Health Education and Health Promotion
Volume:11 Issue: 3, Summer 2023

Teenagers experience hearing loss due to exposure to loud noises. This study aimed to explore the effect of educational intervention on hearing health literacy in boy students.

This research was conducted experimentally on high school boy students in Sanandaj, Iran, in 2021. Using multi-stage cluster sampling, eight schools with 40 students were randomly selected for each group. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with 42 questions assessing hearing-related health literacy. The intervention group received six sessions of 50-65 minutes of virtual education. Measures were administered prior to the intervention and at a two-week follow-up. The educational content was designed based on reliable sources and according to general, specific, and behavioral goals. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.

Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in their average scores in the domains of ear and hearing-related health literacy. After the educational program, the ear and hearing-related health literacy scores of the intervention group significantly improved (p<0.05) as follows: mean comprehension and evaluation skills (from 43.8±18.6 to 81.3±10.6), communicating skills (from 49.8±8.9 to 66.3±6.9), and the ability to apply hearing health information (from 25.6±14.5 to 56.9±11.9).

Virtual education is effective in increasing ear and hearing-related health literacy among school students.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the global distribution of vaccines, but there are concerns regarding potential side effects. Hair loss is one of the less commonly reported side effects. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of COVID-19 vaccinations on hair loss.

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 580 participants aged between 20 to 72 years, consisting of 270 males and 310 females. Machine learning techniques were employed to analyze the data and determine any potential relationship between COVID-19 vaccines and hair loss. A logistic regression analysis was used to assess the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for hair loss.

Of the total participants, 17.6% reported experiencing hair loss after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. This percentage was higher in females (19.4%) compared to the males (15.2%). There was a significant association between the COVID-19 vaccine and hair loss in both males and females. The odds ratio for developing hair loss after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine was 1.34 (95% CI: 1.04-1.73) for females and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.81-1.54) for males.

Hair loss is a rare but possible side effect of COVID-19 vaccination in both males and females, which its prevalence is higher in females than in males. Individuals with certain comorbidities, such as hypertension and diabetes, may be at a higher risk for experiencing hair loss after COVID-19 vaccination.

In nurseries, hygiene measures are considered as an effective practice to prevent infection. By implementing appropriate hygiene techniques and effective prevention measures, the transmission of infectious diseases such as cholera among children and youth can be limited. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an educational program on nannies' practice regarding cholera infection and explore any relationship between their practice and demographic characteristics.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group in public nurseries in different cities of Baghdad province. Sixty nannies were randomly selected and divided into two equal intervention and control groups. The intervention group received the cholera education program, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were collected using a researcher-made checklist to evaluate nannies' practice and analyzed by SPSS 26 software.

Both groups had inadequate practice regarding cholera infection (0.96±0.31 and 1.00±0.15, respectively). After the implementation of the program, the practice of the intervention group improved significantly (1.59±0.13), while the practice of the control group remained inadequate (1.00±0.12). There was no significant difference in the mean scores of nannie’s practice based on their demographic characteristics (p>0.05), except for the level of education (p=0.0001).

The practice of nannies in public nurseries in Baghdad against cholera is limited, and the educational program of this study has a positive effect on the practice of nannies. The educational qualification of nannies plays a significant role in responding to the program.

Research shows that students are one of the groups at risk of Internet addiction, and it seems necessary to control their psychological and social well-being affected by Internet addiction. The expansion of various job, educational, and communication dimensions of the Internet makes clear the necessity of using this tool in different groups, especially students; therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of an educational intervention based on social cognitive theory on reducing Internet addiction in medical students of Bandar Abbas.

This semi-experimental intervention study was conducted on 201 students of Banda Abbas University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Initially, students answered a researcher-made social cognitive theory (SCT) questionnaire and Young's Internet Addiction Inventory (IAT). Then, they were placed in two intervention and control groups with the same distribution. The intervention group received educational content for six weeks to reduce Internet addiction. Two months later, two groups completed the questionnaires again, and the data were analyzed with SPSS 16 software with covariance analysis and logistic regression.

Statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in knowledge (F=7.138; p=0.008), outcome expectation (F=7.881; p=0.006), outcome expectancies (F=8.697; p=0.004), self-efficacy to overcome obstacles (F=6.294; p=0.013), self-regulation (F=5.680; p=0.018) and emotional adjustment (F=8.664; p=0.004).

Educational intervention based on the social cognitive theory affects knowledge, outcome expectations, outcome expectancies, self-efficacy to overcome impediments, self-control, and emotional coping of Internet addiction.

