پژوهش نامه کتابداری و اطلاع رسانی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، پاییز و زمستان 1396)

INTRUDUCTION: Lifestyle is a set of beliefs, behaviors, habits and ways that people choose to live. Choosing a lifestyle requires information and knowledge and the library can play an important role in increasing people's awareness of it. The purpose of this study was to identify the role of public libraries of the Cultural Organization of Tehran Municipality in user’s lifestyle.
This study was an applied research that used correlational method. The research population included all members of 81 libraries of the Art and Cultural Organization of Tehran Municipality. 382 library members were selected as the study sample based on the multi-stage cluster sampling from 22 regions located in Tehran. A two-part questionnaire was used for data collection including 7 items on using the library and 45 items on user's lifestyle. The reliability of the questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 96.7% and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the hypotheses.
FINDINGS: The findings showed a significant correlation between leisure styles, cultural consumption and management style of body and the use of public libraries; and there was a direct relationship between these three variables and the use of public libraries. Then, the results showed that the use of public libraries changes the lifestyles of the public.
Public libraries have an important role in people’s lifestyle by increasing their knowledge and it is necessary to provide resources that promote the Iranian & Islamic lifestyle among people, especially the youth. Due to the importance of lifestyle and the role of libraries in its promotion, it is suggested that livestyle-related resources are provided for raising the awareness among users, and workshops and lectures are held with the presence of experts on the correct use of cultural products, and programs are predicted to fill the leisure times of people, especially the youth.

INTRUDUCTION: The study aimed to explore the status of public libraries in Bushehr province in in helping people access the accurate health information by investigating the rate of the librarians’ preparation for proposing the health services and materials in the public libraries of Bushehr province.
This research was an applied study that used a survey-descriptive method. Researcher-made questionnaire and checklist were used for data collection. The study population included all the public libraries and the librarians of Bushehr province.
FINDINGS: The results indicated that the rate of the health materials was low (=2.5%) in the public libraries. The findings showed that the librarians had a little awareness of health information services.
Public libraries are suitable environments to give proper health information and could respond effectively to the people's health information needs. This can help to attract more and more users and re-creating the informational role of public libraries in the society. According to this, there is an urgent need for policy-making and planning by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and Iran Public Libraries Association in order to satisfy user's health information needs.

INTRUDUCTION: The aim of this study is to evaluat the ancillary services of the libraries under supervision of Tabriz city’s Institution of Public Libraries, and their effects on developing the user's reading culture among children and teenagers.
The current research is an applied study and the mixed approach was used to conduct it. According to the statistics given by the main office of the Institution of Public Libraries in Tabriz city in 2016, there are 20 public libraries in the city. All of the public libraries of the city were studied due to their limited number and because there was no exact figure about the library users of the ancillary services (children and teenagers), the available sample methodology was used. A research-made questionnaire was used which its validity was approved by experts and its reliability was verified by Cronbach's alpha.
FINDINGS: The findings showed that the following ancillary activities are held in the public libraries: teaching Quran, story writing, book reading and painting contests, religious ceremonies and celebrations, summer holiday studies, literal associations, book fairs, storytelling, and book news. Movie show, music performance and reader groups are not active in any of the libraries. Most of the notices about the services are given via schools and the goal of most attenders is entertainment. There is a lot of satisfaction with the Quran learning programs, whereas with the reading and painting contests, the satisfaction is average.
Due to the findings, according to the users’ (children and teenagers) views, the quality of ancillary services of the public libraries: in development of rules layer with an average of 51/3 % is barely above average, in development of effects layer with an average of 44/3 % is just average, and in guiding the beliefs of users (children and teenagers) about reading and related concepts and emphasizing the values of reading, with an average of 58/3% is above average or good. Generally, we can conclude that the ancillary services of the public libraries in Tabriz from the aspect of developing reading culture of the users (children and teenagers) are in the average level. These libraries could elevate the reading culture by setting better rules and applying better methods.

