پژوهشنامه مدیریت ورزشی و رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 37 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

The purpose of this study was to identify the tools of sports diplomacy to advance the political goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The entire research process included two steps, The first step of research included: qualitative research (Documents available in libraries and websites, Study of scientific articles in domestic and foreign journals, books And tools for interviewing university professors and elites). The second step of the study included: quantitative research of descriptive-analytical type (using Delphi method and AHP). The statistical population in the qualitative section was all managers and experts in the field of sports diplomacy. In qualitative methods, the number of samples is not predetermined. As a result, the interview was continued until the theoretical saturation research topic was reached, so at this stage, both targeted and snowball sampling methods were used. In the quantitative section and in the Delphi, the statistical population includes 20 academic elite professors who specialize in sport management, political science, and strategic management. In the AHP section, the statistical population consisted of experts and interviewers in the Delphi who were with the subject using the non-probability sampling method.

The results showed that the formulation of the executive-behavioral guidelines of the expeditionary sports committees to international events, Hosting international events, Using sport to introduce positive internal change to world public opinion, Participation of athletes in charity and international activity, Sports ambassadors, Obtain international seats, and…, One of the most important tools of sports diplomacy was to achieve the international goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

According to the findings, it can be said that the Islamic Republic of Iran, due to its potential of sports potential, can use sport and sport events as a tool to advance its goals internationally by shaping its sports diplomacy.

The purpose of the research is to investigate the effective factors in improving the quality of teaching the practical lessons of physical education in higher education through hierarchical analysis method, which is currently applicable in terms of applied purpose and in terms of how descriptive-pilgrimage is carried out. There is also a consecutive exploratory design from the data viewpoint in the mixed research domain. The statistical population includes all managers and educational staff of physical education faculties (target faculties) and faculty members of physical education in the northwestern regions of the country including Tabriz, Urmia, Ardebil, Sanandaj and Zanjan. In the qualitative section, the data collected from the review of the texts were analyzed using content analysis (descriptive type) and data collected through interviews using content analysis and extraction of the categories. In the quantitative section, using a researcher-made questionnaire Using a qualitative and reliability method, the reliability and reliability scale was confirmed using the paired scale and analyzed using the analysis analysis (in order to extract and rank the dimensions and factors of professional teaching quality) Was used. Regarding the findings, among the factors affecting the factor of exercise skill, the highest impact on the quality of the teaching of physical education exercises of university professors was also the factors of teaching and teaching in the second place, the third factor factors and the individual and social motivation least effect.

Athletes may perform weaker than their own skill level (choking), when are being watched by others (monitoring) or receive a reward if a specific goal is achieved (outcome). The purpose of this research was to study the effects of monitoring and outcome pressure on cognitive decision-making task in table tennis athletes. 30 elite athletes took part in this semi-experimental study in a within-group design and performed the task under one 15-trial block of low pressure and two 15-trial blocks of monitoring and outcome pressure in two separate days. Subject did the task in a “take the first” heuristic paradigm. To measure competitive anxiety level under pressure, Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, And to measure propensity to self-focus behavior, Decision-specific Reinvestment Scale was used. Analysis of variance with repeated measure Results showed that under both high pressures, decision making task (p ≤ 0/05). The results of regression revealed that the propensity to reinvestment couldn’t predict changes in decision making under pressure. Distraction approach provides the better description of choking under pressure.

Introduction and goal:

 The present of this study was to determine the effectiveness of training on gaze behavior and performance in pressure situation, based on mental toughness.

For this purpose, 6 out of 16 hockey goalkeepers were selected. The research consisted of pre-test, intervention, post-test, and pressure situation. Participants in the test phase received 25 hockey drag flick from a distance of 9 meters. The intervention was performed for three consecutive days (9 blocks of 40 attempts, 25 in total). Participants entered the playing field after receiving video feedback on their quiet eye status and comparing it with the quiet eye of the elite goalkeeper and practiced kicking according to the instructions given. The mobile eye tracking device was used to investigate the gaze behavior. Performance was recorded by checklists and a GoPro camera. Data were analyzed using compound variance analysis 3 (measurement time) × 2 (mental toughness level) to evaluate intervention on gaze behavior and performance and Bonferroni post hoc test.

The results showed that quiet eye training had a positive effect on gaze behavior and performance improvement in both normal and pressure situation. But there was no significant difference between the groups (high and low mental toughness).

According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that exercise affects the gaze behaviors and improved gaze behavior results in better performance under normal and pressure conditions. Higher mental toughness affects performance and the person with the highest mental toughness struggles to reach the goal, the best way to travel under any circumstances. Therefore, optimum gaze behavior may be influenced by high mental toughness, and this requires further research.