The consumption of fruits and vegetables has a protective effect on cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors. The present study aimed to assess the effect of educational intervention on fruit and vegetable consumption, as well as its effect on blood lipid parameters, in government employees.

This quasi-experimental cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in two offices in Qaem Shahr. The data collection tool included a 31-item questionnaire on the frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption and a laboratory test to measure blood lipid parameters. The Chi-square test, t-test, paired sample t-test, and ANCOVA were used for data analysis.

The study groups significantly differed in mean fruit and vegetable consumption after the six-month intervention (p<0.001). The mean total cholesterol (p<0.001) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C; p=0.005) levels were significantly different between the groups after the intervention. The mean difference of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels showed a significant relationship with the study groups and the interaction of gender and group (p<0.001). The mean difference of total cholesterol (p=0.008) and LDL-C had a significant relationship with the study groups (p=0.03).

Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is only effective in improving the levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C, but not in lowering triglyceride and HDL-C levels. Therefore, influencing factors, such as the duration of fruit and vegetable consumption, as well as the time required to monitor their effect on these parameters, should be more closely examined.

The moral sensitivity of nurses is related to patient care. The more sensitive nurse in facing ethical challenges in care causes the better patient care he/she provides. Providing better ethical care leads to increased patient satisfaction and reduced societal burden. We investigated the relationship between nurses’ moral sensitivity and patient satisfaction in the Iraqi emergency wards.

This cross-sectional study was done on nurses (200) and patients (400) in Iraqi emergency wards. Three questionnaires were used, including demographic, Newcastle Satisfaction, and Moral Sensitivity. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.

There was a positive relationship between patient satisfaction and nurses’ moral sensitivity (r=0.662; p=0.001).

Nurses often face difficult situations when caring for patients in the emergency department. To deal with these situations and make ethical decisions, nurses must have an acceptable level of ethical sensitivity. When nurses are ethically sensitive to patient care, patients realize this, and satisfaction with receiving nursing care increases.

This study examined how physical education teacher competence can influence children’s physical literacy in Bojonegoro, Indonesia.

This study used a convenience sampling strategy to collect data from students across 100 elementary schools in the Bojonegoro district from September to October 2022. The sample comprised 351 students, 52% boys and 48% girls aged 9 to 13 years (average age: 11.50±13.4 years). Data on children's physical literacy and physical education teachers' competence were measured using two questionnaires. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

The model fitness indies were as follows: CMIN/DF=1.902, CFI=0.980, GFI=0.919, NFI=0.976, RMR=0.008, RMSEA=0.051, TLI=0.970, and IFI=0.980. Thus, the model was compatible with the data. There was a significant direct relationship between physical education teacher’s competence and children's physical literacy (r=0.136, p=0.015). The model explained that physical education teachers' competencies significantly affected children's physical literacy. The findings also revealed that physical education teachers who are competent in their field were more capable of improving children’s physical, psychological, social, and cognitive abilities.

Physical education teachers' competencies can improve children’s physical literacy if they apply the principles of pedagogy, personality, and social professional development to learning. Further studies will be conducted to assess other factors in the school environment that may predict students' physical literacy.

The educational system is one of the key areas affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to their sensitive nature, medical schools and health-related disciplines have been more significantly impacted by COVID-19. Therefore, aggregation and integration of educational policies applied in medical schools worldwide are essential for evidence-based decision-making by educational policymakers—the present study aimed to identify virtual learning policies in medical schools during COVID-19.

This systematic review of all published articles on virtual education policies in medical schools during COVID-19 until January 20, 2022, collected from five databases and the Google Scholar search engine. Overall, 38 articles are identified and analyzed using content analysis in MAXQDA 10.

The results are classified into three domains: Challenges, solutions, and advantages of virtual learning of medical sciences during COVID-19. Thirty-four challenges, 62 solutions, and 27 advantages are identified. Each domain is divided into five categories: learner, teaching-learning process, technical infrastructure, instructor, and evaluation.

Distance education policies need to identify the challenges of this type of education and apply a systemic model of interventions that include virtual clinical workshops, clinical simulation laboratories, flexible online resources, a gradual e-learning process, a system for sharing the virtual materials of instructors, and ways of improving students’ and instructors’ computer skills.

Individuals with substance use disorder often struggle with chronic and recurrent episodes, experiencing a lack of control over their behaviors and significant disruptions in motivation. This study investigated the relationship between anxious attachment, family well-being, and addiction susceptibility among university students with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation.

