فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال دهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 32، زمستان 1399)

The overall purpose of the current study is to read the spiritual contexts of the resurrection in the revival of the monumental and narrative perspective of abandoned in inner-city cemeteries. It has emphasized on the Quranic teachings and narrations of the infallible Imams in this study.

This study has been conducted a descriptive-analytical method and using Library and field method (Question from the professional experts in the fieldes of religious and landscape architecture) to gather information. The issue of resurrection has been explained in accordance with the interpretations of the Holy Quran and Hadiths and the views of philosophers, mystics. Reviewed Also how to use the objective and mental codes of resurrection according to Quranic verses in the perspective of abandoned cemeteries in the city.

The relationship among the locationchr('39')s components, landscape, and semantics in the historic cemeteries landscape reading and perception is the most important finding in this study. The findings emphasize resurrection in accordance with the interpretations of the Holy Quran and hadiths and the views of philosophers, mystics.

The conclusion shows, in reviving the abandoned inner-city cemeteries landscapes, the concept of resurrection can lead citizens and visitors to a better understanding of death narration and its remembrance in the minds. It will also help to connect them more with landscape and reinforce place attachment.

Contemporary architecture of Islamic countries as one of the common seasons of these countries, has always felt the lack of discourse between traditional and modern approaches to creating space in the design. So todaychr('39')s architecture has always been looking for creativity in the design process to make up for this shortage. Using the digital approach to redefining the process can help. In addition to beauty, decorations in Islamic architecture are the induction of concepts such as order and existential unity that are seen in the form of geometric and abstract motifs. Also, in Islamic teachings and the Holy Quran, a concept such as unity in multiplicity has been mentioned a lot. Redefining this concept with a digital approach to Islamic architecture decorations could be a new discourse between a traditional and a modern approach. In This study examine the role of digital approach in the manifestation of Islamic architectural decoration in the design process inspired by the teachings of the Holy Quran.

The research method that used in this study is "logical reasoning", using "analytical-descriptive" approaches with a qualitative approach.

The digital approach based on Bottom to Up method and focusing on the three areas of patterning and generative pattern, algorithm-coding, and digital fabrication redefine Islamic architectural decorations by changing the basic parameters and produces new patterns.

The fields of digital approach can design and produce Islamic teachings such as unity in multiplicity with geometric mathematical foundations in Islamic architectural decoration.

Nowadays more than ever, the vocabulary of “defense architecture” is going to be a popular term in academic and professional era. It is the “passive defense” terminology which is going to be an acquainted phenomenon in academic atmosphere. This manuscript is going to explain the general framework of defense architecture through its roots in the “Islamic principles”, the “Shiite acclaimed jurisprudents” and the holy “Quran”.

The emancipatory paradigm is selected to fulfill the research besides logical argumentation research strategy, descriptive research method, comparative research technics, and interpretive tactics to understand deep meaning of the holy Quran.

The results show that “defense architecture” and “passive defense” enjoy a deep root in the “Islamic principles”, the “Shiite acclaimed jurisprudents” and the holy “Quran”.

The results might be concluded in a leading phenomenon that might be summarized in the scientific term of “defense architecture” under the umbrella of “passive defense”. The Islamic principles, the Shiite acclaimed jurisprudents and the holy Quran emphasize on a conceptual framework to understand defense architecture. The most outcomes might be summarized in: 1- Interaction of “Islamic architecture” and defense architecture, 2- The committed architects have to fulfill their obligations and respect defense architecture and passive defense guidelines, 3- Respect architecture mission to prepare a secure and healthy shelter for mankind, 4- The necessity of holistic perspective and multi-objective approach.

Light hierarchy is a secondary but highly influential issue in the perception of space and forming a unique experience in architecture. Light hierarchy is due to a light gradation which presents the priority of space content and leads the users into the space around him. This is a significant subject in Iranian-Islamic architecture that is considered in constructing a pleasant building in various ways.

