فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 54 (تابستان 1402)

For the sociability of public spaces, a wide range of components are considered, but the problem that exis ts is that little attention is paid to the components based on the social norms of the Iranian-Islamic city. In examining the models presented for the sociability of public spaces in Iran, what has been less addressed by researchers is the provision of components based on the social norms of the Iranian-Islamic city. In such a way that it can be said that not much indigenous look has been done towards these components. In this regard, the mos t important goal of the current research is to analyze and explain the components affecting the sociability of public spaces and to examine their importance in the Iranian-Islamic city. The s tudy case of the research is the Ali Qapu pedes trian in Ardabil city, which is one of the mos t important Sociable public spaces of the city, which has been able to play a role in explaining the his torical and cultural identity of Ardabil. The current research is based on the purpose of the applied-developmental type and in terms of the method is of the descriptive-analytical type. The method of collecting data in this research is based on library-documentary s tudies and field s tudies in such a way that library-documentary s tudies (including books, articles and plans related to the research topic) have been used to compile the theoretical foundations. In order to inves tigate and evaluate the area of the research, field s tudies in the form of observation, interview and ques tionnaire have been used. In order to analyze the research data, after interviews and discussions and completing the ques tionnaires by 30 specialis ts in the fields of urban planning, architecture, sociology and res toration, ANP-Dematel integrated model and Spss and Super Decisions softwares were used. The research findings show that the components of "permeability", "inclusiveness", "sensory richness" and "privacy" are the mos t important components of sociability of public spaces. The final achievement of the research is the presentation of the four components of "privacy", "spatial simplification", "naturalism" and "Iranian-Islamic Facade" in the form of "value-normative" components and centered on the social norms of the Iranian-Islamic city in order to make public spaces sociable. Designers and urban planners can work more efficiently by considering these components. Components such as "Privacy" in providing a sense of peace and creating mental privacy for the users of the space, using the "Iranian-Islamic Facade" in order to show the identity of an urban space, "Naturalism" by creating greenery and freshness in the space, and "Spatial simplification" which can cause a better unders tanding and readability of the public space, they are one of the mos t important components of sociability of public spaces in Iranian-Islamic cities. Therefore, in order to design such spaces in the cities of the country, a revision should be made in the field of using their design components, and the components based on the social norms of the Iranian-Islamic city should be used in order to improve the sociability of urban public spaces.

Bazaar is one of the most influential spaces in the Muslim city. During the formation of towns, bazaar often has multiple social, economic, political and cultural functions. This paper presents a study of traditional market and commercial complex in Kashan, to create a sense of place in environmental quality deals of the environment and its components involved in creating the sense of place. Therefore, factors affecting the sense of place and assess how to respond to the humanitarian needs of the modern and traditional market is intended in this research.Iranian traditional architecture, particularly Bazaar architecture, is a type of visual-perceptual architecture. The architecture which involves all senses includes the body; eyes penetrate in it; skin feels its texture; ears hear its interaction with people and nature; and muscles act and react to experience it. The designers of such environments could also make it possible for people to perceive conceptions and symbolic values. The architecture of Bazaar of Kashan, as one of the examples of Iranian bazaars, creates the sensory concentration system by embodying sensory incentives. In addition to this major system, corridors invite you to walk through them and discover the surroundings and peace can be found in places such as mosques, Timches and open spaces nearby. Based on the human being's perceptual processes in response to his needs, the architecture of Iranian traditional bazaars in the first place promotes psychological health of the society and then considers the connection with meaning. Architects considered all the human perceptual needs by utilizing all his senses and emphasized on cultural and identity issues by mixing religious forms with artistic designs.In the bazaar, perception happens as a result of crowding and privacy in the environment. In the first place, this solitude leads to relaxation, reflection, and afterward to a system of meaning based upon human consciousness which is acquired through his previous experiences and current culture eventually leading to an understanding of the values and aesthetics. In the Iranian bazaar, architects paid attention to all human senses and his perceptual needs and their mixed religious functions with spatial designs in order to emphasize on culture and identity-related issues. As the backbone of cities, Iranian bazaars have had a persistent connection with urban texture, causing such a strong public presence that they were considered the main crossing of the city.It seems that the recreation of a bazaar in the contemporary urban life addressed by architects, planner, and urban planners should be based upon the contemporary human perceptual process. Nowadays, bazaars are losing their value relative to other parts of the city and their economic role has decreased obviously. There have been competitors across the city for bazaars, which were not successful either in the building or strong relationship with clients. The research hypotheses are preparing the necessary information regarding the data collected and analyzed in SPSS software. Accordingly, the results confirmed that the components of sense of place is fully presented in traditional space and more specifically in the traditional bazaar.