This study utilized structural equation modeling, a widely recognized multivariate correlation method, to examine the relationship between various factors in the context of addiction susceptibility. The target population for this study comprised students from the Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz. Through convenience sampling, a sample of 300 students was selected. All participants completed the Potential Addiction Scale, Experience in Close Relationships Scale, Family-of-Origin Scale, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale. The collected data underwent statistical analysis using SEM, revealing a well-fitted model.

Anxious attachment and family health significantly influenced participants' inclination toward addiction (p<0.001). These effects were directly and indirectly observed, mediated by cognitive emotion regulation (p<0.001).

Reducing addiction tendencies in young individuals can be achieved through training families and university students on cultivating secure attachment styles, employing adaptive cognitive regulation strategies, and promoting overall family health.

Teaching infection prevention and control to millennial nursing students is a challenge. This study aimed to develop a virtual reality head-mounted display to teach millennial nursing students about infection prevention and control related to catheter-associated urinary tract infections.

This study used the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model. Using the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), 115 nursing students at the College of Health Sciences at Karsa Husada Garut, West Java Province, Indonesia selected using purposive sampling, were evaluated. The data obtained were analyzed with UEQ Data Analysis Tool version 10.

The designed program showed excellent attractiveness, clarity, efficiency, accuracy, stimulation, and novelty, with mean values of 2.26 (95%CI: 2.162-2.362), 2.30 (95%CI: 2.167-2.425), 1.89 (95%CI: 1.646-2.139), 1.88 (95%CI: 1.536-2.225), 1.72 (95%CI: 1.304-2.127), and 1.61 (95%CI: 1.225-1.990), respectively.

The infection prevention and control program on the virtual reality display is excellent in terms of attractiveness, clarity, efficiency, accuracy, stimulation, and novelty, making it suitable for millennial nursing students.

Identifying the educational contents affecting couples' communication skills can help psychologists resolve important marital problems. This study was designed to focus on the most important educational contents classified in communication skills interventions.

This study reviewed the articles in the PubMed and Science Direct databases in February 2020. Articles screened in two databases were according to “titles and abstracts”, “past ten years”, “full-text”, and “open access” filters. The present study was designed based on the York Protocol. Evaluation of the information in the articles of this study was reported based on Elo S’ study. The CONSORT Checklist was used to report the clinical trials. This study was completed by incorporating 19 articles related to communication skills interventions.

The educational contents of this study were divided into two categories individual and interpersonal educational content. Also, individual and interpersonal educational content was divided into the following four categories. These four consist of rational, practical, emotional, and motivational content. The intervention was completed via six articles, and all six could be accessed virtually. The educational content, such as problem-solving, emotional skills, listening skills, behavior change, and behavioral coping skills, were the most frequent educational content in the articles of this study.

Problem-solving, listening skills, emotional skills, behavioral coping skills, and behavior change are the most frequent educational content in communication skills interventions.

Amis:

 Interconnected factors can cause increased stunting cases. One of the risk factors for stunting is adolescents’ lack of knowledge and attitudes. Various media, including Instagram, can be the reason behind the issue. This study aimed to determine the effect of providing the pre-marital education program through Instagram to increase the literacy and attitude of pre-marital couples regarding stunting prevention.

This quasi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group was conducted in pre-marital couples in the Gunung Kidul Regency from December 2021 to January 2022. The instruments were questionnaires (Google Forms) and educational media such as posters and videos via Instagram. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests.

After receiving the pre-marital education program through Instagram, pre-marital couples were stunted in both the intervention and control groups. There was an increase in attitude in the intervention group after the intervention. The literacy and attitudes about stunting prevention were increased in pre-marital couples of the intervention compared to the control groups after being given pre-marital education through Instagram.

The pre-marital education program improves the literacy and attitudes about stunting prevention in pre-marital couples.