INTRUDUCTION: This study was conducted to identify the effective factors of children and adolescent's willingness to return to the library from the viewpoints of children and adolescent clients in the public libraries of Mashhad.
This study is a survey and was conducted using the questionnaire. The study population is all children and adolescents (7-18 years old) referring to the public libraries of Mashhad during one month, and the study sample is included 80 of these children and adolescents who were chosen through two-stage cluster sampling method. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were investigated and confirmed. Data were analyzed by binomial test, Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test.
FINDINGS: The main factors influencing willingness to return to the library, in order of priority are librarian’s behavior, library working hours, intrinsic motivations, environment and welfare facilitates, and information resources. Girls and boys have very different point of view on the "impact of environment and facilities" and "intrinsic motivations". This means that the girls consider these two factors more effective. Results of the Kruskal-Wallis test show that the older age groups consider the "working hours" factor more effective in comparison with the younger age groups.
It can be concluded that the willingness to return of children and adolescent clients to the library is a function of a set of factors. The results of this research can be useful in making the policy of public libraries, school libraries, and in general any kind of library that serves the children and adolescents. The results of this study can helpful for macro policies and public libraries, school libraries and in general any library that gives service to children and adolescents.

INTRUDUCTION: The attitude of different groups in the society towards public libraries is important, as it affects decision to use or not to use public libraries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between demographic characteristics and attitudes of the people of Ahvaz (Iran) towards public libraries.
This survey is of a descriptive-analytical type. Using a researcher-made questionnaire, 410 people of Ahvaz were randomly selected through quota sampling method. The questionnaires were distributed in person among the settlers of the areas randomly selected. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics as well as one-sample t-test, two-independent samples t-test, ANOVA, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were applied.
FINDINGS: Findings showed that total attitude of the respondents was positive and at “fairly desirable” level. Socio-cultural value of public libraries obtained the highest score, and facilities and equipment got the lowest score. People in different age groups and different economic-social groups were significantly different in their attitudes towards public libraries’ social status. However, there was no significant difference in respondents’ attitudes considering their educational level. Of the five variables studied, the variable “Library as a place of socio-cultural values” obtained the highest average (3.70).
More use of information and communication technologies will enable public libraries to use technical innovations to compete other media and keep their social status, while observing traditional values at the same time. In-person or virtual presence of users from various social and economic groups will lead to more interaction and trust among people and thus help to increase their social capital. One important limitation of the study is the lack of generalization to other types of libraries and other societies.

The quality and capabilities of human resources are of the most important factors in the survival, stability and development of an organization. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to find out the effects of librarian's empowerment components on the performance of Iran's public libraries.
This survey was an applied research and used a descriptive, correlational and deductive approach. The main instrument which used in this survey was a questionnaire. To assess the validity of the questionnaire specialist's opinions were achieved and to evaluate its reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was estimated. The research population consisted of all 5900 employees of the Iran's Public Libraries Foundation. Using proportional stratified sampling, 365 subjects were selected as the study sample. Data were analyzed using SPSS software in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics.
FINDINGS: The results of Spearman nonparametric test showed that there was a significantly positive relation between "Specialized skills", "Performance-based remuneration", "Delegation of authority", and "organizational information'' and the performance of Iran's public libraries. The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that 0.58 of changes in the performance of public libraries was due to the impact of librarian's empowerment and other changes were related to other factors. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that "specialized skills training" with 0.31 has the most effect and "performance-based remuneration" with 0.14 has the least effect on the performance of Iran's public libraries.
With using empowerment models and analysis approach, the present study evaluated the effect of librarian's empowerment components on the performance of Iran's public libraries. Therefore, administrators, policy makers and planners can use the results of this research to enhance the effectiveness of public library services and performance.

