نشریه محیط زیست و توسعه
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

More attention to biodiversity issues is one of the results of environmental development and conservation of nature between 1980- 1990s. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio De Janeiro in 1992 was a turning- point about environmental issues in international discussion. Biodiversity Convention was one of the results of this meeting. Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the signatories of Biodiversity Convention and its national authority in Iran. With considering to published Biodiversity strategies, it can be understood that the Environmental Impact Assessment guidelines in Iran is in lack of approach to Biodiversity Convention. Indeed, its role and implementation is too weak. With considering to the importance of biodiversity in Iran and increasing the Environmental degradation, specially in habitats, implementing of environmental assessment needs to be enforceable for some of the important development projects. Then reviewing of the environmental assessment guidelines is necessary for Biodiversity Conservation.

Considering the role of green spaces in the city, citizens health and sustainability of the city, for a comprehensive survey of knowledge about factors affecting quality and quantity of consumption patterns in the correction was not done in this section, a comprehensive assessment in this case not provided, so can be said that the construction and maintenance of public parks and green spaces, one of the high consumption sectors of urban space. According to this theoretical study to determine the present status of public parks and green spaces, to develop future plans and improve knowledge of factors affecting consumption patterns in this section has been done. According to the research subject, field studies and issues, the information needed to complete the study, the analytical methods used. Data in the literature and most reliable sources of credit have been obtained and have led to the final analysis. Based on the results of this study, four factors of corruption in the consumption pattern of urban green space include: Thinking maximum economic utilization of land and urban spaces, lack of ecological perspective to the city and green spaces, patterns and scales of urban green spaces development, inadequate attention to green spaces social functions; that fits the four factors modify consumption patterns to put in this section are: 1- assessment and land use planning, 2- ecological approach to cities and urban nature, 3- planning a series of multiple scales hierarchical urban green space, and 4- improve the productivity of urban green spaces.

Occurrence of various accident and release a wide variety of Substances into the marine environment as a result of shipping activities, and their serious, and some times irreversible, damage to marine life and environment have necessitated a plan for environmental protection in sensitive sea areas. In this regard, the Marin Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) of International Maritime Organization (IMO) has indorsed the guidelines for identification and designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) as a good tool for protection of marine environment from pollution caused by international shipping activities. Such sensitive sea areas require special procedures for environmental protection, and the coastal countries can establish associated protective measures for their marine environment through International Maritime Organization. The aim of this study was the identification of particularly sensitive sea areas in the coastal areas of Sistan and Baluchistan province along the gulf of oman. Based on results, 3 bays including chabahar, pozm and goater, also tang, galak and meydani coves, and marine turtles nesting grounds were identified as PSSAs along the study areas. Therefore, it is necessary to protect of unique ecological, socio-economic, scientific and cultural characteristics of the identified areas that are vulnerable to damage by international shipping activities.

Artificial reefs have been suggested as a tool for conservation, enhancement and restoration of natural habitat in the marine environment. Today little is known about the positive and negative effects of artificial reefs on the marine environment, and further research could assist in minimizing environmental risks as well as in enhancing potential positive effects on the marine environment. In this study has tried to reviews similar experience relevant to the possible creation of artificial reefs in other parts on the world, the effects of artificial habitats on the ocean and marine environment must be examined. In this study, a total of 75 effects identification and assessment due to construction of artificial marine habitat in the four stage (construction structures, transfer to establish location, establishment in the environment and exploitation) and the three environment (Biological, physical and socio- economic). Of total impacts identified, 41.4 percent are positive and 58.6 percent are negative. In this study identified four major impacts (+3) include of increase biodiversity; rehabilitate species and damaged ecosystems, sustainable fishing, increasing recreational opportunities and seven nearly destructive impacts (-2 to -2.9). Also, no major negative effect was found. We observed the most positive effects in the exploitation phase (biological environment) and the most negative effect in the establishment phase (in the physical environment). In this paper our results demonstrate that, artificial reefs can result in a marked increase in their surrounding environment. Therefore these results are suggested before the construction of artificial reef at coastal and marine areas, environmental impact assessment to be implemented.

