پژوهش نامه کتابداری و اطلاع رسانی
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Knowledge sharing is one of the key processes of knowledge management, and its effective implementation plays a significant role in achieving the goals of knowledge management. Many factors affect the knowledge sharing of employees, one of the most important is the trust factor. Trust is one of the important and effective components in any model of organizational knowledge sharing. Based on this, in the present research, an attempt has been made to investigate the relationship between knowledge sharing and organizational trust with a comprehensive approach and using the meta-analysis method.

The current research is practical in terms of purpose, which has used the meta-analysis method to determine, collect, combine and summarize the study findings on the subject of the relationship between the variables of knowledge sharing and organizational trust. In this research, first by using the keywords of trust (organizational trust, institutional trust) and those of knowledge sharing (knowledge sharing, knowledge transfer) in databases such as the Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc), Tehran University Central Library, MagIran, Jihad Site (SID), and foreign databases such as Emerald, ProQuest, Elsevier and Springer were searched and all articles and theses that investigated the relationship between trust and knowledge sharing were collected. The number of samples reached 72 studies after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria and using the purposeful sampling method. The scale of effect size was correlation coefficients and statistical analysis was done with comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA2).

The meta-analysis results showed that the effect size in the random effects model for the institutional trust component is equal to .468, for the individual (cognitive- affective) trust component is equal to .428, and for the organizational trust structure is equal to .446, which according to Cohen's criterion (1988) all three obtained combined effect sizes are medium to high effect sizes. Also, examining the role of moderating variables showed that the variable of the "research location" (English and Persian) is one of the factors of the heterogeneity of the effect size. The effect size in the Persian research was equal to .482, which is more than the effect size in English research, which was equal to .401. The Q statistic (between groups) for the variable of "research location" was also obtained at a favorable significance level, which indicated its moderating role on the observed effect size. Also, regarding the role of the "publication type" variable, the significance level for the Q statistic (between groups) was higher than the desired level (p>.05). Therefore, it was concluded that the" type of publication" as a moderating variable has no effect on the observed effect. In other words, although the effect size of .448 obtained in the reviewed articles is more than the effect size of theses, it is not statistically significant and acceptable.

The results of this research showed that the relationship between organizational trust and its components (individual, institutional trust) and knowledge sharing is effective and in terms of the size of their effect, it is medium (upwards). In explaining the results, it can be said that organizational trust plays an important role in knowledge sharing, and a high level of trust in relationships among organizational members makes them more willing to share knowledge with each other and the majority of studies reviewed in this research have reported the trust as an important factor affecting knowledge sharing. Therefore, paying attention to organizational trust and its influencing dimensions on the intention and behavior of knowledge sharing can greatly help to improve the performance of the organization's knowledge management system. Based on this, it is necessary for managers of organizations to improve the knowledge sharing behavior of employees by creating a favorable organizational atmosphere. In this regard, by adopting encouraging and supportive policies, justice and fair treatment, promoting group learning, and forming informal and friendly groups, the institutional and individual trust of employees can be improved.

Today, semantic technology offers a new approach in organizing Quranic knowledge with the aim of providing meaningful information and representing Quranic teachings. Ontologies are a tool to formally express concepts and relationships in a specific domain. In the same way, the development of ontology as a tool for representing the effulgence and extracting the knowledge of the Quran is not only valuable, but also necessary. Ontology learning and its methods automatically to extract concepts are important topics in the field of Semantic Web and its technologies. Recently, the development and application of ontologies learning for the extraction of Quranic concepts has been considered. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to comprehensively investigate the ontologies automatic learning in the field of extracting knowledge and Quranic concepts in order to clarify the current and future situation. The investigated criteria were data set, learning methods, evaluation methods, results and future suggestions of studies in the field of ontologies automatic learning of the Quran.

The research was conducted by the scoping review method in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and based on Arksey & O’Malley procedure. This process describes a protocol for matching the results of existing studies with research questions and criteria. The five steps suggested by Arksey & O’Malley are as follows: 1. Identify and design the research question(s), 2. Conduct search strategies advocate for relevant studies through the selection of appropriate keywords and Boolean operators, 3. Final selection of relevant studies, considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 4. Tabulating the data, and finally, 5. Reporting its results. Sources were searched in seven scientific databases including Emerald, Science Direct, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus. The search process has been done in April 2023. A number of 811 articles, regardless of the time limit, were evaluated and selected. In order to organize the retrieved articles, EndNote resource management software was used and after matching the titles in different databases, 317 duplicate articles were removed. After reviewing the abstracts, the entry and exit criteria and the quality of the articles were applied. Also, in order to avoid bias in the selection of articles, during a random review, two independent researchers in the field of ontology automatic learning were evaluated and finally 25 articles were selected as review criteria.