Gamification is defined as “the use of game elements and techniques in non-game contexts”. It has been applied in various disciplines according to their different needs. In fact, gamification tries to present tedious and usual daily works in a manner which is displayed fantastic for users/players. This study aims to investigate the concept of gamification and its dimensions. Additionally, this research studies the place and role of gamification in library process and activities. Finally, Ketabdan software has been introduced as the first Library game website.
This study was conducted in two steps. First, the gamification parameters were extracted by a review method as well as comprehensive and systematic study to assess in achieving the concept of gamification in accordance with the library environment. Second, Ketabdan software was designed based on the first step. This first library game portal was designed based upon Werbach and Hunter’s six-step approach.
FINDINGS: The experience of Ketabdan software implementation indicated that we should pay enough attention to the three dimensions of gamification (game dynamics, mechanics and components) as well as motivation theories. Two well-used theories, “self-determination theory” and “flow theory” could assist designers to design such software.
Playful engagement is an important approach to help librarians to attract maximum audience in the new information landscape. To achieve this, gamification and its elements can play an important role. This case study research has a potential to apply for some other related cases. Library managers and librarians should pay attention to their libraries capabilities as well as their users to design such software.

The main aim of this article is demonstrating the methodological approaches of articles published in the field of information literacy in Persian databases.
This article uses Scinetometrics methods. Full-text articles in the area of information literacy which published in information science journals and indexed in some Persian databases such as Center for Scientific Information (Sid), Magiran and other Persian-language databases were collected. The research methodology of downloaded articles were examine. Excel software was used for data extraction.
FINDINGS: The results showed that the mean number of authors of articles published during the period of study in the area of information literacy, is 2.4. From 180 authors in the area of information literacy, 96 (53.3%) were male and 84 (46.7%) were women. The findings also revealed that from 75 articles, only 62 articles (83%) has sued quantitative approaches only 13 (17%) was conducted using qualitative research methods. 61 article (81.3%) have sued a questionnaire as a data gathering tool and library studies (with 17.4%) on the second level remain as a data gathering tool. The findings also showed that two Islamic Azad University Branches (Sari and Ahwaz Medical Sciences), having the highest organizational affiliation (with 6 author), among other educational and research institutions. The Danshshnasy journal (Library and Information Science and Information Technology) and National Studies on librarianship and Information Organization journal (NASTINFO) via publishing ten articles, are the main journals which Iranian researchers tend to publish their articles in information literacy area.
according to results in published articles mainly quantitative approaches is used and it seems to pay attention to qualitative research in the area of information literacy is essential.

The main objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between information literacy skills and health literacy skills of staff working in the Regional Information Center for Science and Technology.
A descriptive- correlation survey method has been used in this study. For data collection, two questionnaires have been used. The population of the study included all 103 staff of the Regional Information Center for Science and Technology, Shiraz, Iran. Based on the simple random sampling method and with use of Krejcie and Morgan table, 80 employees were selected as the study sample. For data analysis and hypotheses testing, one-sample T test and Pearson correlation test have been used with the help of SPSS 22.
FINDINGS: Results showed that the rate of staff's information literacy skills and health literacy skills has been higher than average. Also, there is a significantly positive relationship between staff's information literacy skills and their health literacy skills.
According to the research findings, it seems that to increase health literacy and obtain reliable information on health issues as well as the evaluation, interpretation and use of this information, it is necessary to increase information literacy skills. Therefore, providing suitable training courses in this area is inevitable.

INTRUDUCTION: The aim of this study is to investigate the extent to which the elements of the REBT are embedded in children's stories published by four Iranian distinguished publishers.
Data gathering for this survey study was carried out through the content analysis method. The population of this research consisted of all children's stories published by four Iranian distinguished publishers (i.e., Ofogh, Kanoon, Nazar and Paydayesh) during 2005-2014. The study sample which was selected by convenience sampling method covered 80 stories in which there were at least 3 elements of REBT, (i.e. A, B, C). Data gathering instruments were two checklists. One checklist was assigned to bibliographic information of children's stories and the other to the REBT elements identified in the sample stories through the content analysis.
FINDINGS: Analysis of the collected data shows that children's stories with REBT elements have the capability of managing cognitive changes. Three REBT elements (i.e., A, B, C) were identified in about 37% of the sample of the study. That is, in the end, the main characters of these stories experienced the healthy and constructive consequences or unhealthy and unconstructive consequences (Stage C). In these stories, the children themselves should pass the disputing stage (D) or people who work with them (i.e., psychologists, librarians, parents etc.) should help them for it. However, in about 62% of them, after second activated events (A2), the main characters could realize that their beliefs are irrational and then they change them.
It can be concluded that children's stories are suitable instrument for bibliotherapy programs based on REBT. The suggestions by this research can help those involved in the production of children's stories. Based on the findings of this research, it is expected that creators of children's stories and publishers produce more suitable stories through which children can identify their personality problems and experience cognitive development. It is also expected that those working with children (i.e., librarians, psychologists, parents, etc.) can base their bibliotherapy programs on the samples of this research and help children prevent or reduce psychological problems and change their irrational beliefs to rational ones.

