نشریه ادبیات دفاع مقدس
پیاپی 8 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

The elements of nature with their impressive varieties have always had a considerable role in communicating various contents to audiences and making literal illustrations, especially in poetry. Sometimes, these roles are so extraordinary that it is impossible to find out their semantic and formal values without deep analysis. This efficiency is also at work in resistance poetry. The current descriptive-analytical study aims to analyze the efficiency of natural elements in the poems of Sepideh Kashani and Nasrollah Mardani. These poets are chosen due to the considerable quality of their poems, pivotal benefits they take from natural elements, and relevant issues to the topic of present study. Findings reveal that foliage and astronomical objects have the highest frequency in their poems. Among the foliage, tulip denotes martyrs. Besides, the sun and stars denote leaders and martyrs respectively. Pigeons symbolize martyrs, while vultures and hyenas represent enemies. Semantically, both poets use natural elements to make the contents of leaders, martyrs, and enemies. However, Kashani has also made characteristic Iranian devoted ladies, hypocrites and betrayers that are not found in Mardani’s poems. Unlike Kashani, Mardani has made characteristic warrior. Furthermore, martyrs and leaders have the highest frequency in the poems of Kashani and Mardani respectively.

This study, employing a descriptive – analytic method, criticizes the existing definitions of war novels and defines it by studying eight war novels considering the structural features of this type of novel, regardless of the features related to the content. The structural study of these novels shows that the narrative elements of some of them have more relation to war, so that they could be considered as full war novels and some common elements, which have been analyzed in all novels, could be found. It can be claimed that the most distinguishing feature of war novels compared to other novels, is the motifs which are repeated in such novels. Therefore, based on the motifs which are employed in war novels, they can be divided into two following categories: full war novels and novels which have indirect relation to war. Based on common elements which are present in these novels, war novel can be considered as the novel which deals with the subject matter of war and its consequences, it takes place in the historical period in which the war happens and the years thereafter, and in the battlefield, cities under enemy attack or the places far from the front; the soldier's character and the incident of death are the main motifs of this type of novel and armaments and ammunitions and the social effects of war constitute its secondary motifs.

The capacities of the novel are so vast and varied that they can be used to arrive at an accurate and almost complete understanding of society and its individuals. Also, because the novel does not have a life apart from human life, it can be considered a source of human behavior based on which the interests of individuals in society can be achieved. So it is not far from the truth to say that the novel has the most potential to represent the life of contemporary man. In the present article, based on selected novels from those of the Islamic Revolution and eight years of Holy Defense, the concepts of idealistic and idealistic women in the eyes of male and female writers have been studied. Based on the research results, it has been determined that gender is the most important factor in the definition of an idealistic and idealistic woman. Female writers consider a woman to be an idealist who has escaped from patriarchy and gained independence, and male writers also consider a woman to have these characteristics who have excelled in the home and family environment.

Imagination, using the methods of realism and using text processing tools such as metaphor, metaphor, irony and irony, draws clear boundaries of the heroes created by the author's mind and real historical and even anti-hero characters. In fact, metaphors in stories deal with the representational relations of the words next to each other, and this is why the meaning is constructed in each text. In recent years, history has flowed in a special way, in narratives, stories and reports. Writing socio-historical stories simply because of the nature of history and retelling historical events as an important genre in literature can be considered a broad study of the rotation of events in a dynamic and real way. Hayden White is one of the philosophers and theorists who, in his book "Meta-History", emphasizes the inevitable fabrication of history in historical narratives. He believes in the permissible and ironic influence of the text and incorporates the author's vision and ideology into a historical work. The novel "Bloody" has become a postmodern novel due to the combination of fictional characters along with places and real characters, as well as the combination of sub-narratives along with several large narratives, which also includes some recent events of the imposed war. The purpose of this article, which is written analytically-descriptively, is to study the novel "Bloody" by Mehdi Yazdani Khoram to analyze the representation of history and society in the text of the story based on Haydn White's theory and in the end it is concluded that the relationships of real characters and places with the metaphors and irony in the story are arguments that can be purposefully configured to balance truth and imagination, and the author appropriately uses the trick of imagination alongside truth to strengthen the extent of historic events.

The most important elements of the sacred defense literature can be found in the stories of the seventies. The novels Lady Gulab and Roots in the Depths are two important works of resistance literature of this decade, and the theme element has had a significant effect in harmonizing the other components of these stories. In these two works, themes of resistance and stability are presented, especially in the field of problems and hardships of individual, family and social life, the wounded of the Holy Defense, and their intellectual and spiritual concerns due to the transformation of systems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the main themes of these two works. The research method is descriptive-analytical, which compares the similarities and differences in the themes of these works. The results show that in both works, the most important themes are: feeling of loneliness and isolation, restlessness, waiting eyes, patience and endurance, worry, pain, nostalgia, etc., which despite sharing many of the themes can be seen in the design of this category. But among them, due to the intellectual and perceptual perception of each of the writers or personalities regarding the importance and impact of the problems in question, there are recognizable differences in terms of addressing its extent and quality; In Lady Gulab, for example, themes such as "hiding a secret and worrying about its disclosure" and "worrying about the reaction of others" have received a great deal of attention, but have not been addressed in depth or has been a passing reference to it; In contrast, the theme of "opposition to going to war" has only been considered in the novel Roots in the Depths.