An accurate understanding of the relationship between mental health and the city is necessary for urban planning and design and is essential for promoting health and quality of life in urban environments. Indeed, a better understanding of the relationship between urbanization and psychological problems may help to develop coping strategies and shape future cities in a better way. The importance of this relationship is such that the World Psychiatric Association has established the Scientific Mental Health Division for further study. But so far, studies on the urban environment and population health have focused mainly on physical health, and mental health has received less attention. Therefore, this study was conducted to summarize previous studies and present a conceptual model showing how the relationship between the city and mental health. The research method in this research is a review, and for data collection from documentary and library studies and for their analysis, the qualitative content analysis method has been used. In fact, this study uses an interpretive approach to analyze library documents and, based on the extracted textual codes, tries to analyze and describe the relationship between the city and mental health. Findings indicate that 25% of researchers in this field consider birth and life in the city as independent factor that reduces mental health. Of course, some other researchers have addressed this issue in more detail and introduced influential urban factors. In fact, social factors, with 44% repetition, are the most critical factors affecting mental health, followed by economic factors, with 13.2% repetition; environmental factors, with 12.4% repetition; various factors, with 10.4% repetition; factors related to Housing with 9.2% repetition, physical factors with 7.6% repetition and transportation-related factors with 3.2% repetition are essential, respectively. Also, population density, with 7.2 per cent repetition and then environmental pollution, with a repetition percentage of 6, are the essential urban factors affecting the mental health of citizens. As a result, thinkers in this field consider social factors such as population density and environmental factors such as environmental pollution as the most important factors reducing the mental health of citizens. As a result, the city has direct effects on mental health as well as through social, economic, and environmental stressors, various factors, housing-related factors, physical factors and transportation, which are essential, respectively, leading to stress and health. Reduces the psyche. Of course, the city also affects mental health by lowering public or physical health because the areas of health and mental health are highly interdependent. Mental health also affects the city, both directly and through stress and public health. As a result, urban stress and physical health can mediate the effects of urbanization on mental health and the impact of mental health on the city. A better understanding of this relationship and the result of mediation and trying to reduce the harmful effects of cities on mental health will significantly help in the development of coping strategies, better planning of future cities and maximizing the benefits of urban life.

Designing floor plans and circulation sys tems for efficient orientation, as one of the important issues of design, is the architects’ attention. In this s tudy, from the circular movement pattern method based on the ease of wayfinding with the space syntax technique method, to determine design requirements and forming a s tereotomic model is used. This research is practical in terms of purpose and the nature of the analytical and field method is classified in a mixed way. To collect research data, library and field s tudies (architectural simulation software) have been used. Moreover, quantitative data has been collected with qualitative analysis, and for the analysis of axial map and representative graph tes ts, connection and integration indices have been checked. Therefore, the central middle space as the main design parameter can be considered in presenting the s tereotomic model. The present research introduces a s tereotomic generative design method based on the analysis of the space syntax technique in order to improve circulation, and it has been tried to make a connection between the formation of empty spaces and the findings of qualitative spatial analyzes of the plan with the technique of space syntax, which is based on improving the quality of circulation. Based on spatial analysis through space syntax technique, parameters between building circulation and expected ease of navigation were es tablished. Such parameters can help designers predict the capabilities and limitations of building spaces and help reduce factors that cause inefficiencies in "building usability". The paper is s tructured as follows: at firs t, the floor plan was accomplished using a graph analysis method in order to sys tematically inves tigate the circular circulation sys tem of an exis ting and outs tanding architectural case (the architecture of the Mellat cineplex). The analysis of tes ts of the axial map and visible graph of space syntax technique was performed and the resulting graphs were summarized using the comprehensibility feature, which provided a measure of ease of way finding (expected). Then, the ease of way finding criterion was extracted as a design parameter based on the improvement of the quality of circulation and the ease of routing and was chosen to propose the s tereotomic Form model. This method, by defining the design parameter based on circulation with ease of way finding, allows us to control and maintain the spatial organization of the exis ting building, and at the same time, change its circulation pattern by form finding. As a result, create. By working on a three-dimensional form, which is s tudied as a form with the help of Rhino modelling software and the Grasshopper plugin, the architect is able to create interior spaces by applying design requirements in the voids of form. The mentioned method can be used by contemporary digital tools to produce and discover multiple design changes. According to the review of the background of the research, it can be claimed that this s tudy has an aspect of innovation and seeks to discover the architectural design with a new perspective, and building circulation is a key organizing mechanism and the arrangement and communication space.