INTRUDUCTION:Nowadays, the main function of public libraries is to be as a main source for reading and fun. Providing appropriate fictions for readers is of the main responsibilities of public libraries. It seems that some factors affect providing good fictions to library users. The present research aimed to investigate the characteristics of a good fiction from viewpoints of the users in public libraries based on a qualitative study.
The research has been carried out using a qualitative method based on the semi-structured interview. The research population included 16 users of Ardabil central library. They answered the questions about their literal competencies and attitudes, what characteristics a good novel should have and how they access to the novels in the library.
FINDINGS: The findings indicate that the author name is the most important criterion for choosing and borrowing fiction books in public libraries. Reader's typology is based on their literal competencies and attitudes. Readers have different ideas on fictions and accessing them.
Public libraries are the main centers for providing recreational and readable fictions, so recognizing different readers based on their literal competencies and attitudes play an important role in selecting appropriate books for them.

INTRUDUCTION: This research aimed to study the learning style, information literacy and computer literacy of graduate students.
The survey method was used in this study. Study population consisted of graduate students majoring in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the academic year of 2015-2016. A sample of 150 students participated in the research. Data was collected by learning style questionnaire designed by Felder & Soloman, as well as information literacy (IL) and computer literacy (CL) questionnaires.
FINDINGS: Research findings revealed that there is no difference between IL & CL among male and female students. Also, there is no difference between IL & CL among Master and PhD students. However, IL rate for students was in medium level. Students’ learning style depends on their educational grade, gender and age. There is a direct correlation between IL & CL.
In training IL & CL, educators should consider learning styles of students. Also training courses must be categorized based on student's academic fields, educational grades and gender.

A user's mental model is his/her mental image of the system and how it operates. Studies have demonstrated that user's information seeking behavior is different and this difference is depended on the user's mental models of the system. Indeed, people’s thinking, behavior, and activities are guided by their mental models in the interactive contexts. Furthermore, there are different factors that influence mental model formation of the system. So, this study aims to investigate the factors affecting master students̓ mental model completeness level of Google web search engine.
From the methodological perspective, this research is a practical one based on the survey method. The research sample consisted of 30 master students from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad majoring in engineering science and social/human sciences who were selected purposefully and participated voluntarily. The main tools for gathering data are semi-structured interviews (based on mental model completeness scale (Li, 2007)), group embedded figure test, Kolb learning style inventory and information literacy questionnaire. Therefore, student's mental models scores were measured by interviewing and after that the relationship between their scores and other research variables was investigated according to the following questions:1. Is there a significant relationship between students̓ mental model completeness level of Google web search engine and their cognitive style?
2. Is there a significant difference between students̓ mental model completeness level of Google web search engine and their learning style?
3. Is there a significant relationship between students̓ mental model completeness level of Google web search engine and their information literacy?
4. Is there a significant difference between students̓ mental model completeness level of Google web search engine and their academic fields?
5. Is there a significant difference between students̓ mental model completeness level of Google web search engine and their gender?
FINDINGS: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between student's mental model completeness level and cognitive style. In other words, field independent students had more complete mental models than field dependent students. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between student's learning style and mental model completeness level. It was also observed no significant relationship between their mental model completeness level and information literacy, but there was a significantly, positive and moderate relationship between their mental model completeness level and information retrieval component. Also, there was a significant difference between student's academic field and mental model completeness level, so that the students majoring in engineering sciences had better mental models than students majoring in social/human sciences. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between student's gender and mental model completeness level.
According to the findings, it is important to consider factors affecting mental models in designing user-friendly interfaces, personalization of systems and user training. In such a way, our systems and user trainings become more effective. By designing systems based on the cognitive style, users can develop better mental models, have more effective search strategies and be more satisfied. Furthermore, investigating the relationship between learning style, information literacy, gender and mental model requires more researches with more participants.

