پژوهشنامه مدیریت ورزشی و رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 29 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

The purpose of this study was to determining validity and reliability of the Persian version of AGSYS.

262 children in between the ages of 9 and 14 years in different sport fields were chosen by random sampling and completed the Persian version of the AGSYS. First, with use of translation-back translation methods, face validity and translate accuracy of Persian version of questionnaire was confirmed. Confirmatory factor analysis was used for validation of structure of questionnaire, Cronbach alpha coefficient was used for internal consistency of questionnaire, and intra-class correlation coefficient was used to study temporal reliability of items.

The Persian version of the AGSYS has appropriate fit index and the results supported 2-factor (Task and Ego Orientation) and 12 - item structure of the initial of scale. Internal consistency for whole of scale and subscales Task and Ego Orientation were equal to 0.81, 0.79 and 0.77 respectively and temporal reliability for whole of scale and subscales were equal to 0.75, 0.65 and 0.70.

Therefore The Persian version of AGSYS can be characterized as a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the Achievement Goal of children in between the ages of 9 and 14 years in sport situations.

The concept of Internal Marketing (IM) is a relatively new approach that has been investigated by researchers and adopted by companies in order to enhance the quality of their products and services and to achieve a better performance. The aim of this study was the relationship between internal marketing and service quality in sport and youth organization in Golestan province.

This study was correlational and was applied quantitative approaches. The population of the study were all experts of the sport and youth organization in Golestan province (n=110). Since the number of staff is limited, the sample was considered equal. Two questionnaires include Servqual (Parasuraman et al , 1985) and internal marketing ( Mooney and Forman,1995) was used.

The significance level for all tests were considered p≤0.05. Test results showed that the concept of internal marketing has positive relationship with the quality of service in sport and youth organization in Golestan province p≤0.05. Managers should help employees develop their vision and laid out a vision that is worthy of organization and consensus. As well as development of training and staff skills and competency-based reward system, personnel support to improve performance

Being host or playing at home is a benefit and can bring other privileges such as victory of the host. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of host privileges on the performance of teams existing in Premier Iranian League during a 10 year old period. For this purpose, data about the number of winnings, draws, loses, received goals and scored goals, yellow cards received by the 33 teams at home and away from home competitions are collected; and Polard method was used to determine host privileges. Due to the fact that the number of presence of all teams in Premier League. Due to the lack of uniformity in the presence of teams in the Premier League, the criterion for participate teams in this study was the presence of at least four courses in the league. Results indicated that advantage of hosting in the performance of teams which included in the Premier Iranian League (chi-square= 83.13, df = 1, p = 0.000). On the other hand, the number of the goals at home were significantly more than those scored at away (1p = 0.000, d = 3880, t = 10.3). This is also true in the case of received goals (p = 0.000 .d = 3864 t = 11/95). During the ten-year period, the host teams received fewer numbers of yellow cards than the guests (t = 4.1, df =3627, p = 0.000).

Burnout is considered as a detrimental factor in athletes’ performance and psychological health in which its formation, several psychological traits may play a role. To identify formation mechanisms of burnout, the present research studied the relationship of positive and negative perfectionism with burnout in martial arts athletes.

In this cross-sectional-correlational study, 107 athletes (58 males and 49 females, mean of age 24 years) completed the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, and collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression model at 95 percent confidence level.

Participants reported high and moderate levels of positive and negative perfectionism, respectively, and moderate to low level of burnout. The dimensions and total level of burnout were related negatively to positive perfectionism and positively to negative perfectionism. Positive and negative perfectionism explained 27.6%, 16.4%, 11.4%, and 23.5% of variance in reduced sense of accomplishment, emotional and physical exhaustion, devaluation, and total level of burnout, respectively.

With similar predictive abilities but in different directions, positive and negative perfectionism have decreasing and enhancing effects on athletes’ burnout in martial arts.

The effect of focus of attention on performance and learning is dependent on task characteristics. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of focus of attention and skill complexity on performance and learning of billiard shot.

Participants were 48 volunteer female students in age range 19-23 yr. who were assigned randomly into simple and complex skill groups and each group were matched to internal and external focus subgroups based on pretest. After 8 practice sessions, acquisition, retention (after 2 and 10 days), and transfer tests were performed. Shots accuracy was scored based on distance of ball contact from pocket.

The results of Friedman test were indicated significant acquisition and short-term retention for all groups, significant delayed retention for complex skill, and significant transfer for internal focus complex task group .

The results of the present study doubted and questioned the interaction of attention and complexity on motor performance and learning.