One of the mos t important factors in the analysis of urban space is the attention to ethical norms of the society, which has become a part of religious culture in Iran. The path of analysis and explanation of urbanization from the perspective of Islamic principles is based on the principles and attributes that through the modes and concepts of the transcendental and through the tools and rules, takes on a special physical s tructure, so that ultimately the full effect of the city occurs in which the person at all times is aware of the transcendental and spiritual dimensions of life. This research, by relying on written sources and introducing an ethical approach in analyzing urban spaces and focusing on the concept of pudency, explains its features in the city's body and the modes of manifes tation and embodiment of the aforementioned traits. The method of research is to analyze and characterize the characteris tics of pudency in religious, exploratory and analytical teachings. By referring to well-known, and repeated narratives in Hadith sources, its content has been inves tigated. In the following, in an inductive and analytical approach, the mode of manifes tation of pudency in urban spaces has been explained based on indicators excerpted from Hadiths, the ways and the effects of it. Generally speaking, in the path to the rise of spiritual and moral values in urban space and its physical manifes tation, it is a legible process that explains and clarifies it more precisely and objectively s tep by s tep. In this regard, in this s tudy, the content analysis of the consecrated Hadiths in relation to pudency in order to achieve the basic concepts has been considered. In the complementary s tages, with its adaptation and environmental analysis, the five principles derived from pudency, including dignity, sanctity, spirituality, supervision and rationality, and each of them was analyzed separately, and finally, in the form of 13 methods and 32 manifes tations, the dimensions of manifes tation and spatial-physical imagination of pudency are discussed. But the emergence and objectivity of the final propositions expressed in urban space requires attention to spatial and behavioral aspects. More precisely, emphasizing and directing people to the inner and spiritual areas of pudency in urban space requires some arrangements that some of them can be achieved in the form of physical measures in urban space, but the nature and scope of pudency in relation to others, Requires social and behavioral considerations. In this regard, the final cases explained in the form of s tatements can be divided into three main categories: (a) The major cases of the s tated physical form are arrangements that have a deterrent and preventive role in the occurrence of abnormalities and can be the basis The occurrence of a variety of social behaviors; (b) It has been s tated that, in addition to the previous role, self-indications and physical analogy are related to veneration; (c) In some cases, in addition to emphasizing physical equipment, social interactions and Creating privacy and appropriate physical conditions are discussed.

The physical growth and development of the city are affected by various factors, including social, economic, natural, political, cultural, and environmental factors, all of which have a significant impact on the process, speed, direction, and direction of urban development. Therefore, one of the important factors influencing the success rate of city planners and officials is the awareness of the spatial form and the rate of expansion and development of cities. In the absence of proper control and planning of the physical growth and expansion of the city, a phenomenon called urban spiral or irregular horizontal distribution occurs. In the last two decades, development based on public transportation (Transit Oriented Development) has attracted a great deal of attention as a strategy for dispersal of surface dispersion, and as long as urban-based development and plans are developed and implemented according to car movement, many problems and issues will be created in cities and it will not be possible to achieve Transit Oriented Development. The Transit Oriented Development model was proposed by Peter Caltrop, whose philosophy is to facilitate spatial communication and thus achieve high social solidarity. The main purpose of this study is to present strategies for the development of Bastam city with an emphasis on the TOD approach. In the present study, to achieve the creation of a Transit-oriented development model in Bastam city due to having landmarks and focus of uses in the city center, this model has been used to create a humane environment and increase sustainability and reduce environmental challenges in Bastam city.

The method of descriptive-analytical research and data collection was done by the documentary, questionnaire, and interview. To create the mentioned features, in the data collection section, using the library and field methods, the theoretical foundations of the research have been examined. In the data analysis section, using AHP technique with the help of Expert Choice software, the factors that can be used in the development of public transportation in Bastam city have been leveled based on the opinions of experts.