INTRUDUCTION: The current study aimed to evaluate the quality of the websites of the Iranian online bookshops.
This study is an applied research which is conducted with using the evaluative method and webometric approach. The research population consisted of the websites of 72 online bookshops that were introduced by the Iran Book House. The WebQEM checklist was applied to data gathering and SPSS was used for data analysis.
FINDINGS:The research results revealed that about half of the websites of the online bookshops have been operative less than 10 years and the majority of them are related to the private sector. 82 percent of them are operating in the three cities of Tehran, Qom, and Mashhad and the others are working in just 8 cities. More than half of the websites have been registered with the IR domain. Moreover, the websites were evaluated as average for the variable of "usability", as good for its "functionality", as excellent for the "reliability"and as very good for its"efficiency".
Generally speaking, the evaluation of the websites demonstrated that none of them was in a low status and therefore, it can be concluded that all websites are in an average status as to the WebQEM criteria.

INTRUDUCTION: The research aimed at investigating the relationship between knowledge sharing and self-efficacy (willingness to initiate behavior, willingness to expend effort in completing the behavior, persistence in the face of adversity) among researchers working at Malek Ahstar University of Technology (MUT).
With regard to the objectives, the research is an applied one, its method is descriptive and its type is correlational. The research population comprised all 242 researchers at MUT in 2016. Through stratified random sampling and on the basis of collegiate complex, college or research center, 165 researchers were selected as the study sample for the present study. In order to obtain the required data, 165 questionnaires including a researcher-made demographic questionnaire, another researcher mad 20-item questionnaire based on Dixon’s model, and Scherer and Madox's self-efficacy standard questionnaire were provided and administered among the sample. Eventually, 161 fully completed questionnaires were returned to the researcher. The content validity used for determining the validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficients results were acceptable in indicating the reliability of the questionnaire that amounted to .89 for the knowledge sharing scale and .82 for the self-efficacy questionnaire.
FINDINGS: The result of the research indicates that there is a significant relationship between knowledge sharing and self-efficacy among MUT researchers. The relationship was observable at all levels of knowledge sharing components including serial, near, far, expert and strategic transfer. The most powerful relationship was between serial knowledge sharing and self-efficacy while the lowest relationship was between strategic knowledge sharing and self-efficacy.
Considering the existence of a significant relationship between knowledge sharing and self-efficacy, the MUT management and authorities should promote their attitude to and perspective in on knowledge sharing and more consider the role and effect of individual’s team work interaction in research teams by means of defining joint projects for the individuals concerned.

INTRUDUCTION: The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the increasing growth of Iran's agricultural researches on its agricultural development indices.
This research is a comparative study in which a group of countries that their data was available for at least 30 years was created for each agricultural development index. Then, in each group, the trend of Iran's rank and share based on the number of its agricultural articles was compared with the trend of the country’s rank and share in terms of the intended development indicator.
FINDINGS: In the first group, despite 3200% growth of agricultural science production share, Iran’s share in terms of agricultural value-added was reduced to one-third of the initial value. In the second group, Iran’s agricultural science production position has been improved 53 ranks, but in terms of net production value its position improved just 5 ranks. In the third group, the country’s position has been improved 50 and 34 ranks based on agricultural articles count and agricultural exports value, respectively. In the fourth group, despite 51 ranks of improvement in agricultural science production, Iran’s position has been arose only 1 rank in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. In the fifth group, Iran's agricultural articles rank has been improved 35 ratings while in terms of agricultural productivity it fell 4 ranks down. In the sixth group, Iran’s position has been improved 49 and 11 ranks based on agricultural science production and cereals yield, respectively.
The results imply that Iran’s increasing growth of agricultural researches has only had a small impact on its agricultural development indices.

