فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 9، بهار 1391)

The touristic Resources and the attractions based on tourism, constitute the main topics in this field. Studies of these two topics, form the foundations of tourism. Resources and tourist attractions of the constituent elements of tourism are considered. Varzaquan County has a great potential for tourism development. There are pristine natural areas, climatic conditions, naturally beautiful landscapes such as forests Arasbaran, Chychaklu, all hands in have to make this city a special place for attracting the tourists. In this research, rankings of the city are based on ability and suitability for tourism development. In analysis and application of spatial data there are usually same uncertainities. Different reasons form these uncertainties in the data model and the presented model in this paper and is based on the spatial data, reduces the mentioned problem. The present approach is based on gray theory has recently been presented in scientific circles. A major focus of this paper is to enhance the effectiveness of the Original TOPSIS Method to evaluate the system of indicator-based model. Therefore, the authers have introduced the weight of each index to the Original TOPSIS Method for improvement. Initially, the Gray Correlation Analysis Method is utilized to calculate the weight of each index. In the recent years, the Gray Correlation Analysis Method has been widely used in the fields of geology, ecology, economic and so on. It is an effective method to examine the relationship between statisticd data by judging the interrelationship between the two indices based on the extent of their links. Secondly, the calculated weights are added to the Original TOPSIS Method. Evidently, the indicator-based model (based on selected indices) is applied in all kinds of field in terms of decision-making. Thus the evaluation system of indicator-based model plays an essential role. In recent years, the Original TOPSIS Method has been widely applied in evaluating the performance of indicator-based model, which has no restriction of sample size and data distribution pattern. Unfortunately, it’s undeniable that the selected indices have always some certain relationships with the effectiveness of the structuredmodels. Additionally, the changes of each index may lead to the internal change of the interactions between indices. All defects mentioned above may contribute to the deviation, which causes negative affects on decision-making.Thus the evaluation system of indicator-based model plays an essential role. In recent years, the Original TOPSIS Method has been widely applied in evaluating the performance of indicator-based model, which has no restriction of sample size and data distribution pattern. Unfortunately, it’s undeniable that the selected indices have always some certain relationships with the effectiveness of the structuredmodels. Additionally, the changes of each index may lead to the internal change of the interactions between indices. All defects mentioned above may contribute to the deviation, which causes negative affects on decision-making.

The Experts believe that the Entrepreneurs are powerful engines of economic growth and Producing wealth, and crucial for improving the quality, number and variety of employment opportunities for the poor People as well as the villagers. In this situation, one of the best solutions for unemployment and progress of economic base of villagers is developing small scale businesses in rural areas. In this relation Dehyaries as rural administrators (RD) and potential entrepreneurs can play important roles in creating new opportunities and income resources in rural areas.In this relation Dehyaries as rural administrators (RD) and potential entrepreneurs can play important roles in creating new opportunities and income resources in rural areas. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was identifying the relationship between entrepreneurial skills of rural administrators and rural administration's performance and personal characteristics of rural administrators in Qazvin province. Research questions of this study were: 1. What is the level of entrepreneurial skills rural administrators? 2. What relation exists between manager's entrepreneurial skills and rural administrator's performances? 3. Are there a kind relation between individual characteristics of managers and their entrepreneurial skills?