In many motor skills, presenting two stimuli at close intervals delays the response to the main stimulus. This delay, which is likely to cause a response error, is called the Psychological refractory period. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of stimulus-response number (Hick's law) and the interval between two stimuli on the Psychological refractory period.This research is a semi experiment with intergroup plan . For this purpose, 15 male athletes from Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz with an average age of 20 to 25 years were selected by convenience targeted sampling. From all participants, Dual task test the number of stimulus-response was taken using a Psychological refractory period device. This test included the number of different response stimuli for the first and second stimuli and four time intervals between the two stimuli. Moreover the data using analysis of one way variance tests with repeated measures with Bonferroni test were used.The results of Multivariate analysis of variance test showed that the number of stimulus-response , and time interval between the two stimuli is significant. The greater the number of stimuli and the shorter the time intervals between the two stimuli, the greater the time of psychological refractory period.It seems that by increasing the time interval between tow stimuli was reduced psychological refractory period and in the more number of stimulus-response of subjects with psychological refractory period was longer. According to Welford's theory of single-channel stimulation, a longer psychological refractory period appears to occur in a larger number of stimulus-responses because the channel empties later. Also, if the time between the two stimuli, the first of which is to score the opponent, is short, the probability of overcoming the opponent does not increase.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Cognitive and Motivational Imagery on the learning of soccer shooting and pass skills.

Subjects of this study consist of 48 masculine students of Shahid Beheshti University with age ranged 19-30 years who did not participate in organized soccer trainings. Participants were randomly assigned in 6 groups (cognitive imagery, motivational imagery and control in shoot as motor skill and pass as cognitive skill). Research protocol included pre-test; 15 acquisition sessions (3 days a week); acquisition test immediately after the last acquisition session; and retention and transfer tests, 72 hours after the acquisition test. For data analyzing, with regard to the effect of pretest scores on posttest scores, it was used one-way analysis of covariance Bonferroni post hoc test in acquisition, retention and transfer.

Results indicated that in instep shooting skill, there was no significant difference between cognitive and motivational imagery, but in pass skill motivational imagery group was significantly better performance than other groups.

Regarding these results, coaches and athletes are advised to use motivational or cognitive imagery in motor skills and motivational imagery in cognitive skills.

Almost a decade has passed since the adoption of the Entrepreneurs Protection Act in the form of knowledge-based companies. From this point of view, it is necessary to conduct research on entrepreneurship, new businesses in the field of sport, or knowledge-based sports companies in the country. Therefore, the aim of this article was to design model of the entrepreneur -centered knowledge based sports companies in Iran. In this regard, the qualitative approach and Grounded Theory, Strauss & Corbin method have been used. After conducting 20 deep and semi-structured interviews with managers and founders of sports and non-sports knowledge-based companies, , science and technology parks, growth centers, sports startups, Industries, professors, PhD graduates in sports management and elites in the field of sports entrepreneurship theoretical saturation was obtained and the main issues were extracted after completing the coding process. Also, the validity of the research was considered using the processes of researcher sensitivity, methodological solidarity ,sample appropriateness, simultaneous data collection and analysis, theoretical thinking and seven steps, and open-test reliability was used. After completing the findings, structural and governmental factors, perspective and processes, IT and hard infrastructure were the main factors. Internal and external factors of the company and the creation of a specialized maternal institute including contextual factors and organizational and cultural factors such as interferer factors were in this study. Team building factors, Expert and entrepreneur human resources, support system and facilitation of regulations were such procedures of this study that can help to employment creation, economic self-sufficiency, sport development and growth and revival of knowledge-based sports companies.

Consolidation of motor memory is influenced by different factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of retrograde interference, task type of special skill and skill level on the processing of motor memory consolidation.

In this study, 60 female students with ages 20 to 30 years were selected according to inclusion criteria and were randomly divided into four groups (enhancement and stabilization in semi-skilled and beginner subjects). Data were collected from assignments (double check and return test; Moore Christine dribbling; Moore-Christine Shooter; Pass-Moore-Christine and Mental Rotation Test). The research design consisted of a pre-test, acquisition session, and three retention tests with 30 min, 24 hours, and one month intervals.

The results of analysis of variance with repeated measures in motor memory consolidation based on enhancement and stabilization showed that there was no difference between the mean of shooting, dribbling, double check and return skills in semi-skilled and beginners futsalit girls (p> 0.05), but there was difference between pass skill .

Mental toughness, Perceived Motivational Climate and Perceived Coach Behavior are three psychological structures affecting athletic performance at High level of skill that have not been studied among elite girls so far. The purpose of this study is to examine these three structures among Elite Girls.

146 of female footballer with the age range of 12-15 years (mean age 12.9± 1.04) who participated in the national football team's selection, Voluntary Participated in this research. Data collection tools ware mental toughness (SMTQ), Perceived Motivational Climate (PMCSQ) and Perceived Coach Behavior (LSS) questionnaires. Data analyzed by structural equation modeling applying Amos22 and in significant level P≤0.05.

The results of structural equation modeling revealed suitable goodness indices. The relationship between supportive coach behaviors with mental toughness and also relationship between democratic coach behaviors with mastery climate were significant and the rest of relations were not significant.

In view of youth female footballer, unsupportive coaching behaviors and also supportive coach behaviors induce respectively mastery climate toward performing task and get mentally tough.