INTRUDUCTION: Principles and laws play the role of expressing the most basic ideas in a science field and establishing a framework or methodology for problem solving in the field. After an overview of the concepts and quadripartite orders of cybernetics, this paper tries to review the cybernetic principles based on the classical and modern physics approaches.
This article tries to review related literature through analytical method. In the research, after a brief view on the concepts and fourth orders of cybernetics, the principles of this science from the point of view of positivist and hermeneutics approaches have been studied.
FINDINGS: Attitude to the universe caused the formation of different perspectives on science as well as the advancement of scientific knowledge. Initially, the positivist approach was established, based on Newton's theory and a mechanical view. Then the post-positivists laid down the rules of biology according to the two principles of necessity and accident. With development of quantum and relativity theories in physics along with encountering the incapacities of classical physics in a few cases, the understanding of the world and its phenomena has been completely changed. The transition from Newtonian physics (classical physics) to quantum physics (modern physics) caused the philosophical and theoretical development. According to this rotation, the theoretical foundations of science were also changed. Cybernetics also benefits from this view. The review of literature was showed that the intellectual basis of the cybernetics principles is a combination of the approaches positivist, organistic, system worldview, and modern physics.
Traditional solutions do not respond to the turmoil in the current world. Therefore, we need new solutions to control the complexities of this world and the existing era. Cybernetics is one of these solutions. The difference in understanding the concepts of observation and observer is what led to the formation of different approaches and worldviews in the sciences and later in cybernetics, in an extent that the emergence of the new physics could be introduced as an intervention of the observer in the event. A world in which the observer is not separate from what he/she observes, but is part of the same phenomenon, while in classical physics, all phenomena occur independent of the observer as a precise and lawful clock with a particular order. Therefore, we can say that the intellectual basis of generations and principles of cybernetics is a future of positivist, organistic, systemic worldview and new physics perspectives. Accordingly, the cybernetic approach has relied on the dominant perspectives over its short life span.

INTRUDUCTION: The aim of this study is to find out the relationship designators in the metadata records of the National Library and Archives of Iran (NLAI), based on the Resource Description and Access (RDA) standard.
In this study, the content analysis method was used. The study population included metadata records for books in NLAI for four bibliographic families including Quran, Nahj al-Balagha, Shahnameh, and Masnavi (with a total of 28213 records) that were accessible through the NLAI OPAC, named RASA. In this study, the data gathering methods were structured systematic observation and documentary approach. A checklist is used for data gathering, and a matrix is used to display the analyzed data.
FINDINGS:The results of the study showed that among the 544 relationship designators in appendices I, J, & M in RDA Toolkit (that includes 150 designators in appendix I, 346 designators in appendix J, and 48 designators in appendix M), 62 designators for appendix I, 175 designators for appendix J, and 48 designators for appendix M (In total, 285 designators) were detected in the selected NLAI metadata records. No relationship designators were detected in the selected NLAI metadata records in appendix I, for relationship designators related to "Publishers" and "Distributors" (in the Manifestation level), and in appendix J, for "Accompanying Manifestation Relationships". But other types of relationships were found to be existed.
In appendix I, the section of designators for "Publishers" and "Distributors" includes designators for non-book content objects (e.g. movies, radio & television programs, and so on) and don’t fit in the study population of this research, which are records of books. Therefore, it can be concluded that the study population has covered the variety of relationships provided for books in appendix I. The results also indicate the complete coverage of the relationship designators presented in Appendix M (subject relationships). In contrast, the study population does not provide a complete coverage of the relationships presented in appendix J (for "Accompanying Manifestation Relationships"). Finally, some of the limitations and drawbacks in the metadata records of the NLAI OPAC are mentioned.