Most of the study in the field of Quranic data set were in English and Arabic languages, and most of them used the English translation of Al-Hilali and Khan's Quran. The use of a limited data set was the most important limitation of the research conducted in the field of automatic learning of Quranic ontologies. Most of the studies have used normalization methods, text clustering and categorization, text summarization, information extraction, similarity and finding famous entities. Of course, in some studies, artificial intelligence methods such as neural network have also been used. In addition, the findings showed that data mining algorithms based on statistics and probability methods for learning and constructing automatic ontologies was apparently surging in popularity among researchers. Evaluation methods includes calculating accuracy, recall and F criteria in the application of automatic learning algorithms in Quranic ontologies. The studies that have used artificial intelligence techniques, by Semantic analysis, inference, modeling and validation of inferred data have achieved results such as sound recognition for teaching Quran reading, recognition of literary arrays and creating thematic connections in Quranic concepts as well as creating connections between these concepts and concepts in other religions. The evaluation of the presented methods for ontology automatic learning shows that the combined use of data mining methods and artificial intelligence brings better results. Most of the results of this field are in two general categories. The first category was based on the use of data mining, text mining and machine learning methods to automatically extract three concepts and dimensions (subject-predicate-object) along with Semantic relationships from the text of the Quran. The other category compares the performance of methods and algorithms based on statistics and similarity, such as TF, TF-IDF, AVE-TF, Ridf, TIM, N-gram, FREyA, Pos Taggin, Levenshtein, Log Likelihod, Herset, etc. in extracting concepts for the construction of the Quranic ontologies. The findings of the future studies review show the researchers' interest in artificial intelligence algorithms and their use in ontology learning and the automatic and semi-automatic development of Quranic ontologies. The lack of correct data sets is the reason for the inability of the world's advanced artificial intelligence systems such as GPT 4, which must be addressed in the future.Discussion and

The results of this study can help to direct future research about the best practices in the automatic development of Quranic ontologies. This issue can be taken into consideration by designing a comprehensive Quranic ontology that covers all topics and concepts according to the context of the Quran, and by creating a comprehensive ontology of the Quranic concepts, it will guide users towards the retrieval of Quranic knowledge. Also, more use of artificial intelligence and natural language processing methods, such as GPT as a machine learning model for natural language text generation by deep neural network, it seems essential in the development of automatic learning of Quranic ontologies. Machine learning requires the existence of big data in the field of the Qur'an, hence the creation of standard data sets is one of the future studies.

Productivity is an important topic in knowledge management that plays an effective role in improving the optimal use of resources, services and employees. With knowledge management, economic, technical and cultural attitudes towards production and organizations in a competitive world, they are intelligently trying to get the best results with the least cost and time from their activities. In the meantime, university libraries, as "knowledge portals" and organizations active in the public sector are bound to improve the efficiency of financial resources, maintain information resources and knowledge forces and improve the efficiency of knowledge management is considered a necessity for libraries to maintain efficiency. Therefore, the present study was conducted to provide a model for improving productivity in academic libraries as a roadmap for their future.

The current research is based on the fundamental goal and qualitative nature and is a part of exploratory research that was carried out with the "grounded theory" approach. The statistical population of the research includes 16 experts and faculty members of universities in the fields of management, knowledge and information science, and information technology. The interviewees were selected based on having sufficient history and experience and being interested in the research subject and they were selected according to their expertise and skills using the purposeful sampling method. Research data was collected using a semi-structured interview method with a systematic approach and using open questions. After each interview, to increase accuracy, the interviews were reviewed so that if there was any ambiguity in the understanding of the stated content, it could be corrected with the opinion of the interviewee. After performing the initial steps of analysis, to ensure the correctness of the interpretation, the content and their interpretation were again presented to the participants so that the content can be edited by the interviewees if needed. In the end, the data validity and reliability method with four criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability of Lincoln and Guba was used to measure the reliability of the results. To analyze the data, a three-stage design of open, central and selective coding was used.