You cannot find any modern society without organizations. All societies need the organizations for achieving their diverse goals. Modern professional organizations are doing many functions for their host societies such as: producing and distributing high quality products, provision of health, education, recreation and entertainment services, security and safety. The specialized organizations could be found in the public sector too. Examples of these organizations are: parliament or government organizations in the national or macro level, organizations such as housing and urban planning office in middle or provincial level and municipalities, rural management organizations, as well as rural and urban councils in the local or micro level. Dehyaris similar to other public organizations should be aware of their performances for satisfying the rural population. It's important because village councils are elected by the people's direct votes. The councils are very sensitive to the people's satisfaction for two reasons: one for themselves and the other for the Dehyari as an organization in their command. The present research is one of the first projects in the field of villager's satisfaction of Dehyari. one for themselves and the other for the Dehyari as an organization in their command. The present research is one of the first projects in the field of villager's satisfaction of Dehyari. People's satisfaction has an important role in The performances and objectives of any public organization. Villagers with satisfaction of their rural management organization undertake their public duties such as paying local taxes and participating in public programs more confidently. The managers and officials who know the public opinion try to value the people's points of view. If they find any incorrect views, they would seek better tools for informing people and avoid using pressure and force for changing people's views. Therefore, awareness of people satisfaction includes many advantages for Dehyaris, such as: • Increasing of Dehyari' efficiency; • Increasing of Dehyari' responsiveness to the demands and need of villagers; • Increasing of general trust to Dehyari organization; • Increasing of public participation in Dehyari programs and plans; • Increasing of Dehyari legitimacy in the villager's public opinion and views. The rural management organizations that have measured and studied villager's views are aware of the existing problems of the villages, as well as, public needs and demands. This knowledge can help for better prioritization. They can go forward for solving the problems and respond better to people's needs. In the other hand, those organizations without respect for villager's views might do worthless works based on the watchful eye of people. Although they have spent money and resources for diverse works but they couldnt go ahead for more people's satisfaction on Dehyari performance. People satisfaction of Dehyari (Rural Management Unit) is an indication of rural management achievements in the fields of efficiency and responsiveness. The main questions of the research are as follows: what’s the situation of people’s satisfaction in the field of Dehyari’s performance? What’s the people’s satisfaction in comparison with their evaluation of Dehyari organizational performance? What are the aspects and weights of people’s satisfaction typologies of Dehyari’s performance? How significant are the influences of the variables on satisfaction of Dehyaris? The research has been done by using survey method in 9 villages of Ghazvin, Abeeyek and Alborz districts. It had 200 respondents and they were chosen by laws of probability sampling method in the villages with 3 types of performances: high, medium and low. The findings showed that almost 70 percent of respondents have satisfied from their Dehyaris. If the organizational satisfaction evaluation is high, then the amount of village’s satisfaction will be high too. This amount of satisfaction for a one decade born organization is considerable. These two factors of the findings should be mentioned: one is the generality of Dehyari’s performances and the other is the disorders of rural managements because of land reforms in the 1960’s. These new rural management organizations could get villagers satisfaction by doing constructional activities such as preparing the roads and repairing them, if necessary; making their surrounding spaces clean, etc. Rural societies are not as complicated as the urban ones. The villagers are similar together and there are no major differences between them. There has been no stable management organization from 1960s until the establishment of Dehyari in 2000s. Although there were some experiences such as Khane-ye- Omran Roostayee (Village's Construction House) and Khane-ye- Hamyar (The Helper House) but they didnt have institutionalization and judicial stability that are essential factors for organizational precise performance, Therefore, Dehyaris are capable for obtaining people's satisfaction by doing mostly constructional works in a field without competition.

After occurring an earthquake, providing recovery and reconstruction programs and its quality and quantities very necessitate for returning to before disaster condition from point of providing habitats and infrastructures. In reconstruction after the earthquake, it must be considered in a manner of comprehensive, scientific and applied method. The dimensions of a successful reconstruction includes: considering the native architecture, supporting systems, extensive participation of all people, and finally satisfaction of the habitants. The objective of this study is to evaluate the process of reconstruction and the variables affecting the success of the reconstruction process in Shirvan County, in Borujerd Township. This study follows the method of measuring based on questionnaires. The were studied community includes the heads of the households, that used the proportional sampling method with sample volume of 190 people (Cochran). The method of this research is descriptive and analytic. For analyzing the variables, the statistic correlative method, regression, the T test, and the nonparametric statistic test have been used. The results of this research indicates that there has been a meaningful relation between successful reconstruction and using supportive systems in which the loans, by governments increased the chance of success for the reconstruction process. None of the variables- people participation and the native architecture- has been effective in this regard. Moreover, there is no relation between people participation and reconstruction and native architecture and their conformation with implemented reconstructions.

It this study it is attempted to find out the nature of relationships between rural-urban linkages by statistical analysis regarding the impact of the city on the levels of rural development. Rural-urban relationships in the developing countries have rapidly expanded in the recent decades. Because, city and village comprise an integrated system, and the development of each part of this system regardless to the other part(s) is irrational and impossible. UN-Habitat (2004) announced that Cities are engines of rural development. Many scholars and researches in Iran and abroad have emphasized on the effects of cities on rural development and they have suggested a simultaneous rural-urban planning in regional level.

