مجله پژوهشهای جانوری (زیست شناسی ایران)
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 4 (زمستان 1393)

Embryo selection based on morphological criteria assay in pronucleus stage can decrease multiple pregnancy risk. This study evaluates the effect of human sperm type used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) on pronucleate zygote morphology. Sperms were processed via gradient method and evaluated and divided as oligozoospermia، normozoospermia، asthenozoospermia and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. The pattern of resulted pronucleus were recorded and studied. The results indicated that oocytes injected with normal sperms (normozoospermia) showed significantly increase in rate of Z1 and Z2 two pronuclear grades (P≤0. 01). In the injections with oligospermia، asthenospermia، and oligoasthenoteratospermia were shown significantly increase in pronuclear grades of Z1 and Z2، Z2، and Z3 respectively (P≤ 0. 05). This study''s results indicate that the sperm type used for ICSI can influence morphology and grade of pronucleate zygote. The formed two pronucleus type may correlate resulted embryo quality. Therefore، if the quality of sperm be low، the selection of better morphology sperms should care more.

This study has been carried out in Mazandaran waters in the southern Caspian Sea from 2009 to 2012. Sampling of this fish only for conservation and restoration of sturgeon based on CITES for artificial propagation. Number of 273 individual was recorded. Totally، 6773 kg of A. persicus caught that 723. 75 kg caviar was obtained. The highest frequency (56. 4%) recorded in 2010 and the minimum frequency (13. 2%) was found in 2009. The results shown that the minimum and maximum fork length was ranged 63-224 with average 151. 2±19. 4 cm and body weight was 3-132 with mean 24. 8±10. 6 kg respectively. Sex ratio of male to female (1:1. 9) was found. Mature females were in stage IV at sex maturity. Based on caviar brand of A. persicus comprised to grain one (46%)، grain two (9. 2%)، grain three (3%) and press caviar (3. 7%) were found. Overall، based on multivariate analysis the results show that the highest similarity in March-April could be due to close to spawning season (86%)، November- December close to Feeding period (98. 3%) and February-March close to Wintering (79. 6%).

The pattern of energy allocation to reproduction is varies among the fish species due to their differences in size، habitat، feeding and reproduction strategy. The objective of this study was to analyse the reproductive energy allocation of common kilka on the Anzali coast in the province of Guilan، Iran. A total number of 202 common kilka [10. 46 ± 0. 09 cm (mean ± SE)] were caught in three reproductive states; pre-spawning، spawning، and post-spawning from February to September 2011. The energy content of muscle and ovary were investigated. Additionally، although common kilka allocated high energy to reproduction، However، first and second time spawners showed similar energy allocation to reproduction in the spawning season.

The six months study of seasonal changes in the population and in the density of birds was carried out in winter and spring 2013 in Island-Shady Park in Karoun River in Ahwaz. Area of the park is 1. 7 hectare and adjoins by a bridge to the west of Karoun River coast. Birds were counted through the total count method. Thirty seven species of birds were observed and counted by telescope and binocular (10 X 40) which belonged to eighteen families، (in winter، 1414 individuals، 23 species، and in spring، 1036 individuals، 29 species). The average density of species in this park was 831 and 609 birds in a hectare in winter and spring respectively. Population compound of birds were Ciconiformes and Passeriformes in all of the six month. Most number of birds counted in January (688 individuals) and lowest was in June (104 individuals). Ardeidae family had the highest diversity with 5 species، and 10 Families (Apodidae، Motacilidae، Hirondonidae، Alaudidae، Himantopodidae. Sternidae، Rallidae، Motacilidae، Picnonotidae، Turdidae) had the lowest diversity with one species. The Egretta garzetta was dominant species in spring (437 individuals) and Larus genei was dominant in winter (576 individuals) in the Island-Shady Park.