Algerian French Novels are representative of the battles of warriors and sufferings of the people of this country under the yoke of colonialism, as well as the crimes of the French. Al-Tholasiyah is one of the splendid novels in the field of Algerian resistance literature in French, while the spirit and thought of the Arab society known as the "Memories of the Algerian Nation" is obvious. “Al-Dar Al-Kabira” as the first part of this novel, represents a clear picture of the life of the Algerian people during the beginning of the national awareness and this house is the motivating mystery of resistance and revolution seeds. This research as a descriptive-analytical approach is supposed to investigate the Algerian War of Independence in this novel, and to explore the components of war, the colonialism situation in the deprived areas of Algeria, and the occupation device of French colonialists. The results of this study show that fatherland, suffocation and tyranny, criticism of political and economic distress, forces of fighting people, calling for perseverance and encouragement to struggle, war and hope for the future are among the most important sparks in the fight against colonialism in this novel. Mohammad Deeb reveals the signs of colonized and tyrant countries, for instance the constant presence of police forces in the Darsbitar neighborhood, intimidation of young and old people and their arrest without return, distress, economic and political crisis of society, hiring of Algerian workers with low wages, people’s panic of riot and war anxieties and so on.

Resistance literature evokes the resistance of truth against falsehood and encourages perseverance in goals and ideals, which of course is not limited to time and place and is one of the most important categories that poets have at times devoted a large part of their texts to it during different periods. The way poets have referred to these concepts in their poems is an issue that has occupied the minds of many researchers. The purpose of this descriptive-analytical study is to analyze the effects of stability and awakening in the poems of Al-Barghouthi to extract examples of awakening and stability, to categorize and analyze how to deal with these concepts. The results of this study indicate that Al-Barghouti, with the help of his poems, calls the people to wake up and stand against oppression and uses his pen to awaken and make his nation aware, hoping that with his poetry he will wake up the neglected human society. He has been able to use symbols and myths to show the current situation of Palestine and to give objectivity to the Palestinian identity and their awakening.

It is in line with the history of Iranian literature of stability and resistance that committed poetry is formed in the eight years of the Holy Defense. The themes of this poem express a kind of oral literature specific to Khuzestan province that has been hidden in the voices of local people for many years and has been a symbol of resistance and stability of the people of this region in different eras. In this research, which has been formed in two descriptive-analytical and field methods, through library methods and face-to-face interviews with narrators of sacred defense and old speakers, the effect of oral literature of this region on the poetry of stability and resistance of eight years of the Sacred Defense has been investigated. The findings of this study, which were collected through phishing, critique and analysis of written data and presentation of oral documents, indicate the rich history of oral literature in the province. The results of this study contain clear insights such as the identity and independence of this literary genre and its effects on committed poetry.

Assessing the different levels of discourse allows for a new understanding of it and discovers the interactions of language with ideological structures. Critical discourse analysis makes it possible to examine the two factors of ideology and power that have an important impact on the superstructure and depth of language in the process of linguistic communication. Teun van Dijk, one of the theorists in this field, considers critical discourse analysis as a powerful tool for social analysis. His proposed model is a good criterion for analyzing the poetry of resistance, which is often based on highlighting the positive points of the "self" and marginalizing the negative points of the "other". Qassim Haddad (1926-1995) is one of the contemporary Bahraini poets that is attributed to socio-political poetry, whose bipolar system of emphasis and marginalization plays a key role in shaping his poetic discourse. Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, the present study seeks to show what discourse measures Qassim Haddad used in the superstructure of his resistance poems in order to deepen it in order to highlight his own identity and marginalize another identity. The results show that the discourse system of Qassim Haddad's resistance poems is based more on semantic techniques, propositional structure, grammar and reasoning.

The novel In Water Flames is taken from the memories of Morteza Mardiha in the days of war. The author's narrative in this novel is related to war and its psychological aspect, with a philosophical, poetic, intellectual and neutral point of view, as well as mystical and realistic ones. In order to understand its structural and content features, the researcher seeks to address how the novel, as one of the most influential novels of the beginning of the war, was able to reflect the crisis of the war and the political, social and cultural issues at a particular time. Therefore, due to the historical importance of this novel, in addition to its literary aspect, the researcher decided to analyze its structure and content. According to this article, poetic prose combined with fictional prose to convey the author's experiences, use of new symbols and choosing a first-person perspective, and assumption of a plot and adventurous design are the most important structural features of the novel. In terms of content, the author has dealt with the basic issues of the holy defense era and has tried to present more facts. The messages of the novel are important because the author tries to instill in the audience the components of resistance such as martyrdom, self-sacrifice, sacrifice, preservation of the homeland, and praise of freedom and liberty. The most important aspect of its value is the transmission of resisting issues to the new generation. The author uses influential artistic power to propagate and educate, and writes purposeful stories that characterize the actions of the characters in order to legitimize it. Thus, it can be a new perspective in contemporary literature from different angles, but it is too late to be under the magnifying glass of criticism from different angles.

Alireza Ghazveh, Soheil Mahmoodi, and Akbar Behdarvand are three of the most prominent couplet poetry figures in the Modern Poetry. They tend to use couplets as a way of expressing their poetical sentiments toward Martyrs, war captives, separation from beloved ones, and internal state. In this Article, themes of the Islamic Revolution couplets, as one of the most frequent poetry styles in this era, will be analyzed with an analytical point of view considering all the aspects including structure and content. With the onset of the imposed war against Iran, couplet was one of the first styles used by these poets as a way of versifying and composing their inner voice and reflecting the love and enthusiasm and epic battles of the soldiers, as well as the war incidents. This was the period that couplets were at the peak of their popularity and after the “holy defense” period, it started to fade out, and less successful couplets were composed and this could be seen more often in younger generation poets.