and co-occurrence of keywords in VOSviewer software. The findings showed that authors such as Yiling, Ying and Jay have published the highest scientific documents in the world and Azadi and Savari in connection with Iran. The co-occurrence analysis of the words, at the global level and also in relation to Iran, for each of them revealed four research clusters in the livelihood resilience studies of rural tourism destinations, whose core keywords include tourism, resilience, livelihood, tourism destination, sustainability, tourism development, ecotourism and sustainable development. This comprehensive and systematic study is a valuable reference for future research.

Villages are always a place for invention, innovation, and creativity. With the introduction of creative settlements in rural areas, it is possible to institutionalize decentralization, human resource creativity, public participation, and sustainable rural development in the heart of rural society. Good rural governance is a prerequisite for achieving the above-mentioned things. Therefore, the present research was conducted to analyze the role of management based on good rural governance in the development of creative settlements in rural areas, and villages of Roshtkhar Township. This research is practical in terms of purpose and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection has been done in both documentary and field forms (questionnaire) in the two sectors of good rural governance and the formation of creative settlements. The statistical population of the research included heads of households in the villages of Roshtkhar Township, and based on the Cochran formula, the sample size of 377 households was calculated and distributed randomly. AHP technique, SAR analytical model, Vicor model, and Pearson test were used for data analysis. The research results confirm that good rural governance has changed the quality of life of rural households by creating creative villages and bringing quality to the optimal level for households living in rural areas. The findings of the research indicate that, in 69.9% of the 377 households surveyed, the level of good rural governance has increased in 19.5% of the surveyed households due to creative settlements compared to the last 10 years. The class of good rural governance has decreased due to creative settlements in this time frame.

Neglecting the values of vernacular housing types in contemporary rural constructions and the deterioration and destruction of vernacular housing as a threat in historical contexts make it necessary to pay attention to the recognition and analysis of architectural types and sustainability criteria of vernacular houses. The present research studied the village of Roeen in North Khorasan Province. Despite the valuable texture and types of rural architecture, until now, researchers have not extracted and analyzed the architectural patterns of the valuable vernacular houses of the Roeen village. Therefore, the current research seeks to identify the vernacular housing patterns of the Roeen village in Esfarayen and to analyze and rank their sustainability in two stages. First, it compared the architectural features of vernacular Roeen houses in three macro, meso, and micro scales and extracted architectural partial patterns. Then, it identified seven ultimate patterns of housing architecture based on partial patterns. It ranked the final patterns based on the sustainability of vernacular rural housing, including cultural, social, environmental, and economic components through the analytical network process (ANP). According to the results, the most important distinct aspects of the patterns were the lighting of the living spaces, the number and relative size of courtyards on the ground floor, the orientation of the building, the mass form on the first floor, and its arrangement around the courtyard. Pattern two with a frequency of 22% with the main lighting of the living spaces and porch from the southwest and the L shape on the first floor was the most sustainable. Finally, the research has presented the design strategies of contemporary housing in Roeen Village.

The average life expectancy in Iran has increased from 35 years in 1320 to 75 years in 1397 (Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, 1397) and the average population growth in Iran has decreased from 3.5% in 1365 to less than 1% per year. 1400 has decreased (National Statistics Center, 1400). Also, the population aging index in the rural areas of our country has reached 8.8% in 1401 and 9.1% in the city of Zanjan. The importance of examining the issues of the elderly is that these people, due to events such as reduced physical abilities, rejection, feelings of loneliness, and pressures Due to living in today's societies, which causes emotional and psychological disorders, they are exposed to increasing risks. In this regard, in the present research, the level of social health of the rural elderly will be examined and then the factors affecting its improvement will be evaluated.