Nowadays, the organizations have to apply coherent structural principles and to promote health and knowledge to achieve success. So, the purpose of the present study was to develop a structural model of CM, organizational health and learning in Iran sport federations. The present study was a field research using correlation test. The population was all the Iranian sport federations’ staff. They were selected in a stratified random manner according to the population size (N=234). Thus 15 federations were selected randomly. Krejcie and Morgan sampling methods were used to find the sample size of mentioned federations and 192 questionnaires remained eventually. Cybernetic Management (α= 0/89) and learning questionnaire was used which developed by Qorbanizadeh (2010) (α= 0/92), also Organizational Health questionnaire (OHI) which developed by Lynden and Klingele either (α= 0/91). The results showed that Cybernetic Management has direct effect on organizational health and organizational learning process and has indirect effect on organizational learning culture. According to these results it is crucial to pay special attention to ethic, and to develop & train modern technologies, and to create an information flow and effective leadership to enhance the efficiency of sport organizations in order to achieve organization’s goals and strategies.

Conflict is common phonemium in today`s organizations that require optimum of human skills for efficient management of conflict. The main purpose of this study was relationship between physical education teachers personality traites and conflict management styles. The statistical population consisted all Shiraz P.E teachers (N=225) that n=138 P.E teachers were selected randomly. The demographic characteristics, Neo (1992) personality traits questionnaire and Putnam and Wilson (1987) conflict management questionnaire were used. After concieved about data normality (K-S) (P>0.05, Z=0.0872). To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation and regression analysis were used. The results showed that there was direct and significant relation between openness and resolving conflict styles (r= 0.49, sig=0.003). Also there was a significant relationship between neuroticism and avoidance style (r= 0.36 , sig= 0.042) and negative correlation was observed with resolving conflict style (r= - 0.32 , sig= 0.002). But Extroversion had no meaningful relation with any of conflict management styles (p> 0.05). The results of regression test showed that P.E teachers personality traits have significant and direct impact on the conflict management styles (R= 0.47, sig= 0.001). Therefore, this study recommends that considering to difference in personality characteristics of P.E teachers and their familiarity with the conflict management styles had a significant role in creating a favorable learning environment that is free from any destructive conflicts.

The purpose of this research was to study the effects of big five personality traits on Motivation to participate in sport among students of Shiraz University. Statistical Society of the study was students of Shiraz University and sample population is 377 students. For this purpose, Five Factor Inventory Questionnaire (Neo, 1994) and Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ; Lonsdale, Hodge, & Rose, 2008) was used. Based on the result of structural equation modeling, research instruments had the acceptable reliability and Diagnostic Validity. For data analysis and identification the effect of research variables, Structural equation modeling used to Smart PLS Software was used. Findings showed, the effect of big five personality traits includes extraversion (t=7/50, β=0/29),openness to experience (t=5/04, β=0/16), neuroticism (t=2/76, β=0/33), agreeableness (t=8/56, β=0/42), and conscientiousness (t=3/70, β=0/26) was significant and positive effect on Motivation to participate in sport among students of Shiraz University. also result showed that big five model of personality in sum explain %87 of variation of Motivation to participate in sport. According to the effect of personality traits on Motivation to participate in sport, It can be said that attention to personality traits in process of sport programming can increase participation in sport of students.

Effective communication and negotiation skills, especially managers of sports organizations an important role in the efficient relationship and thus facilitate the achievement of the objectives of the organization. The aim of study was to analyze the relationship between the application of communication skills and negotiation styles between school physical education experts in Iran.

This study applied a Analytical- correlation method was used. The sample was 217 experts. To collect the required data communication skills questionnaire Barton (1993) and questionnaire negotiating style Pier (1989) was used.

There is a significant relationship between communication skills and negotiation. Analytical style and intuitive with listening skills significant relationship was found. factual style experts under the first priority was negotiating style and the highest level of communication skills skills belonged feedback.Conclusio: Most of the discussion related to the field of organizational behavior, communication skills as one of the essential skills required of managers in the organization and according to the results, in order to achieve the desired level and style of negotiation, improvement of communication skills experts should be considered further.

 researchs about learning sports skills, play a vital role in professional practice has highlighted. The goal of current research is to compare history of expertise exercise practices between national and provincial wushu medalists.

To this end, 50 wushu medalists (30 medalists at the country level and 20 medalists at the provincial level) were selected using available and purposive sampling methods. The age of beginning and the amount of wushu exercises, other sports exercises, physical fitness exercises and mental and psychological fitness exercises of wushu practitioners and the amount of social support were recorded using the Hopwood (2013) developmental history of athletes questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using independent t-test, ANCOVA, and the phi coefficient.

The findings of this study showed that the only difference was observed between the provincial and national medalists in terms of the amount of using wushu private training programs, bodybuilding and mental skills private training programs has been the age of 16 years.