Available s tatis tics show that the growth rate of the elderly population has increased. Therefore, policy-making is expected to be in harmony with this trend to realize as many indicators as possible for an elderly-friendly city. The current research was conducted to tes t this assumption. The research method was descriptive and analytical. The required data were collected in 2012 and 2021 using the s tandard checklis t of the indicators of the elderly-friendly city. According to the population, the sample size was determined to be 500 people. The data were collected from five major cities of Iran (Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz and Tabriz). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and multi-criteria models. The data analysis showed that the coefficient calculated for the indicators of the elderly-friendly city is less than the median (0.492). In addition, from 2012 to 2021, the rate of improvement of the mentioned indicators was less than one year. The comparison of the efforts of the examined metropolises shows that during this period, the index calculated for Tehran City decreased from 0.668 to 0.549. In the same period, the index of Shiraz City increased from 0.329 to 0.416. Nevertheless, although it faced a sharp decline in 2021, it is s till in firs t place. Therefore, in this survey, Tehran City showed a better situation in mos t of the indicators than other big cities under inves tigation. According to the findings, in both periods and in mos t cities, the wors t conditions were assigned to the condition of the space and buildings index. In general, the s tatus of the transportation index, except for Tehran City, has gone through a growing trend in mos t of the metropolises. One of the reasons for this is that in recent years, the operation and development of urban trains in these cities have brought about extensive changes in the field of transportation. In the classification in terms of the total score, it was found that in 2012, Tehran City was in the firs t place, and Isfahan and Mashhad were in the second and third place, respectively, with a big difference. This year, Shiraz City has taken the las t place. In 2021, Isfahan City was ranked the highes t, followed by Tehran City in the second rank and Mashhad City in the third rank, with a not-too-big difference. In this year, Shiraz City has moved up to the fourth place by one rank, and Tabriz City is in the las t spot after Shiraz City with a minimal difference. According to the calculated scores, in 2012, only three cities - Tehran, Isfahan and Mashhad - had a score higher than 0.50. Therefore, these cities show more proportionality with the positive ideal level. Meanwhile, the situation of the two cities of Tabriz and Shiraz Cities in this year, due to the fact that they are far away from the ideal level, are not very favorable. In 2021, this situation remained almos t unchanged, and Tabriz and Shiraz Cities were s till far away from the ideal level.

The world imposes numerous limitations that cause humans to harbor worlds created by the mind and made up of dreams to spend some time in peace. It is enabled in dramatic literature by the suspension of disbelief concept. Suspension of disbelief is the avoidance of critical thinking or logic in examining something unreal or impossible in reality, such as a work of speculative fiction that  Samuel Taylor Coleridge first introduced this English-language term in 1817. Architecture, an ancient art form, and architects, with their primary goal of evoking emotions in users, can introduce novel design patterns in this area by creating spaces that are beyond imagination. Achieving a spiritual and metaphoric architecture, having the ability to answer spiritual needs, is a necessity of today's world, especially in cultures with spiritual worldview. Beyond the appearance of architecture as a functional and material space, its hidden narrative nature and mysterious concept and the way of achieving it are crucial. As a result, designing a space that can elicit this infinity of meaning and a boundary between existence and non-existence in the user, taking him outside of his everyday existence and removing him from his earthly existence by creating a parallel world and drowning him in a peaceful sky, cannot be achieved by following any procedure except for the suspension of disbelief with its surreal properties.The purpose of this research was to identify effective factors that would induce suspension of disbelief in internal spaces and create an immersive experience for the user. Through quantification and analyzing indices of this area, the evaluation of case samples is structured. The method in descriptive-analytic research was formed based on a combined logic (mixed) and seven criteria for interaction with the background, the contributive procedure of the user, technology, immersion, scale, sequence, continuity, and creating delusion with 24 indices of physical design, form, geometry, texture, color, music, empiricism, memory and reminiscences, deja vu, audio, visualization, and simulation technologies, narrative split, making up riddles, causal relationships, internal story, dimensional inconsistency, unreal items in a normal background, historical elements, unreal dimensions, unlimited narrative loop, the border between reality and fantasy, creating a parallel world, creating tunnel and passage, and surreal architecture was analyzed based on Likert spectrum and by placing case samples in the conceptual model. The results show that indices of physical design, form and geometry, texture, color, the border between reality and fantasy, and creating tunnel and passage had the highest impact on case samples. Additionally, indices of empiricism, music, unlimited narrative loop, internal story, audio, visualization, unreal items, unreal dimensions, making up the riddle, simulation, deja vu, surreal architecture, historic elements, narrative split, and finally, creating a parallel world are among other effective components on the suspension of disbelief of the user in the internal space. Accordingly, methods have been introduced for design and how it impacts users. Through the use of these strategies in the architecture of interior space, the user can be transported to a fantasy world and separated from the real world.