To identify the factors contributing to the Light hierarchy, experts in the field of Iranian-Islamic architecture were surveyed by the Delphi method to identify the factors and their role as fundamental, main or complementary factors. To be specific, experts were also asked to rate the role of factors in the creation of light hierarchies with a Likert scale of 5 degrees. Wilcoxon test was used to analyze data at the last part.

The factors were divided into three categories: “Lighting Elements” (such as normal opening and lattice opening), “Intermediate communication with outer space”, and “Decorating”.

Experts believed that the “normal opening” had a significant effect on the “fundamental factor” in creating a light hierarchy. In addition, “lattice opening” and “architectural spaces” were identified as the “main factor” factors controlling the light, and decorations as the “complementary factor” influence the light hierarchy.

Islamic architecture is a mirror in which the pure reflections and spiritual principles of a nation crystalized clearly. As one of the greatest eras in the Islamic-Iranian architecture periods, the Safavid era is known as a leading period regarding "transcendental wisdom". The manuscriptchr('39')s main goal is to show that the Safavid erachr('39')s architecture is a brilliant sample to understand the holy light idea based on the holy Quran.

The research paradigm is built on interpretation with an emphasis on new-interpretivism. The research strategy is "logical argumentation," and the research method is descriptive. For the case study, the Safavid era as the most brilliant part of Persian art and architecture has been selected by purpose.

The research and analytic approach to the research documents show that "light" has strong roots in Quranic culture, Quranic verses, other religious scripts, and Shiite Juris-productions. The results show that understanding Islamic-Iranian architecture is impossible without understanding the theory of transcendental wisdom in the Safavid era.

The conclusion of the paper emphasizes the significance of the light. It highlights the metaphor of divinity in the Safavid erachr('39')s art and architecture, especially the idea of the "holy light" and the "physical light". The conclusion shows the role of the idea of the holy light in defining Islamic-Iranian architecture based on the point of view of the holy Quran, Islamic scholars, and Islamic scriptures narratives.

This study presents the factors influencing the interpretation or reading of Islamic architecture based on transcendent wisdom. The existence cognition of the human living environment allows humans to discover the universe again as definite integrity of the essence of existence. Since the foundation of transcendent wisdom is the science of existence, it helps to read architecture based on transcendent wisdom to find what makes eternity in architecture.

The research method is descriptive-analytical in a logical argument through a qualitative approach. The research frame was established on the intertextuality pillars such as beliefs, values, geography, and customs.

The research finding emphasizes the importance of effective factors in interpretation or reading the Islamic architectural based on transcendent wisdom to read Islamic architecture.

The process of this research has concluded that the architectural interpretation using Mulla Sadrachr('39')s philosophy from the path of recognizing the architect, the fields of understanding and pre-perception of him is taken from the existential level of a human who is substance theory towards meridian in time essence and its relativity and in the instinctual, innate, and voluntary dimensions, influenced by the intertextuality of culture, which is possible in all its pillars (beliefs, values, geography, customs).

The main aim of the research is to recognize the criteria of the authenticity of contemporary mosques based on the obtained criteria. Recognizing the originality to improve the development process of mosques and modeling for the design of future mosques or their development plan.

The research method is the identification and extraction of indicators, reasoning, and analysis of examples using the opinions of a focused group of experts, and scoring based on indicators.

The characteristics of the authenticity of the mosques were set in two dimensions, content and body. Content characteristics, such as the use of familiar historical symbols and elements of nature (light and water) as well as respect for community and human privacy and the symbolic divine dimensions of the space to express the sacred nature of mosques. It includes the user pattern and the exact type of structure. In none of these cases should one judge the superiority of the past or today with prejudice, but rather the criterion of its comprehensive usefulness in the mental and physical benefit of the audience.

The analyses show the differences and commonalities of the factors of the authenticity of the mosque. Mosques that had more body manifestation in content aspect at the general of the design of the mosque, were more original. But mosques that have emphasized symbols in terms of content, and they had a weak manifestation of content in the body, were in the middle category. Also, merely sustainable architecture, emphasizing the transformation of symbolic forms and deconstruction in the design, regardless of the content dimensions, has not increased the originality.