فصلنامه تحقیقات کلامی
پیاپی 10 (پاییز 1394)

Richard Swinburne – the contemporary philosopher of religion – tried in his works to offer a new explanation of the arguments for the existence of God. Thus he explains especial knowledge necessities about these arguments from among them one can refer to characteristics like being convincing, being posteriori, being inductive and being collective. In this research, it had been tried to explain and then to examine and criticize that approaches to the arguments.

The issues of God's attributes, the relationship of the Nature of God with His attributes, the attribute's creation and eternity, anthropomorphism and materiality are the most important and oldest issues in the history of Islamic Kalam. The earliest theories in these regards arose in the first part of the second century especially in the Imami theologian's circles. One can categorize these theories into four essential groups: the theory of Zorarah ibn Ayen and his family which the theory of created-ness of some attributes attributed to him; the view of Mumen al-Taq that considered knowledge as a created attribute; the view of Hesham ibn Salem that regarded as anthropomorphic; and the theory of HeshaminbHakam that is accused of materiality. In this speech, with the simultaneous study of the existent narrations in the Imami sources as well as the heresiographer's reports, we try to analyze the propositions attributed to these Imami theologians of the Imam al-Sadeq (p.b.u.h.) era in the theoretical and cultural context of that time. Finally, one can see the Imam's enlightenments and attempts to offer a purified theory in this regard in the narrations narrated of them.

The methodology of Kalam Science is the examination of the ways that lead us in the Kalam Science to the inference of beliefs and to defend them. In the inference place, the theologian gains an accurate knowledge of the teachings of religion and, in the defense place, he explains, regulates and proves that knowledge and proceeds to refute the misgivings and the opponent beliefs. In this writing, with a review on the numerous theological works of Sheikh Hurr al-'Ameli, from among the five steps in the defense place, the methods he used in the two last steps are examined. Sheik Hurr in refuting the misgivings and the opponent schools has used the methods like: falsification of the form and content of argument, explaining the contradiction in the doubt-caster point of view, rejecting the bases or the implications of the opponent's views, mentioning some examples and narrations, explaining the component of the argument, remaindering the exceptions or lateral evidences, referring to self-evident truths, asking questions and demanding the reason of the opponent.

There are two groups of reports about the first revealed down revelation on the Prophet (p.b.u.h.). The first group introduces the Hara cave as the place of the descent of the first revealed down revelation, and the second group introduce the region of Abtah. By studying the document, text and the theological and historical consequences of the famous report which regard the Hera cave as the place of the descent of the first revelation, and by showing how some Orientalists on the basis of this report tried to prove that Islam is barrowed from Christianity and its teachings are not authentic, the present essay tried to express another report which has been narrated in the Shii sources and considers Abtah as the place of the descent of the first revelation. In addition to strength of the document, this report does not have the undesirable consequences of the first one.

What is Death and how it occurs and what would be the final destiny of man? The answer to these questions, that are amongst the oldest and the most long-lasting philosophical-religious questions of man and mended to the meaning of life, depends on the nature of man. Sayyed al-Murtaza is one of the theologians that although had chosen a materialistic interpretation of man and regarded death as annihilation, strongly believes in life after death and tries to explain the state of purgatory (barzakh) and resurrection. In this paper it is tried to interpret his view on the nature of man and the nature of death in detail to be an introduction for his view on the quality of life after death which requires an independent chance.

According to the Muatazilite theologians the justice of God and the free will of man lead to the responsibility of man towards his deeds. The main issue is that what deeds are attributed to man and man is their doer. The research necessity in this issue consists in the direct relationship of man's activeness with the realm of his legal and moral responsibilities, which is oneof the contemporary philosophical and ethical issues. Because QaziAbdul- JabbarHamadani did not discussed this issue directly, in this article, we infer that from his other theories in related issues by an analytic-logical method. Qazi Abdu l-Jabbar regards man responsible for the acts that he has the power, knowledge and free will to do. While rejecting the theory of Kasb and the theory of Tab', he considers man as the doer of his direct (Mubasher) and indirect (Mutawallad) deeds.

In his Numerous Superstitions in the Graves Pilgrimages, Borqai criticized the belief in the pilgrimage and appeal to the divine saints. By referring to the Quranic verses, he claimed that there is not a perfect life in the purgatory universe and the purgatory is a semi-life that lacks many life specifics such as vision, hearing etc. and, in other words, he considers purgatory as a corridor to resurrection. He wants to prove that the relation between spirits in the purgatory universe with this world is completely cut off. So the Shii belief in the pilgrimage of the Imams (p.b.u.t.) graves and the appeal to them are baseless and superstitious. The examination of the Shia opinions and views on the reality of spirit and the purgatory universe well can reveal the falsehood of Borqai speeches.