Although urban and industrial development in arid regions of Iran has lead to landscape degradation and desertification, in order to answer the need for development of such places, these types of development have always been encouraged by planners and policymakers. Whereas the shortcomings of present models of land use planning and carrying capacity determination, such developmental pattern has heavy environmental and cultural resource destruction. Ecological analysis in landscape scale shows that the wrong configuration and spatial arrangement of these land uses beside the scares water and vegetation resource of the area leads to destruction and change of these essential and fragile elements of landscape. Financial and social supports given to this type of development, has changed the conservation priorities of natural resources to over usage and even destruction of them in these types of regions. In this research, environmental impacts of urban and industrial development are investigated in ecosystem, landscape and regional scales. The results show that the configuration and composition and weight of industrial and urban development in the study area are much further than the environmental capability and carrying capacity of the study area.

Nowadays, the evaluation of negative impacts of mines on ecosystems and monitoring of their rehabilitation process attract the environmentalist’s attentions. The indicators for these purposes need to be easy to measure, scientifically sound, and defined clearly. A simple and efficient procedure named Ecosystem Function Analysis (ESA) has these characteristics and can be used to monitor mines effects on the ecosystems. This approach has three components. The first part is landscape function analysis (LFA), in which the mine site is assessed to measure its capacity to resist transfer of resources such as water, organic matter and nutrients out of the system, and potential for capturing and holding new resources. In this section, combinations of eleven indicators are used for each different zone type to calculate three main indices of soil condition including soil stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling. The second part is Vegetation dynamics and the species composition and growth characteristics in relation to LFA are assessed. The third and last part is habitat complexity that the habitat quality for fauna is assessed. This methodology uses nearby unmined landscapes as reference ecosystems to provide a benchmark against mine sites. The data is turned to information using the software, after the data collected in the field. This information can be used to assess the forward and backward trends of mine ecosystems if the assessments repeat over time. The other advantages of this procedure are its quick data collection in the field, easy interpretation of the obtained information and its ease of learning. It should be noted the indicators used in this method is not for replacing the other detailed mine sites investigation and in many areas, further research would enhance the efficiency of EFA indicators.

Regarding increasing worry about Earth environment, to identify severity of environmental changes, variety of assessments has been carried out from scientific and policymaking viewpoints. One of them, Global Environment Outlook, has been prepared by UNEP. In 10 chapters, condition and trends of global environmental changes, such as climate change, soil, water, biodiversity, vulnerability of environment and people during 1987-2007 were analyzed. These themes were assessed at global and regional levels. Results of the report signify that in spite of many international conferences and obligation of the states to improve environment, its condition deteriorated and the concerns which declared by the "Our common future" in 1987 still exist. Political challenges have increased deterioration. Report shows that human societies are overusing earth sources greedily. This may lead to a degraded planet for next generation. Degradation of earth sources has reached to the point that threatens economic life of the countries. If this trend continues, our children probably will be compelled to pay reparation for lack of concern of present generation.

EIA is one of the most common and adaptable scientific methods for preserving environmental dangers because growth and development of economic have helped and it’s trying to provide scientific solutions for performing projects, regarding to environmental sensitive and preventing injurious projects. Building roads in forest is one of those things that not only make a lot of changes in forest ecosystem but also because it gave services to other operations of forestry its consequences should be investigated. The purpose of this study is to investigate positive and negative consequences of Building and Utilizing forest Road in experiment forest of Tarbiat Modares university on environment by using Pastakia matrix which is done by decomposing project and its environment into constitutive elements (area sub factor and project sub factor), their correlation to each other by designing mutual matrix of factors. By using this method we can make sure that a project could continue or it should be stopped. It could be considered as a method to determine, predict and interpret environmental impacts of building roads on the whole environment of the region and safety of ecosystems that existence and continuing life of humans is related to it.