In examining the categories, during the coding process of 281 open codes from the data obtained from the research interviews, 71 subcategories were coded and extracted. Then, axial coding was done based on the paradigm model. At this stage, the codes that had similar concepts were gathered in the form of a family under one concept. Finally, by using the selective coding of the conceptual model in the form of a paradigmatic model of the categories were outlined as: a) causal conditions; communication channels, management factors, organizational factors, individual factors, technical factors, b) the main phenomenon; Improving the productivity of knowledge management, c) Intervening conditions; external factors and internal factors, d) background conditions; motivational factors and internal organizational factors, e) strategies; Designing a creative and efficient system, designing an information economy system, designing an integrated content management system and designing an efficient system for supporting academic staff, f) consequences; Rapid sharing of knowledge, cost reduction, accessibility of resources, improvement of the work of knowledge workers and tangible income generation from knowledge

The drawing model showed that the extracted pattern of the research can be used as a road map to achieve the goal of improving the efficiency of knowledge management in university libraries, especially in the economic recession when libraries are in the purgatory of services; on the one hand, libraries are obliged to distribute information fairly and on the other hand, the staggering costs and the lack of facilities have reduced the ability to provide appropriate services. Therefore, it seems that the creative economy strategy, which is based on art, culture and sciences can lead to the information economy. Libraries earn money through digital information and services, production, distribution, marketing, pricing, sales, storage, and processing of information compensate for part of the costs. Of course, it should be noted that the creation of knowledge management infrastructure for the development of new technology equipment and digital communication requires cost and investment. As a result, it is expected that library services will be effective and efficient against the costs it creates. Therefore, it seems that paying attention to the creative system, information economy, integrated content management system and the use of creative forces can be effective in improving productivity. Of course, on the condition that the evaluation of the effective factors of productivity, the examination of strengths and weaknesses, the use of creative methods, and scientific thinking in removing obstacles to improving productivity should not be forgotten.

University libraries, being at the center of global scientific and research activities, are considered as one of the most dynamic types of libraries. They continuously utilize various technologies and strive to enhance the quality of their services. Therefore, these libraries must seek ways to improve the qualitative level of user interaction with the various operational systems within the libraries. To enhance the quality of user interaction with library systems, it is essential to establish a sense of belonging among visitors. Libraries should strive to have a better understanding of their users' experiences, particularly in areas related to information technology and online catalogs. This improvement aims to enhance the development of technology interaction, provide electronic loyalty, and foster a sense of belonging among users. The main goal of this research is to investigate the role of interactive and individual components such as cognitive absorption and computer self-efficacy in determining the level of user belongingness to the online catalog system of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Central Library. Research Objectives are:a) To determine the level of user belongingness to the online catalog system of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Central Library.b) To determine the role of cognitive absorption in the level of user belongingness to the online catalog system.c) To determine the role of computer self-efficacy in the level of user belongingness to the online catalog system.

This research falls into the category of applied research in terms of objectives and utilizes survey and quantitative methods. The study specifically employs a self-report approach using standardized questionnaires to assess components such as user belongingness, cognitive absorption and computer self-efficacy. The statistical population includes all postgraduate students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, and the sample size is determined to be 367 individuals. Data collection is carried out through three evaluation questionnaires. To evaluate user belongingness, the UES questionnaire is used, while cognitive absorption and computer self-efficacy are assessed using the Agarwal and Karahanna questionnaire and a standard questionnaire, respectively. The research employs both convergent and discriminant validity for measurement models and Cronbach's alpha for reliability.

Initial examination analysis of the collected data revealed that 54.38% of respondents were female. Regarding age groups, 59.83% were in the 21-25 age group. In terms of educational level, 6.58% were pursuing postgraduate studies. Subsequently, factor analysis was employed to respond to research questions and analysis of the data. Since this research aimed to explore the fundamental variables of a phenomenon (user engagement) by summarizing a set of data to elucidate internal relationships, confirmatory factor analysis was deemed the most appropriate method for data analysis, especially to address the main research questions. Statistical analyses indicated that the level of user engagement with the OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) of Ferdowsi University's central library was relatively low. Among various components, perceived usability was only at a moderate level, with other components falling below the average. Other findings suggested that cognitive absorption and computer self-efficacy significantly influenced the level of user engagement. Higher levels of these two components were associated with increased user engagement with the central library's OPAC. Upon closer examination of specific components, it was revealed that temporal self-disposition, control, curiosity about cognitive absorption, and basic computer skills had the most significant impact, while other components had less significant effects.

The findings indicated that the level of user engagement with the Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) was low. This could be attributed to the uniformity of library catalog environments, where interactions with other users (suggestions, feedback, etc.) were not emphasized. Activities such as reviewing photos, updating profiles, etc., had a considerably lesser effect on user engagement. Another reason for users' limited engagement with the library catalog could be the lack of interest and enthusiasm for library topics and content. The findings related to the first part of the research hypothesis demonstrated that each of the cognitive absorption components played a significant role in user engagement. Sub-components such as users' perception of the practicality and ease of use of the library catalog were crucial. It was inferred that if users perceive the utility and ease of use of the library catalog, their engagement with it would increase. Factors affecting practicality include compliance with user needs and ease of use of computerized lists. The findings related to the second part of the research hypothesis also showed that each of the computer self-efficacy components had a significant impact on user engagement. It can be concluded that computer self-efficacy is a crucial factor in user interaction with computer systems, encompassing beliefs and individuals' ability to use computers to solve problems and achieve goals. Higher computer self-efficacy leads to the increased familiarity with new software and tools, resulting in overall better computer performance. It can be inferred that experience in any field can serve as a foundation for subsequent experiences.