The results of this study showed that it is not necessary at an early age to do play and deliberate practice in sports that peak performance is late.

The present study compares the dimensions of justice between male and female college students in group and individual sports teams.

The research population consisted of students from the sports teams of the state university, seven universities with a population of 2,200 and were purposefully selected as samples, and among their teams, two social sport teams (109 football players and 109 volleyball players) and two individual sports teams (62 wrestlers and 57 martial arts wrestlers) were selected as the sample. The research method is based on the purpose of applied research and in terms of the descriptive comparative method that runs in the field. The data was collected by a researcher-made two-dimensional questionnaire, which was conducted as a test on the students of Sistan and Baluchistan University and has reliability (0.78), and its validity was confirmed by 12 sports management and management experts.

The results show there is difference, with regards to distribution justice between individual and social team’s sports. In addition it showed that interaction justice is more tangible in individual sports, and there is a meaningful difference in all dimensions between singular and social sport teams.

There is a difference between the present situation of justice and the ideal situation in all. In addition, correcting legal procedures, in the opinion of students, leads to justice in society.

the purpose of present research was to measure coastal tourist satisfaction level using recreation-sport service quality parameters in the Caspian Sea shoreline.

It is a descriptive survey done as a field study. The research population included the tourists in the coastal zone of Mazandaran province. The sample was estimated about 384 tourists based on Morgan table. The sampling was cluster random one. The instrument was a structured questionnaire and internal reliability was 0.84 calculated by Cronbach's α coefficient. To analyze data and test the hypotheses, the one sample t-test and binominal test were used at the significance level of under 0.05.

The results of one sample t-test showed that the welfare service quality (t= -9.52), the recreation service quality (t= -8.36), and hygiene service quality (t = - 10.83) were evaluated lower than moderate level and the tourists were not satisfied with them. Moreover, the results of binominal test showed that the sport service quality, safety service quality, and human force quality service were lower than moderate level.

The shortage in quantity and quality of service quality towards coastal tourists leads to decrease the number of tourists. Therefore, building the various coastal facilities to leverage the service quality can cause to promote the civil infrastructures and finally the coastal tourist satisfaction.

The basis for educational planning and designing is the needs assessment. This research was conducted with purpose of studying educational needs assessment of physical education teachers in Mazandaran province.

In this research, mix methods qualitative and quantitative were used. A purposive sample of 20 informants was selected. Based on qualitative findings, an initial 47 items questionnaire was designed. After reviewing its validity and reliability (α=0/983), finally was conducted on a sample of 228 teachers from Mazandaran province schools.

Finding in qualitative part are presented as follows: Such indicators as need for training Physical Education Teachers: 1.related to management and leadership; 2.related to teaching and learning; 3.related to professional competencies; 4. related to ethics and law; and 5. related to technology and research; Also, according to the teachers, there are educational needs in all and priority needs were significant at the level (p = 0.05).

physical Education Teachers of Mazandaran Province have educational needs in the considered indicators. And can be said teachers do not receive appropriate training or their training is not enough.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a selected motor program on visual-motor skills of children (3 to 6 years) with profound hearing loss and a cochlear implant.

Participants were selected purposefully from a rehabilitation center in Tehran and divided into two groups experiment (n=10) and control (n=12) according to their scores on Gardner’s Test of Visual-Motor Skills. Visual-motor skill pretest was taken from two control and experimental groups by the test of visual motor skills revised (TVMSR). The experiment group subjects contributed in the SPARK program for 8 weeks, three sessions per week with 45 minutes in each session.

A posttest was taken of both groups after completion the course of intervention program. Analyze of Covariance test were conducted for data analysis (α = 0.05). Results showed that there was no significant difference between groups for TVMSR score before the intervention program but, it was significant after program course. However, effect of the program on visual spatial skill (P=0.002), visual analysis skills (P=0.010) and visual motor integration (P=0.002) was significant.

In conclusion, appropriate training opportunities may lead to improvement on visual-motor skills in children with profound hearing loss and a cochlear implant.

The purpose of this study is to make a comparison of Influence of feedback after successful unsuccessful attempts on learning the skills needed for shot put on shoulder about the retarded boys in Ahwaz city.

The statistical data includes the retarded boys with 9-12 years old, that 45 persons of this study were chosen by a available method. After process of pretest, they were placed randomly into three groups. To make analysis of data in process of pretest, the method of one way variance and in process of attainment, analyzing of multiplex variance via measurement on factor of blocks to determine the differences between intergroup and within- the -group is used.

The results show, there is no much difference between the participants of all three groups in pretest (p=0.35). also result in the acquisition and retention of a significant difference between the three groups (P