The purpose of this research is to measure social health and some social factors affecting it. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the theories of Keyes, Baudrillard, Laycock, Berkman, Rose and Wu. The method of conducting this research is quantitative and survey type. Its statistical population includes villages with more than 5% of elderly population in Zanjan city, the number of villages with 5% or more elderly population according to the statistics of 1400 is equal to 39 villages, which according to the large number of villages based on the probability sampling method (lottery method) Keshi) 14 villages were selected as a sample, the number of elderly people in these villages is equal to 2147 elderly people. The size of the studied sample based on Cochran's formula is 384 people as stratified sampling proportional to the volume. Kibbs questionnaire was used to evaluate social health. This questionnaire has 33 items and has 5 sub-scales that include five components: social integration, the purpose of which is to assess the quality of the person's relationships in society with 5 questions (social acceptance), expressing the individual's understanding of the characteristics and traits of the people in society as a whole with 5 questions, social flourishing (expressing evaluation) The individual is about the direction of society and its potentials with 8 questions, social participation (indicating the individual's evaluation of his social value with 5 questions) and social adaptation (expressing the individual's understanding of the quality, organization and working of the social world with 10 questions) And it was made by Mr. Keyes in the MacArthur Science Foundation of the United States of America in 2004.

Descriptive findings related to the personal characteristics of the respondents show that the average age of the respondents is 65.41 years, the evaluation of the number of respondents shows that most of the respondents live in families of 1 to 3 people (65%). In terms of education status, the highest amount of education is related to the illiterate group with 39.14% and the lowest is for people with higher than diploma education with 1.41%. In terms of occupation, 34.27 percent of unemployed has the highest frequency and the occupational group of employee has the lowest frequency with 1.94 percent. The rank average of the health index is equal to 112.47, the standard deviation is equal to 10.24, the minimum score is equal to 75, the maximum score is equal to 150 and the average in the scale unit is also equal to 3.31. Variance and covariance show the paths of the research model. All regression weights are greater than zero and at 90% confidence level and more. This indicates the existence of a significant relationship between the observed variables. Accordingly, in the economic factors, indicators of land ownership, retirement income, funds sent from the city and vehicle, in the individual factors, the indicators of age, the number of diseases, the amount of internet use, and marital status, and among the social factors, leisure time and social trust. And the sense of security affects the social health of the studied elderly.

This article has investigated the social health status of the elderly in rural areas by using a questionnaire tool and also investigated the factors affecting social health in the study area. The findings of the present research show that the social health status of the elderly in the study area is relatively favorable, meanwhile, the status of elderly men is more favorable than that of elderly women. Also, the results showed that emotional and financial support from children in the form of remittances has a significant impact on the social health of the elderly. The communication of the elderly with their grandchildren through virtual networks and the use of the Internet can effectively reduce the depression of the rural elderly and improve their social health. Also, the results show that economic assets are effective as a determining factor for improving the social health of the elderly, so that with the increase in the income of the elderly and also the access to land ownership, the level of social health of these strata increases.

One of the most important potentials of the agricultural sector according to the weather conditions of Iran is the production of tropical products in the villages of the southeast of the country, which can play a very important role in providing food security, employment and preserving and sustaining the environment of the region. This increases the importance of future research in the field of tropical products. In this regard, the aim of this research is to prioritize the important drivers of the development of tropical products in the rural areas of the southeast of the country (provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan and Hormozgan) in such a way that first different scenarios are determined and then it is tried by presenting strategies. To effectively help stabilize and develop these products in the villages of the region. The current research method is based on prospective studies. In the first step, key factors were identified through deep and targeted interviews with 29 experts in the agricultural sector, and then the information was analyzed by forming a matrix of mutual effects and Micmac future research software, and finally, scenarios using The expert panel method was created with the presence of 29 people and with the Scenario Wizard software. The findings show that among the drivers, six drivers are infrastructure development (transportation, cold storage, road and railway), upstream policies in the field of tropical products, strengthening the export potential of tropical products, using New methods of production, guaranteed purchase of tropical products and branding of tropical products are more effective than their effectiveness. Based on this, it is suggested that in order to develop these products in the villages, spiritual (upstream policies) and material support for the production of these products is on the agenda and by creating infrastructure and introducing new production methods, The field of self-sufficiency and supply of domestic demand for these products is provided and with branding, the field of export of these products is created.

