فصلنامه إضاءات نقدیه فی الادبین العربی و الفارسی
پیاپی 50 (صیف 2023)

The polyphonic novel is the novel in which we find the disappearance of the narrator in favor of the characters who undertake the process of narration and discourse on their own and express themselves and their thoughts and moods freely, and this is what critics expressed in the polyphonic narrative. We encounter the polyphonic narrative in the novels of modern and postmodern literature, as a departure from the traditional novel and its multiplicity of voices at different levels. The phenomenon of polyphony within the new novel is one of the most important features of the polyphonic novel, as the polyphonic and linguistic polyphony is one of the most important concepts that the Russian theorist, "Mikhail Bakhtin" searched for. There is no doubt that the Polyphonic text is considered a new type of literary text and it is of paramount importance in forming languages ​​and voices of opposition with different cultural and social affiliations and in making the novel a play in which the novelistic characters interact. On this basis, this research aims to study the polyphonic narration in the novel “Dafir al-Warraq” by the Jordanian novelist “Jalal Barjas” in the light of Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory and given that this novel celebrates polyphony. The narrative text, and since the subject deserves to be explored and focused on from multiple aspects, the research tried to delve deeper into this novel through its polyphonic features. Concluding that the novelistic text of Jalal Barjas opens up to the multiplicity of personalities, the mu

Metaphor is a linguistic feature that is not only unique in the aesthetics of language, but in all life and thought, and abstract concepts can be taken from objective sources and visualized. The container of embodiment is the place where events and characters are formed in fiction. The author makes the places comprehensible in such a way that the audience can easily imagine all of them and see themselves present there. In the following research, the metaphor of place in two novels was examined, and its important point is that: in the novel I turn off the lights, the metaphorical place is the house, which means "Clarice" and is a combination of the house. Each of them represents a part of Clarice's existence. Just as the house wears out due to neglect and needs attention and maintenance, "Clarice" has also suffered from everyday life and depression due to the neglect of the people around it and needs to be restored and rejuvenated. In the novel Yacoubian Building, the building is a metaphor for the Egyptian society and its residents are a metaphor for the Egyptian people, and it deals with the issues of poverty, bribery, abuse of power, women and homosexuality.

AbstractModernization movements, to identify the reasons for Iran's backwardness and finding appropriate solutions to get out of this situation, not only in the realm of science and knowledge but also in literature, attracted the attention of theorists. In this regard, three views on modernity in literature can be observed: one group believes that modernity is completely Western and ineffective, the second group considers it acceptable due to its Western origin, and the third group maintains a balance between tradition and modernity.Houshang Golshiri, who has extensive knowledge in Persian literature and history, is one of the representatives of the third group. This research aims to demonstrate how Golshiri, as a modern and at the same time traditional writer, has depicted the integration of modern and traditional storytelling methods without damaging the structure of the story and has given special importance to traditional elements in contemporary literature. The study was conducted using a library method and descriptive analysis to examine the components of tradition and modernity in the novel "The Mirrored Pain." The results and investigations indicate that the use of narrative in classical texts, pragmatism, the use of short allegorical narrative, and the use of language as a traditional aspect are some of the old narrative methods in Golshiri's stories, and the combination of traditional and modern components together indicates his special attention to the place of tradition in literature

The sociology of literature examines the dual relationship between society and literary work. And since realism is a doctrine that depends on the study of nature, human life and society, and deals more with the context of social reality, as well as the accurate depiction of social relationships, Literature is a social document that depicts the realities of society. George Lukács used his literary criticism to establish the sociology of literature, which has three characteristics: true realism, critical realism, and popularism. For this reason, this research tries to criticize Harun Hashem's poetry based on Georg Lukács' theory of realism, which is rooted in Marxist dialectics. This research Hashim Rasheed's poems based on Lukacs's realism because his poetry indicates Arab society's lifestyle. He seeks to bond his suffering with the reality of life. The results indicated that Rasheed describes criticizes the contradictions and social challenges of his homeland with full logic and awareness and portrays the problems and pains of his countrymen based on popularism. he warned, preached, and then outlined the path of jihad and struggle. In parts of his poems, exposed and discussed the policies of the colonial governments and their supporters and the Arab rulers for interfering in the affairs of their people and supporting Israel, and he considered them the main cause of these hardships. He showed the effect of these issues on the livelihood of his people, the followers of his poems understand that adheres to issues that serve the people.

Grimmas' semiotic approach focuses on the relationships between the actant in the text to identify the poles of conflict and what helps them and what opposes them, the motives that motivate the emergence of the conflict.The novelist Ibrahim Nasrallah foresaw the future danger to the fate of man in his conflict with those who are similar to him as well as those who disagree with him, in his novel " The Second War Of The Dog, and he used a lot of emperical methods and techniques, and intertextuality was one of the techniques employed by the writer keeping pace with the continuous human conflict throughout history.This study came with a descriptive analytical approach adopted the semiotic approach according to the theory of factors of Grimas, to reveal the forms of religious and literary intertextuality in the novel and how the writer employs them to produce semiotic connotations, and to indicate the areas of innovation in treatment, and the application of mechanisms of work of the actantial model and the semiotic square in analyzing the semiotic relationship between the narrative structures selected from the novel with the story of the two sons of Adam at the religious level, Brecht's play "The Rule and the Exception" is on a literary level. Some of the results of the study is that intertextuality was substantive, dialogical, external and internal, declared and hidden, and evoked the ideas, actants, connotations and contents, in a new style, technique and treatment, exaggerated violence and savagery

Jung's critical theory of archetypes is one of the most important approaches in contemporary criticism. The critical theory of archetypes was developed in the second half of the second century by Carl Gustav Jung on the basis of researches in psychology, anthropology, analysis of religions and history of civilizations. Jung refers to the universal mental images that reside in the collective and individual unconscious as archetypes and mentions myth as a manifestation of these patterns. "Adrakha Alnessian " is a postmodernist novel with literary techniques such as the fluid flow of the mind, the presence of impressionism, and time travel. The novel consists of thirty parts, each of which is called "Alnessian". It narrates the story of a red-haired and red-faced little girl who, since the beginning of the story, grows up in a nursery and faces many problems throughout the story and at the end, the author presents a picture of her sixty years old. Since the author of this novel has used psychological techniques and his works are always on the list of winners of literary awards at the national and international level, the signs of archetypes in this novel can be well observed. Using the descriptive-analytical method and the approach of psychological criticism, this study examines the influential archetypes in the production of this novel. The results show that archetypes such as anima, the wise old man, and the self were used in it, which ultimately contributed to the creation of the form and content the narrative.