This experiment was conducted in order to investigation on the effect of different sources of nitrogen on the quality of mulberry leaves and silkworm cocoon yield based on a completely randomized design with thirteen treatments and three replicates for each treatment. Each replicate was included ten mulberry trees. Three factors included two fertilizer types as factor A (urea and ammonium sulfate)، each fertilizer as two physical forms as factor B (solid and liquid) and each item included three levels as factor C (12 treatment arrangments) with the control treatment (without fertilizer) were used in this experiment. Solid fertilizers were used forty days before the beggining of silkworm rearing، were mixed under 30 cm soil depth. As well as liquid fertilizer solution، 48 hours before the silkworm rearing was sprayed on the mulberry leaves. Each of the thirteen treated leaves was used for feeding of silkworm larvae. From obtained results it was showed that the concentration، the physical and chemical form of nitrogen fertilizer resources، improved the quality and nutritional characteristics of mulberry leaves; however، this effect was not significant (P≤0. 05). Leaf fertilization with urea solution with concentration of 5. 0 grams per liter، resulted to the highest nitrogen، protein، phosphorus، and potassium، and these the results were similar with obtained results of silkworm larvae fed with these treated mulberry leaves.

The breast cancer is one of the common cancers in women. Ginger is due to the polyphenols compounds has antioxidant properties، anti-inflammatory and strong analgesic. Due to these effects، The aim of present study investigated to be theGinger Ethanolic effects on body weight and breast cancer tumor growth in mice، female BALB /C.

In this study، female mice 6 to 8 weeks in the 4 groups (n=5) groups. These include cancer group received normal saline، cancer receiving different doses of ethanolic ginger (20،50،100 mg / kg). All groups were treated intraperitoneally for 21 days and after this period، mice were anesthetized and the tumor removed the size and weight was determined. After recording the all data،statistical analysis and comparison based on one-way ANOVA and Tukey''s test was performed.

The findings suggest that differences in initial body weight of the mice receiving the second dose 100 compared to mice receiving saline breast cancer increased significantly. But tumor size in a dose 50 and tumor weight at doses of 20 and 50 cancer group receiving saline was significantly lower. This is probably due to antioxidant effects of ethanol extract of ginger is caused by increased appetites. Keywords: breast cancer، Ethanolic extract of ginger، body weight of mice، tumor growth، BALB /C mic.

To investigate the branchial structure of the Caspian Kutum we used releasing fry’s (21-33 mg Body Weight). Study of the branchial tissue showed that in these fry’s branchial system was made up of 4 gill arch in each side of the head، one pseudobranch in each side of the head and one hemibranch at the posterior wall of the branchial chamber in each side of the head. Each gill arch bears gill filaments and lamella. Pseudobranch tissue is very similar to main gill tissue but it’s made up of lamellar shaped structures bound to each other. Immunolocalization of the chloride cells showed that these cells were located on the gill arch، gill filament، at the basis of the lamellae، pseudobranch and the hemibranch of the posterior wall of the gill chamber. Measurements of these cells showed that mean length was 9. 70±0. 28 µm and mean width was 6. 83±0. 24 µm. Ultrastructural studies showed that the most surface of the gill epithelia was composed of the pavement cells that have apical microridges and between them one can see the chloride cells with apical pit.

Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist that has neuroprotective effect. The aim of this study is investigation of the caffeine effect on learning and memory impairment following intrahippocampal lysolecithin (LPC) injection. Methods and materials: Animals were divided into 3 groups، control، suffering group that 2µl lysolecithin was injected into their Dentate Gyrus (DG) area of hippocampus for demyelination induction and treatment group which received 30 mg/kg i. p. caffeine for 28 days after demyelination induction by lysolecithin. Subsequently، Behavioral study was performed by using Radial Arm Maze into 3 periods.

Lysolecithin has impaired the learning and spatial memory in rats. This impairment was noticeable on days 5th to 28th. Hence، food finding time has increased significantly compared to the control group. Caffeine injection for 14 and 28 days has recovered learning and memory.

The results of this study suggest that the chronic treatment with caffeine can improve memory in neurological disorders following demyelination.