Collaborative digital reference services are one of the suitable services in libraries where two or more libraries act in a cooperative or group manner to provide reference services using one of the forms of digital reference services. In this type of service, the user sends a request to a library that is a member of the library network. The library receiving the question will do this if it is able to provide an answer; otherwise, it presents the question to another library that is a member of this network and has the ability to answer this question. The current study was conducted to study the feasibility of Collaborative Digital Reference Services in Iran’s top university central libraries. Several researches have been conducted inside and outside the country in connection with the topic of the current research. Reviewing the researches shows the fact that creating a collaborative digital reference service is necessary for universities and large centers. In Iranian researches, feasibility in terms of human resources, equipment and budget of digital reference services in libraries has been emphasized. In foreign researches, the review of collaborative digital reference services in terms of structure, patterns, software, hardware, features and services and human resources, evaluation and satisfaction of these services in libraries has been considered. Among the researches carried out inside the country, no research has investigated the possibilities and conditions of creating a collaborative digital reference in the central libraries of top level universities in Iran. Regarding the development of collaborative digital reference services in the world and the role of universities in meeting the educational and research information needs of users, as the most important knowledge production and dissemination centers in Iran have not yet turned to these services at the highest level.

In terms of purpose, this research is applied research and in terms of nature, this research is descriptive survey. The population of the study was composed of managers (13 managers from 13 central libraries) and reference librarians (42 librarians from 13 central libraries) from Iran’s top university central libraries (13 libraries). Two researcher-made questionnaires were used to collect data from mangers and librarians. In order to assess the validity, the questionnaires were sent to 9 Library and Information Science professors, KMO test was another method which was used for measuring the validity of the questioners, which indicated 0.93 for managers’ questionnaire and 0.90 for the librarians. So, the two questionnaires were determined to be valid. To estimate the reliability, Cronbach’s Alpha was calculated which showed 0.76 for managers’ questionnaire and 0.79 for that of the librarians. SPSS was used for the analysis of the collected data.

The overall average obtained for the level of familiarity of the librarians of the studied libraries with the skills needed to provide digital reference services in general is 3.53, which is higher than the average of 3.00. However, in the skill of "familiarity with network hardware issues and problems", the situation was reported to be slightly lower than average, and librarians' skills are needed to be supported or improved in this field. Findings also showed the libraries do not have some of the required software and hardware facilities to provide the digital reference service. Only 23.08% of libraries (libraries of Shahid Beheshti University, Allameh Tabatabai University and Ferdowsi University of Mashhad) use independent software for the question and answer with the user. The existence of independent digital reference software in only 3 central libraries (out of 13 top academic libraries) seems far from expected. The electronic information resources coverage was acceptable. The analysis shows that Iran’s top university central libraries face with some problems in terms of their funding, but these problems are not significant.

If the central libraries intend to provide collaborative digital reference services, the conditions and equipment are available to some extent, and perhaps with careful coordination and planning and using unified and integrated software, they can establish fixed and specific platforms for providing remote services. In the studied libraries, due to the available facilities and tools, it may be possible to turn face-to-face interactions in libraries into effective remote interactions with the same quality as face-to-face interactions, especially during crises and when libraries are closed. Before taking action, due to the lack of coherent digital reference services in the studied libraries, it is necessary to form a specialized group and committee consisting of experts under the supervision of expert librarians and the cooperation of computer experts to provide cooperative digital reference services. Also, due to the lack of specific software in some of the studied libraries, it is better to budget and prepare a single software to provide collaborative reference services. In the next step, due to the lack of equipment and hardware facilities in the studied libraries, it is better to identify and prepare the necessary equipment and hardware facilities to provide these services. It should be noted that providing such new services requires a series of joint trainings; It is suggested that training courses be held for reference librarians in order to increase their level of knowledge and efficiency in the field of providing collaborative digital reference services by libraries. Advertising, promotion and marketing of services is more important than setting up the service itself. It is important to use advertising plans and programs to familiarize the users of universities in this field and it will make them know more about this service.

