فصلنامه زن در فرهنگ و هنر (پژوهش زنان)
سال سوم شماره 1 (پاییز 1390)

There is always a spiritual & intellectual power in Persian art which connects our world with supernatural world. Our deeds will be evaluated in the presence of GOD by angels or Angles’ patterns coming from the other Persian archetype that had intellectual power and we named it: Farvahr. This research is tries to find and analyze the roots of angel shapes in the form of Farvahr archetype, with the help of holy Verses & religious stories as document for proving the reason for its human shape with two wings

In this article, Louis Aragon is introduced as a contemporary feminist poet and writer; A poet who engaged simultaneously and identically in the two phenomena, Feminism and Resistance, during the World War II. He, unlike those who consider women as limits to the power of the battlers, praises women in all his works. He explicitly declares that it has been his beloved who has granted him the spirit and vigor to resist and continue living within the war. His themes, styles and examples and, in fact, the major parts of his works are full of Elsa’s feminine presence; and he does so, so exaggeratedly in some eras of his life, that nearly puts all his commitments to his country and nationality in doubt. But these panoramas are not able to mislead the reader who is aware of the depression and censorship atmosphere of the same era; an era which affects the structure and superposes the common contents of all his works. There commences and continues a movement, from Elsa to France, traversing the evocation of other feminine figures, images of beauty and magnificence of culture. Aragon has attributed to France too, all the values he had primarily dedicated to his beloved, as an adorable and lively feminine character. This image is greatly developed in “More beautiful than the Tears”, in which the admiration of one’s homeland is being manifested through the exaltation of a feminine body. Love, herein, finds a dual aspect. It is, at the same time, a human love and the love for one’s homeland; a homeland, of which the flag is defined through the very feminine images. This is the manner of a French poet-writer, who, initiating the Poetry of the Resistance through adopting an implied style so as to seem legal against its contemporary censorship ambiance plays a brilliant role within the war. He impliedly praises France, which is frustrated by the war and summons up his compatriots to save their common love, their homeland, France; which is, per se, well realized in the emblematic eyes of Elsa, his beloved woman.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between self-esteem, marital relationship and components of happiness (consists of positive affect, negative affect and life-satisfaction), in married women. The 97 women were tested using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (Barrow, 2007), Marital Relationship Questionnaire (Khayyer and Samani, 2003), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larens, & Griffin, 1985). Multiple regression analysis revealed that scores of marital relationship predict married women's life satisfaction (?= 0.79, P< 0.0001) and negative affect (?= -0.50, P< 0.0001) In addition, positive affect in married women was predicted by the scores of self-esteem (? = 0.45, P< 0.0001).

The article proposes a general subject matter “gender and consumption”, considering the philosophical basis of the subject, and the process involved in constructing a consuming model. The authors believe a consuming model has three related, harmonious stages in production, distribution, and consumption. The formation of consuming is based on foundation of “need production” and it’s relation to “need fulfillment”, in a determined and targeted System. In this regard, a research study was conducted in Women Studies Department of the Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies to find out the relation of gender to need-fulfillment system. The qualitative method involved interviews and in later stage, testing the results using a survey method. The population included a ratio of men and women in Tehran, selected randomly according to their age and education level. The most important results of the research was the proof of the relation between “need and fulfillment of need”, and the proof of an obvious difference between sexes in: selecting the need, source of need production, and the ways needs are satisfied.

This article is outcome of a piece of research which has examined the relationship between "the director's gender" and "type of characterization of female first role" in movies. Six movies produced in the reformation era (Dowrane Eslahat) whose subject matter is women issues are selected to be analyzed using semiotic method. These movies are created by known directors of Iranian cinema including 3 male and 3 female directors. This includes movies such as "the fifth reaction", "Gilane", "women's prison", "mum's guest", "plain paper" and "dog killing" which their female first role is analyzed using criteria derived from women's empowerment theories- including resources, subjectivity and gains_ to see whether their characterization is logical or non-logical. The findings show that the women first role of studied movies are not very powerful regarding the empowerment criteria and are usually represented as victims and failed characters. Moreover, there is not so much difference between male and female directors regarding the type of characterization of women first role in the movies.

In the eyes of contemporary Palestinian poets the Occupied Land illustrates a sweetheart boasting an endless number of ravishing names. The poet gets their way through to their sweetheart (homeland) by a figment of their imagination and takes a specific and different look at it. After the start of hardships in Palestine and its occupation at the pinnacle of crises, the “woman” was looked at as a symbol to express feelings and show the strong love of homeland. For this very reason, in order to motivate their hopeless citizens, they have pictured Palestine allegorically as a beauty incarcerated and the youths struggle to set her free with bestowing their lives. The gender of Muslim Palestinian poets has definitely been affective on quality of the way of they utilize the symbol and their opinion towards it. This study seeks to find the symbolic points of views of Palestinian poets through the works and ideas of two prominent poets of that land: Fadavi Toqan and Abou Salma.

Some Hadith on the surface do not seem to be very approval of women’s perfect enjoyment of wisdom and this has raised the question whether Imams (PBUH) believed that women have an inherent deficit in the intellect or training environment conditions as well as time ones have had an impact upon this belief. It becomes more important for women when the possession of the fullest sense of intellect is considered necessary to authenticate moral responsibility, because the intellectual deficit doubts in women make them morally irresponsible. This article tries to classify and analyze in detail the Quranic verses and Hadith on this issue by expressing different opinions in this regard to give a comprehensive theory about wisdom and moral responsibility. Full expression of intellect and the analysis of Imams (PBUH) make it clear that women are not different inherently from men and other factors are involved which can be discussed. Owing to their enjoyment of human spirit, women have the conditions to feel morally responsible. However they must understand their special missions and make a balance between their power of reason as well as their blessing of emotion to provide the conditions to fully perform their responsibilities.