The aim of this research was to study the potency of Alginate biopolymer as a microenvironment for differentiation of human adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) to chondrocytes. For this purpose، human adipose tissue was prepared from health voluntary donors with liposuction and digested by collagenase type ׀. The mesenchymal stem cells cultured in alginate beads in presence of TGF-β1 and ascorbic acid. Alcian blue staining was done to show the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell to chondrocytes. RT-PCR was done for the evaluation of collagen type II gene expression as a chondrocytic molecular marker. Immuno-cytochemical staining of isolated cells by anti human Vimentin antibody indicated to more than 95% of positive cells as hAMSCs. After induction of chondrogenic differentiation in alginate beads، alcian blue staining showed expression of sulphated proteoglycans in chondrocytes. Positive stained cells in controls and alginate beaded cultured cells indicated to (36. 5% ± 0. 7 and 56. 5 ± 4. 9 at day 3) and (83% ± 2. 8 and 93 ± 2. 8 at day 14) respectively. RT-PCR results indicated to the expression of collagen type II in alginate bead cultured cells and the comparison of results by controls indicated to significant increased expression in alginate bead cultured cells. (43% ± 4. 5 and 70 ± 5 at day 3) and (54% ± 2. 8 and 77 ± 1. 4 at day 14) respectively. In conclusion، our result indicated and supported the using of alginate beads as 3 dimentional culture system in tissue engineering for chondrogenic culture system.

In this study، semen spermatological and biochemical parameters in wild and cultured common carp were investigated. Na+ (Mmol/l) and K+ (Mmol/l) ions were measured by flamephotometere and Ca2+ (mg/dl)، Mg2+ (mg/dl)، blood serum organic composition such as glucose (mg/dl)، cholesterol (mg/dl) and total protein (g/dl) were measured by spectrophotometere. Duration of sperm motility was measured by stereomicroscope and spermatocrite was measured by micro centrifuge. The results of this study suggested that there were a highly significant difference of Ca2+، Cl-، Na+، K+، total protein، cholesterol، glucose، and pH (P<0. 05) levels between wild and cultured carp but there was no significant difference in seminal plasma Mg2+ (P>0. 05). Also، there were significant differences of spermatological parameters (value of sperm، spermatocrite، sperm density، motility duration and percentage of motile spermatozoa) between wild and cultured common carp (P<0. 05) so that in cultured carp were more than wild carp. This study showed، that sperm quality of cultured carp is better than that of wild carp.

In this study، production of single cell protein from viscera of some tuna fish was investigated. The used yeasts were consisting of Candida utilis، Saccharomyces cerevisiae، Rhodotorula glutinus. Examination was done two scale laboratory and fermentor (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor). The used fermentor was Continues Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR). The results showed that mean of crude protein (g/l) was 32-38. 5 and 37. 5- 45 for lab and fermentor scales respectively. Time of fermentation in lab and fermentor scales was 54h and 21h respectively. Growth of Candida utilis and value of crude protein were more than other used yeasts. Mean of protein، lipid، wet and ash in produced microbial protein were 75. 48%، 7. 05%، 4. 38% and 1. 08% respectively. The conclusion of this study showed that with optimizing of growth parameters for yeasts and also suitable fermentor can be produced SCP with high quality and can be used from this products as probiotic in animal feed.

The effects of two medicinal plants from Lamiaceae including: Thymus vulgaris L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. on toxicity and physiological characteristics of diamond back moth Plutella xylustella L. were studied. Acute contact and oral toxicity on third instar larvae were estimated. The LC10، LC30 and LC50 for essential oil of Rosemary and Thymus were 0. 051، 0. 372، 1. 198 percent and 0. 0129، 0. 0638 and 0. 325 percent respectively. According to the results، the highest toxicity belonged to Thymus essential oil and the lowest to Rosemary. The repellency effect under sub lethal concentrations of LC10 and LC30 of essential oils on 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth were investigated and they were 27. 2±4. 42، 40. 6±0. 31and 43. 72±3. 85، 56. 05±4. 51 percent for Rosemary and Thymus respectively. Relative consumption rate، efficiency of conversion of ingested food، efficiency of conversion of digested food، relative digestibility and relative growth rate of the treated larvae showed significant differences compared with the control. The effectiveness of plant essential oils on digestive enzymes، total protein، triglycerides، alkaline phosphatase، protease and alpha-amylase were reduced in treated larvae compared to control. However the activity of Glutathion-s-transferase was reduced under the effect of essential oils. Hence it is concluded that the essential oils used in the present experiment not only show larvicidal effect but could show considerable changes in repellency and feeding efficiency under the effect of sublethal concentrations.