Physical or psychological dependence on something or someone unconsciously creates a kind of relationship with the desire for stability and the fear of its loss causes annoyance and stress. Obviously, the daily and constant use of mobile phones also causes this type of dependence and the anxiety of separation from the mobile phone can make a person face psychological insecurity and even create the basis for the occurrence of diseases such as pessimism. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of information therapy on nomophobia (non-mobile phobia) of post-graduate students of Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran.

This research is semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research includes graduate students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in the academic year of 2022-23. The selection of the subjects in this research in the first stage was purposefully selected based on the objectives of the research as available, but they randomly replaced in 3 experimental and control groups. To select the sample, all graduate students who were physically present in the study halls of the central library of the university for a long time (more than 20 hours per week) and used the library space were examined from the existing list and a questionnaire with questions with a short answer, questions related to the amount of mobile phone use and their feelings when the phone is turned off or the Internet is not available, etc. were distributed among them and accordingly, 40 of the students dependent on mobile phones with demographic characteristics Those who received the highest marks based on this self-report questionnaire were selected as the subjects of this research. The sample of this study was made up of 40 students dependent on mobile phones, 10 people in 4 experimental groups (receiving information by watching a video), the experimental group receiving information by reading the texts, 10 people were divided into the experimental group (receiving information about participation in counseling sessions) and the control group of 10 people. Information therapy training was provided to the students of the experimental groups during six two-hour sessions, while the control group did not receive any special training. All three levels of information therapy (video, text and counseling) included 12 different educational discussion topics, two of which were used in each session and the educational environment (information therapy) was the same for all groups. All 4 groups were measured in the pre-test and post-test with Yildirim & Correia’s nomophobia questionnaires (2015).

According to the findings of this research, it should be said that the difference between the group of watching the movie and the group of reading the texts, counseling sessions with the control group was 0.30, 1.90 and 1.50, respectively. The difference between the text study group and the counseling and control groups was 2.20 and 1.80, respectively. The difference between the group of counseling sessions and the control group was 0.40. Based on the results of one-way analysis of variance, there was no significant difference between the 4 studied groups in the stage before the experiment (P>0.05). Considering that the design of this research is a pre-test-post-test with a control group and the purpose of the pre-test is to control the primary statistical difference, analysis of covariance with Benferroni's post-hoc test was used to investigate the difference in the amount of mobile phobia after the implementation of the experimental variables. The difference between the movie watching group and the text reading, counseling and control groups was 1.21, 45.76 and 57.67, respectively. The difference between the text study group and the counseling and control groups was 46.98 and 58.89, respectively. The difference between the group of counseling sessions and the control was 11.91. Based on the results of Benferroni's post-hoc test, there was a significant difference between the three experimental groups and the control group. There was no significant difference between the two experimental groups of watching the movie and reading the texts. There was a significant difference between the two experimental groups of watching movies and reading texts with the group of counseling sessions. Based on these results, it can be said that all three educational methods of watching movies, reading texts and counseling sessions have been effective in reducing mobile phone phobia. The effect of watching movies and reading texts in reducing mobile phone phobia has been the same but more than the method of counseling sessions. It should be noted that the results of this research are not generalizable due to the way it was conducted and we may face different results in different societies.

The results of covariance analysis showed that information therapy was effective in reducing students' nomophobia and this effect was seen more in the experimental group of reading texts and watching movies; according to the findings of this research, it should be said that the difference between the group of watching the movie and the group of reading the texts, counseling sessions with the control group was 0.30, 1.90 and 1.50, respectively. The difference between the text study group and the counseling and control groups was 2.20 and 1.80, respectively. The difference between the group of counseling sessions and the control was 0.40; therefore, it can be concluded that information therapy is effective in reducing students' nomophobia. In fact, it can be said that providing the right information at the right time helps a person's decision-making in the process of changing behavior and it is a process that is achieved through the dynamic interaction of the patient with the text. Information therapy is seen as a method to increase the relationship between the doctor and the patient and sometimes people find the information they need from the Internet.

The present study states that the success in implementing the knowledge management architecture in the field of electronic services for business in digital libraries requires the evaluation of knowledge management in the digital library. For this purpose, the researchers have studied the implementation of digital library research in the form of digital enterprises to set up a link for electronic business such as culture centers in digital and functional form in public libraries of Tehran. Basically, the application of this work is that by first setting up a link in the digital library at the level of public libraries, it is possible to open the door to electronic business, so that researchers can do research in this field and people seek work and creation in entrepreneurship, and in this way, electronic services can be launched in public libraries and these services can be guided through prioritization and knowledge management architecture, and a model and pattern that has been proposed in this research can be opened. and considered the initiator of this work.