Nowadays, general agricultural policies are moving towards sustainable agriculture, and this is despite the fact that countries suffer from a big problem called drought and climate change, especially in the field of this important economic sector. Accordingly, the correct understanding of the comprehensive conditions for growing an agricultural product is one of the significant principles of sustainable agriculture, and in this regard, general policies should be changed from cultivating water-intensive crops to less water-consuming ones. Therefore, according to the current programs, one of the policies considered for the region studied in this research, Lanjan County, located in the southwest of Isfahan province, was the change of cultivation from rice to beans, this research aimed at studying the feasibility of changing from rice to beans. The statistical population of the research included experts from the Agricultural Jihad Organization, experts from the farmers' trade union system (N=50) and rice farmers of Lanjan County (N=270). The sample size was determined by applying Cochran's formula based on which 40 experts and 130 farmers were selected randomly for the study. Data were collected by a questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS software. The results of the single-sample t-test showed that from the farmers' point of view, the average of production factors (3.33), management (3.35) and attitude (3.44) and from the experts' point of view, the average of most factors including relative advantage (3.37), timing (3.56), production (3.60), attitude (3.74), management (3.46) and background (3.44), obtained significantly higher than the average (3) and therefore higher than optimal. In this regard, the conditions for changing cultivation from rice to beans were evaluated as favorable. Therefore, based on the findings of the research, from the respondents' point of view, it is possible to change cultivation from rice to beans. Finally, some suggestions such as the guaranteed purchase of bean products by the government to provide the market and reduce the price fluctuation of bean products were presented.

In the present study, which is applied and based on the descriptive-analytical nature, the study and comparison of social, economic and accommodated tribal satisfaction in two periods before and after accommodation. The research method is a survey type and data collection tool. The statistical population of this study consisted of two groups of nomads and semi-nomads with a total of 520 households, based on the modified formula of Cochran 126 households as the sample size. The T-Test was used to analyze the statistical data in the SPSS23 software environment. The results show that in the socio-cultural index components at the significant level of Sig=0.05 with the value of t=2.06. In the economic index, at the significant level of Sig=0.05 with the number of statistics of t=2.15 due to the variety of revenue, household income and savings have increased, and accommodation has led to positive changes in the economic situation. Also, the effect of the satisfaction index among the nomadic households is also positive at the significant level of Sig=0.05 with the amount of T-test statistics of 1.97. The findings and suggestions of the present research can be a model for conducting future research in the field of nomadic communities and also open the way for planners to formulate nomadic organizing programs.

The purpose of this research was to identify the effective factors in the lifestyle of rural women to participate in sports activities. The research method is exploratory in terms of goal and qualitative in terms of method. The statistical population included experts in rural sports departments, rural women active in sports, trainers and rural women athletes of Ardel Chaharmahal Bakhtiari city. For sampling, the snowball method was used in a targeted manner. The data was collected in the field and based on semi-structured interviews, and theoretical saturation was reached after conducting 17 interviews. The validity of the questions was confirmed by expert professors in the field of sports management, and the within-subject agreement method was used to calculate reliability. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics and foundational data theory methods were used according to Strauss and Corbin. Based on the results, a total of 112 open codes and 18 central codes were identified and finally, 6 main categories were created. The findings showed that individual, cultural and economic factors, while paying attention to intervening and background factors, can ultimately lead to health and well-being and the development of rural women's communication. Therefore, it is suggested to pay attention to the mentioned variables and removing obstacles; To provide the necessary platforms and fields for the participation of rural women in sports activities.

This study takes a rural development perspective to examine the various reasons behind the use of children under 18 years in cocoa farms in Ghana. Using descriptive research, a sample size of 385 cocoa farmers was selected through the multi-stage sampling technique. The analyses included mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, and perception index. Although the level of usage of children on cocoa farms was relatively low (74%), majority of the children were involved in nursing of cocoa seedlings (87.8%), digging of holes for seedlings (76.3%), gathering of pods (55.7%) and heaping of pods (53.9%). Farmers involved children on cocoa farms for the following three reasons; to acquire indigenous knowledge of farming patterns (Mean=2.18), it is a way of life to learn their parents' occupation (Mean=2.18), and income source of the household (Mean=2.11). The challenge most farmers face in the use of children for farm activities is the fact that the children do not meet the required strength/energy (Mean=2.48). Policy efforts towards the complete eradication of using children under 18 years on cocoa farms must take into consideration the rural nature of the environments in which cocoa farming takes place in order not for it to backfire as is the case currently.