مجله جامعه شناسی سیاسی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 1 (تابستان 1392)

In order to defend the abode of Islam (world of Islam), Imam Khomeini in his defense discourse, used the method of imaging and representation of other as enemy or alien. In this method, Imam Khomeini by otherization of the arrogance, connected the national level of security and the level of security and defense of the world of Islam to its transnational and international levels. The defense of the abode of Islam in Imam Khomeini’s defense discourse did not merely include the territory, but also protection of the dignity and field of Islam, protection of the Muslims under attack, defense against any attack and defense of the oppressed people who are under attack. The main objective of the present paper is to semantological study of elements, metaphors and components of representation and otherization of arrogance in Imam Khomeini’s defense discourse (with regard to Iran and the world of Islam) in three fields: political, economic and cultural. The main question of the present paper is: How is arrogance as other represented in Imam Khomeini’s discourse? In order to answer the above question, discourse analysis has been used and the data have been garnered from Imam Khomeini’s works. Attempts have been made to analyze Imam Khomeini’s representation of arrogance in his defense discourse within the framework of the representation of other in accordance with the notion of Stewart Hall.

The main thrust of the present paper is to find out the internal and external reasons behind the current Islamic awakening from the viewpoint of the Leader of Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei. Besides the viewpoints of Ayatollah Khamenei, the approaches of others too have been discussed. Among the findings of the present research is that due to historical, cultural and identity considerations, the term Islamic awakening is more capable of becoming a framework for analysis of the developments in the Middle East and North Africa. Meanwhile, both internal and external factors are behind the recent developments. The internal factors include such issues as the failure of the non-Islamic models, growth of Islamism, frustration of the masses as well as the attempts of the intellectual figures and freedom fighters and Islamicization. External factors include such issues as the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, colonial backgrounds, the presence of foreign powers in the region, the Palestinian crisis and corrupt, West-oriented and unpopular governments.
Keywords
Islamic Awakening; Ayatollah Khamenei; Islamic Identity; Islamic Revolution of Iran

The present paper is an attempt to study status and reasons for conspirational analyses inEgypt’s political culture.Egyptis among the significant and effective countries of the strategicMiddle Eastregion. It is among the first birthplaces of primary human civilizations as well as that of great religions.Egypt’s political culture has different ingredients and conspriational analysis is one of them. The preset paper is an attempt to provide answers to five questions about theEgypt’s political culture.
By conspirational analysis we mean overestimating the role of conspiracy in analyzing the events and incidents and underestimating the role of other factors. Qualitative, documentary method has been used while the necessary data for the present study was collected through books, articles sites and existing sources. The findings of the present research indicate that conspirational analysis is one of the main ingredients of the Egyptian political culture. The critical conditions, intervention of foreign powers and political despotism are among the main factors fostering such analyses in the Egyptian political culture
Keywords
conspirational analyses; political culture; Middle East; Egypt; critical conditions; political despotism; foreign powers

The Westphalian identification in international relations was the historical context of formation of the process of state/nation-building. The classification of the world countries on the basis of nation-state model underlines the emergence and evolution of the process of secularization of political arena. The fate of the process of secularization in the political landscape of the Islamic countries is of great significance. Hence, it is necessary to shed light on the degree of Islamism (role of Islam, religion and religious sects) in the process of state/nation-building among Muslim states. Attempts have been made in the present paper to explain the ingredients of the process of state/nation-building inMalaysiathrough descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the present paper indicate that the process of state/nation-building inMalaysia, due to certain ethnic and religious factors, was not possible without an authoritarian bureaucratic system.

Sociopolitical developments have deep connections with the growth and expansion of the middle class. One of the features of modernizing societies is emergence and growth of middle class. Egypt, a great Arab country, over the past two centuries has a long experience of modernization as a result of which it has been a ground for social developments. Besides the Islamist groups, other new currents, parties and groups have been formed in that country. The present paper is an attempt to study the social base and roots of the emergence and growth of new middle class in Egypt from 1980 onward. The growth and expansion of this class and increasing demand for political participation, created serious challenges for the Mubarak regime which finally led to its collapse in 2011. Authoritarianism, class contradiction, corruption, crisis of participation and dependence on foreign powers are some of these challenges.

Iran and Egypt, as two pivotal countries of the world of Islam, are located in two strategic spots of the world. The cultures of these countries are two effective and outstanding factors. However, political trends have always caused the closeness or estrangement between the two countries. The latest estrangement between the two began on April 29, 1979, which is still standing. But the developments which began in January 2011 could be a reason for cordial bilateral ties. These developments which have led to some formal and essential changes in the Egyptian political system, can be a harbinger of some changes in the regional power equation and balance.
The objective of the present paper is to study the trend of bilateral ties on the basis of constructional approach. Hence, the main domestic and international variables of these relations (the issue of Palestine, historical issues as well as the Shia nature of Iranian state and relations with the US) will be discussed.
The main questions of the present paper are: what are the ups and downs in Iran-Egypt relations on the basis of theory of constructivism? What are the effective variables in their bilateral relations? Descriptive-analytical method has been used for the present research.