This research is based on the purpose of an applied-developmental study and based on the method of data collection, it is a descriptive study of the cross-sectional survey type. Also, in this study, a mixed research method (qualitative-quantitative) was used. The data collection tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview, and in the quantitative part, a questionnaire with face validity and with a Likert-type scale. The statistical population in the qualitative section includes 33 experts of digital library managers, who were selected by the purposeful sampling method, which was reached up with 12 interviews. To analyze the data in the qualitative part, the theme analysis method and MaxQDA software were used. Then, using gap analysis and performance analysis, the priority of knowledge management architecture in e-business services was discussed. The quantitative statistical population includes 150 digital users and 50 digital library user experts. The sample size was checked with Morgan's table, Cronbach's alpha and Likert's scale were also used for the questionnaire, and Friedman's test was also used for prioritization. Sampling in quantitative section was done randomly. In order to answer the research questions for the qualitative part, it was done through indirect observation, and after answering the interview questions, it was semi-structured. Basically, the user was allowed to do it alone and to some extent with an open hand without having any answer to the relevant questions in a restricted manner.

The research findings show that knowledge management in the digital library is at the initial level of the productivity model in digital libraries. The gap between the performance level and the expected level is wide. But in general, they achieved a meaningful relationship. In the field of electronic services, expectations (importance) are close to perceptions (performance). But in the case of variables such as knowledge management results, knowledge processes, knowledge management architecture, e-business, gaps in requirements and priorities were observed. According to the research obtained in the background section, it needs more understanding and investigation which shows that variables such as electronic business service requirements of digital libraries, the communication chain of knowledge management architecture in digital libraries are needed in this library and should be investigated. It can also be said that the research findings show that knowledge management in the digital library is at the initial level. The gap between the performance level and the expected level is wide. Variables such as electronic business service requirements of digital libraries and communication chain of knowledge management architecture in digital libraries are needed. Basically, the findings of the research include the following:
Level of knowledge management in digital library: beginner
Gap between performance and expectations: large
The need for further investigation in the digital library system: the variables of electronic business service requirements of digital libraries and the communication chain of knowledge management architecture.

The results of the research showed that the requirements of digital libraries have been raised in the form of a knowledge management architecture for electronic business, and in this context, the model of digital libraries to improve the performance of these services has been expressed in the suggestions section which can be used as a digital company to start a business in digital libraries. Basically, this company is the initiator of other businesses as well as research works in any organization and library, which is good enough to give hope for donation and this work. It is a way to advance the goals of this library and electronic business and entrepreneurship in the digital world. Also, in the section of suggestions for improving and promoting this work, the network method is also mentioned, which is the best way to do electronic work in the virtual world. Also, this method can open the way for ontology and information retrieval in the digital world, and in principle, this way can be suggested for better performance in both specialized and public libraries.

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors and tourist. Also, tourism is travel for pleasure or business, and the commercial activity of providing and supporting such travel. Tourism is one of the important activities in the contemporary era, which plays an important role in the economy of countries. Tourism directory is the tour travel reference for tourists and travelers. This guide contains information about tourist spots, historical, cultural and attractive places for travelers. It also has the listing of associations, organizations and services in travel and tourism. Tourism directory is a tourism information reference with news, events, and tourism festivals. These guides are also important reference sources that provide users with valuable information. Furthermore, there are many directories travel available on the web and print format. But finding the right one that contains the most comprehensive information, details about different destinations, or other travel-related resources can be a tedious task. Searching properly always helps us discover the best travel deals. This study sought to determine the characteristics of printed and electronic tourist guides, Design and organize it in Iran.

This research is applied in terms of the objective and is survey-analytic in terms of the nature and method. The research population consisted of all employees of Department of Tourism and Cultural Heritage Organization in Tehran whose number is 143 individuals. Due to limited population, no sampling was carried out. The instrument for data collection in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was measured by formal validity method. Confirmatory factor analysis was used for construct validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was 0.879. The information obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS software version 19.

Findings showed that the relationship between the use of tourist guides in Iran to receive information and the use of tourist guides with an average of 53.093 and a significant level (0.017) with a T-statistic value of 2.41 less than the error level of 0.05 was obtained. Also, regarding the relationship between Iranian tourist guides in terms of shape and use of tourist guides, the average was 57.33 with a value of T= 318.5 less than the error level of 0.05. In addition, there was a correlation between the use of up-to-date technologies and the use of tourist guides, with an average of 64.97 with a T-statistic of 10.26 less than the error level of 0.05. Also, the existence of a relationship between the use of electronic tourism guides in Iran to receive information and tourist guides, with an average of 57.04 with a value of T of 4.97 less than the error level of 0.05 was determined. Then, the existence of a relationship between electronic tourism guides in Iran in terms of shape and audience attraction, equal to an average of 57.04 with a value of T of 4.97 less than the error level of 0.05 was determined. As a result, all research hypotheses were confirmed. Findings indicate that printed and electronic tourism guides can play an effective role in improving travelers' cognition. These guides can also increase the desire to travel among tourists.