Agriculture has a long-time connection with living in village. Agriculture is constituted the most important part of Iran’s economy. It constitutes about ¼ of GDP and 30 percent of employed peoples who work in agriculture-related activities. Green revolution has had positive effects, though it has faced with issues such as equality and continuity and endurance of land ownership that in turn, needs a new phase of research and development in agriculture. Prior to the land improvements, the major land owners had had 56 percent of ownership of whole of the agricultural lands in their hands; that figure did included 34 percent of all villages of the country. Meager owners, with 41/ 93 percent, were living while they had had just 10/13 percent of ownership of whole agricultural lands of the country. Meanwhile, land ownership was the main source of political power in Iran but after the land improvements, farmer households had had 36 percent of whole agricultural lands. During the 1970s and 1980s when many of Asian countries went through industrialization and urbanization rapidly, small farms were regarded as barriers to Is process. According to some studies, however, it was found out that small farms had had more productivity than big ones. This study tries to find out the answers to 4 questions: Is there any correlation between increasing the level of education of farmers and intensive method of agriculture? Is there any relationship between the household aspect of farmers as working forces and intensive cultivation? It is correct that the tendency toward modernization will lead to intensive cultivation? Is there any relationship between using technology and facilities and intensive cultivation?

Generally speaking, this article offers a critical analysis of the land tenure systems in Iran with an emphasis on land tenure system in Kurdistan and prior to the land reform in 1962. The objective of this article is to address the contradictory narratives that have taken shape regarding the geographical boundaries of Boneh in Iran. This is an attempt to offer a new and fundamental analytical alternative compared the existing literature, about the pre-capitalist land tenure systems in Iran. The article then attempts to provide a more comprehensive insight regarding the nature of the Bonehs, their variants and their characteristics exactly as they represented collective land tenure system. This system was the dominant land tenure system prior to the land reform of 1962 more known as Muzare-eh or sharecropping system. The Kurdistan's land tenure system is also compared with Bonehs which is known as a collective tenure system in Iran sometimes known as Muzare-eh. The authors claim here that Kurdistan's Muzare-eh system used to be different from Bonehs or its variants; nevertheless the plausibility of this claim require them to answer the question of how it could have been neglected by the existing literature that claim it was also a variant of Boneh. The authors think that answering such a question generates an epistemological gap between what they know about Iran and what they assume knowing about Kurdistan, while they collected ample evidence that indicate we dont know much about Kurdistan's land tenure system. The bigger issue is revealed where The authors came to learn about many literatures on rural development that have been produced based on the assumption that Kurdistan's sharecropping is also a variant of Boneh. Lambton, for example, studied land tenure system in Hasanabad village near Sanandaj (Kurdistan Prouince) in which she discussed the mode of division of crop among landlords and peasants. The authors launched an explorative study that helped them to her its findings for establishing a new argument on rural Kurdistan. This preliminary study motivated the second round of their study on other parts of Kurdistan. Parts of this study are presented in this paper.

In the recent years for achieving development in different countries, various theories have been presented, but nearly all the experts and scholars emphasize the necessity and importance of attention to human resources and active participation of people in the development process, as one of the main ways of internalization the development. Participation of the people particularly in the rural regions in the various development programs, including watershed plans, leads to increasing of capability and suitable use of available facilities and resources in the basin areas. Several studies have shown that if the plans and projects perform without involving and participation of the local people, they will not accept the responsibility for maintaining those plans and will not attempt to eliminate their disadvantages and shortcomings. In the other words, rural people increase largely the efficiency of the activities and plans by involving theirselves in the watershed projects and plans. Worldwide experiences suggest that more watershed projects have faced with defeat and failure because the farmers and locals have not participated in the different stages of planning, implementation and evaluation of the projects. However, considering the importance of rural people participation in the watershed projects and activities, it seems that investigation and identification of the effective factor on participation in such activities is are key steps in achieving and improving the real participation of people. Regarding the importance of this fact, the main purpose of this survey has been studying of effective factors on participation of rural people in watershed plans in Deh Jalal village.

In Geography science and the related fields, grouping and classification of factors for heavy homogenous and non homogenous families is necessary. As a whole in total studies especially those of urban and rural, for better understanding of existing features, their reasons and olataining suitable results and finally providing the best approaches, the grouping of inputs and statistical family is necessary. Such works are very important in Iran with more than 62000 villages and hamlets that are distributed on the vast area of the country with different physical conditions, or in the India that there are more than 300000 villages located these. In this research the authers tried to provide a suitable and scientific method based on a quantitative plan from famous American scientist, Walter Rostow, with four effective systems on a geographical area, both a province or a country; and a region, and the authers didnot apply the old methods and plans that gust compares the areas only, despite in the professional studies about villages and rural Geography, the villages are not classified by any scientific methodology. In such Suggestive Approach, the total Basis of Physical conditions, Social factors, Economic forces and political factors that are dominated on the Region and are effective on the whole of subject of a Rural Region and villages are Notable for the Researchers. The above mentioned factors are determining the Rate of Physical, Social, Cultural and economic developments of a village or a Rural Region.