Tourism can be called as a service industry with a value-creating economic function. Tourism is one of the important pillars of the country's development. Therefore, it is important to pay more attention to the factors related to it. The results showed that the use of tourist guides in Iran to receive information and use them properly in encouraging tourists and better understanding of cultural and historical spaces. Advances in technology have led to the use of tools such as social networks, web space, specialized tourism software, which has a positive effect on attracting the audience. Smartphone compatible apps can increase tourism activity. In addition, Sharing tourism information among travelers is one of the most important ways to find out about tourism destinations.it was found that sharing information online can be a factor in enhancing the use of e-guides. Therefore, users' experiences are shared on websites, blogs, and some social networks. Designing tourist guides based on the opinions of tourists and their interests can attract more audiences and encourage them to make more use of enriched guides. It has also provided the conditions that they can use these guides during the trip in an online way. It should be stated that, anyway, the media play a significant role in strengthening the tourism industry, and whether in connection with print or electronic media, using these useful tools in the virtual space can lead to the strengthening of this important sector in the national economy.

Knowledge sharing and scholarly communications do not happen in a vacuum. It appears that knowledge sharing and scholarly communication are influenced by individual and organizational factors, which play an important role in the survival of the university. The present study analyzes major factors such as trust, mental norms, organizational culture, and reward system on the attitude and intention of knowledge sharing and on scholarly communication. The researcher investigated how these factors can affect scholarly communication widely by using the mediating role of knowledge sharing. The review of previous studies indicates that the effect of some individual and organizational factors on scholarly communication has been of limited interest to researchers. In addition, no study was found in Iran regarding the mediating role of knowledge sharing on scholarly communication. Furthermore, few studies have been conducted outside of Iran regarding knowledge sharing and scholarly communication. Considering, the importance of individual and organizational factors and the important role that these two variables have in knowledge sharing (attitude and intention to share knowledge), and scholarly communication, this research aims to display the importance of some individual and organizational factors among universities in the west of the country with this approach, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of individual and organizational factors on the attitude and intention to share knowledge and its role in scholarly communication among faculty members of universities in the west of the country.

The research method adopted in the study was survey-analytical. The statistical population of the study who were recruited based on simple random sampling method were faculty members of the western universities (in the provinces Kermanshah, Ilam, and Kurdistan) including 270 faculty members. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. In order to ensure the content validity of the study, five experts were asked to pass their judgments on the draft. Cronbach's test was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The results of Cronbach's test showed that the trust component (.75), subjective norms (.84), organizational culture (.80), reward system (.74), knowledge sharing attitude (.91), knowledge sharing intention (.73) and scholarly communication (.87) and a total of 41 questions equal to.74 were obtained, which indicated the appropriate reliability of the scale. According to the quantitative approach in this research, data analysis was done using descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, skewness, and kurtosis) and inferential statistics, multiple regression test, and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Amos software

The research findings showed that the variable of trust through the attitude of knowledge sharing and the mental variable through the intention to share knowledge affected scholarly communication. The variables of organizational culture and reward system affected scholarly communication only through the attitude of knowledge sharing, and organizational culture only through the intention of knowledge sharing. The variable of mental norms, not only indirectly affected scholarly communication, directly affected scholarly communication. Also, the findings showed that the greatest regression effect related to the trust variable (.394) was on the knowledge sharing attitude. Furthermore, knowledge sharing attitude (.114) had the least regression effect on scholarly communication. The results of structural equations showed that although the CMIN/DF index and RMSEA (Root mean square error of approximation) were not satisfactory, but the other model fit indices, including absolute fit indices, comparative fit indices, and parsimonious fit indices, had a favorable and acceptable status, which shows that the presented model has relatively acceptable.

In general, the results of the research showed that trust, organizational culture, and reward system have an effect on scholarly communication through the mediation of knowledge sharing attitude and knowledge sharing intention. Furthermore, these factors are important elements that determine Knowledge sharing behaviors in higher education. Therefore, the role of these factors in the development of scholarly communication by maintaining the mediating role of knowledge sharing is undeniable, and this can be justified considering that most of the activities of academic staff are individual-oriented and organization-oriented. According to the findings, it is suggested that universities provide an environment that facilitates the knowledge sharing process in order to strengthen the scholarly communication of faculty members. It is also necessary for universities to focus more on people's trust and mental norms in order to create trust, collective cooperation, and social interactions between faculty members in the university. This will have an important effect on scientific development and scientific production.

In recent years, the reliance of organizations on the knowledge capital that originates from their employees has increased. This internal knowledge is the main factor of success and survival in today's business environment. Knowledge-oriented organizations consider knowledge sharing as an important learning strategy to achieve innovative performance. With the increasing dependence of the economy on knowledge, today knowledge is considered as the most important factor in gaining competitive advantage and achieving greater performance and profitability. All organizations -both large and small ones- consider knowledge as an essential resource in gaining a competitive advantage. Of course, Knowledge will be effective when it is shared among the employees of the organization and finally used in practice. Therefore, knowledge sharing not only makes employees share their previous knowledge with others, it also helps them to gain valuable new knowledge; It helps to create, improve and implement innovative ideas. This research aims to develop the argument that knowledge sharing strengthens the effect of the role of organizational climate on innovative work behavior; It examines the effect of organizational climate on the innovative behavior of employees and the mediating role of knowledge sharing in knowledge-based companies in Fars province, in order to properly understand the type of relationship and how organizational climate and knowledge sharing influence the innovative performance of employees in knowledge-based companies. Managers find the possibility to plan and manage more appropriate measures for the development of innovation in the company, in line with the greater productivity of the organization.

The current research is an applied research. which investigated the effect of organizational climate on knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior of employees of knowledge-based companies in Fars province in the year 2021 with an experimental method. According to Cochran's formula, the statistical sample size is 190 people. Due to the possibility of non-cooperation of some statistical samples in completing the questionnaire, the questionnaire was sent to 250 people from the statistical population. 235 questionnaires were completed by employees of knowledge-based companies. In order to cover the objectives of the research, a combined questionnaire was used, including the organizational climate questionnaire of Jane, Farmer, Pichatka, Frederick and Lukas (2015), the knowledge sharing questionnaire of Jane et al. (2015) and the innovative behavior questionnaire of Janssen (2004). In order to analyze the data and respond to the research hypotheses, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used by SmartPLS software. In order to check the validity of the questionnaire, formal and content validity methods were used. In this way, the questionnaire was given to 5 experts in the field of entrepreneurship, and they were asked for their opinions on the questions and the evaluation of the hypotheses, and they unanimously approved the questionnaire. Also, a confirmatory factor analysis was carried out using SmartPLS software, and its validity checked out. In order to calculate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated. The partial least squares method was used to validate the model. The results of running the model in the standard estimation mode show the direction and intensity of the relationship between the variables. In order to check the significance of the relationships between the variables of the model, the bootstrap method was used. In this research, convergent validity, composite reliability, Cronbach's alpha and divergent validity were used to fit the external model.

In the case of all constructs, the average variance extracted is greater than 0.5, so there is a convergent validity. Cronbach's alpha of all variables is greater than 0.7, so the reliability is confirmed. The combined reliability value is also greater than the extracted average variance and, in all cases, it is greater than the threshold of 0.7, so the third condition is also met. The coefficient of influence of organizational climate on innovative behavior was obtained as 0.409. Also, the value of t statistic is 4.160. Therefore, it can be claimed with 95% certainty: organizational climate has a positive and significant effect on innovative behavior. The coefficient of influence of organizational atmosphere on knowledge sharing was obtained as 0.854. Also, the value of t-test is 9.522. Therefore, it can be claimed with 95% confidence that organizational climate has a positive and significant effect on knowledge sharing. The effect coefficient of knowledge sharing on innovative behavior is 0.396. Also, the value of t-test was 2.575. Therefore, it can be claimed with 95% confidence: knowledge sharing has a positive and significant effect on innovative behavior.

Based on the results obtained in this research, the organizational climate has a positive and significant effect on the knowledge sharing of employees in knowledge-based companies. Examining the relationship between knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior confirms the positive and significant effect of knowledge sharing on innovative behavior among employees of knowledge-based companies. The innovative behavior of employees is a type of motivating behavior; on the other hand, sharing knowledge is a behavior beyond the actual role of employees in the organization. Therefore, considering this fact, it can be expected that when the level of knowledge and information exchange in the organization is higher, the motivation of employees for innovative activities will increase. Therefore, the increase of information resources resulting from knowledge sharing can be considered as one of the factors of innovative work behavior in the organization. The general results of this research show the direct and indirect effect of the organizational climate (through knowledge sharing) on the innovative work behavior of employees of knowledge-based companies in Fars province. Knowledge sharing increases the effect of organizational climate on innovative work behavior. Based on this, it can be concluded that knowledge sharing behavior has a decisive role in the emergence of innovative work behavior.