In recent decades, India has witnessed a significant transformation in it's health care landscape, with an inreasing emphasis on reducing the burden of out-of-pocket health expenses. Out-of-pocket expenditure, which has traditionally been the primary means of financing health care in the country, oftne leads to financial distress and inadequate access to quality medical services for millions of Indians. the new Indian Health Policy (2017), is in place to stregthen the health care system in India, with an aim of providing universal access to good quality health care services to all. to attain this targe, Indian Government started Ayushman Bharath Yojana, the wolrd's biggest health program, in 2018, which might represent major step towards achieving universal health coverage in India. the program covers total of Rs.5 lakh per family per year for different medical procedures. Even though the Indian Governement taking steps to enchance publc health, much more must be done to provide universal health coverage. Individual spending on health care in India has incresed significantly over the years. although health insurance is a very good alternative funding mechanism and it has grwn significantly over the years, the Indian population's own spending on health has not decresed. This paper examines the emergence and grwoing adoption of health insurance as a viable alternative for out-of-pocket expenditure in india. It delves into the factors driving the rise of health insurance as a preferred finanical tool for managing health care costs and explores the impact of this shift on the Indian health care system.

 Blood transfusion is considered one of the most efficacious medical interventions for saving lives. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an instructional program on nurses' practices toward blood transfusion procedures.

 A quasi-experimental randomized was conducted from May 30, 2022, to October 13, 2023, in nurses working in two leading teaching hospitals (Imam Al-Sadiq and Al-Hilla) in Babylon governorate. the questionnaire that was based on previous research, modified by adding or removing some paragraphs, was used by the researcher to evaluate the level of practice possessed by nurses. The final draft of the tool is composed of two parts; nurses' socio-demographic data and nurses' practice about blood transfusion. The practice checklist of respondents to each question was scored from 1 to 3.

 The practice of the intervention group (1.83±0.17) was significantly higher than the control group (1.40±0.15) in the post-tests (t=25.05; df=49; p<0.001). There were no significant relationships between nurses' practices and age, educational level, working ward, gender, nursing experience, and recent working ward experience in the intervention group. 

 The planned counseling program on nurses' practices toward blood transfusion is effective and changes the level of practice of nurses.

 Community behavior regarding culture and myths about breastfeeding needs to be changed through a psychological approach to providing education or psychoeducation. The myth of breastfeeding is a legacy passed down from generation to generation, so in overcoming this problem, it is necessary to involve the family, both parents and husband. This research aimed to analyze the effect of lactation psychoeducation using a comprehensive video-based model on maternal anxiety levels in breastfeeding.

 This quasi-experimental research was conducted with a pre- and post-test one-group design from June to August 2023 in all postpartum mothers in the working area of the Surabaya City health center. The sample size used the total population, namely 213 respondents. The instrument used was the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire to measure anxiety before and after providing lactation psychoeducation. Data was analyzed using the paired T-test.

 Before being given lactation psychoeducation, 18.3% experienced severe anxiety, which then decreased to 0.9% after being given lactation psychoeducation. Moderate anxiety level before being given psychoeducation was 35.7 to 20.7%. The level of mild anxiety before being given psychoeducation was 18.3% to 0.9% after being given psychoeducation (p<0.0001).

 Lactation psychoeducation using a comprehensive video-based model influences anxiety levels in breastfeeding.

 Due to their jobs, farmers are exposed to a high risk of pesticide and organophosphate exposure, which can lead to chronic diseases. However, such a problem could be overcome by implementing a healthy lifestyle. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the community-based program on promoting a healthy lifestyle (CP2HL) among farmers in Indonesia.

 A randomized controlled trial was performed among 135 (intervention=68 and control=67) farmers in Indonesia. The CP2HL using transtheoretical model-lead (TTM) lasted for 24 weeks and included education, training, and follow-up sessions for the intervention group. Meanwhile, those in the control group attended a regular program at the local public health center to get their health measured. The modified healthy lifestyle among farmers was measured using six structured questionnaires. The inter- and intra-group differences were evaluated using paired t-test, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to assess the effect of intervention.  

 There was a significant difference in the modified healthy lifestyle after CP2HL (p<0.05), including in the areas of organophosphate pesticide exposure, farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, nutrition knowledge, musculoskeletal symptoms, upper respiratory infection symptoms, and farmer burnout. During the follow-up period, the intervention group showed a healthier lifestyle than the control group.

 CP2HL can significantly promote a healthy lifestyle among farmers after the intervention.

Since important organs of brain-dead patients can be transplanted to patients in need, this study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on the youth of Ivan to receive an organ donation card.
Materials &

This randomized clinical trial was performed on 80 people (40 people in each of the intervention and control groups). Samples were selected by two-stage random cluster sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection and data were analyzed by SPSS version 26 at a significance level of 0.05.

The mean age in the intervention and control groups was respectively 24.90±2.56 and 24.03±2.55 years. In both groups, 50% of the people were women. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of education level. The mean scores of the structures of the planned behavior theory (attitude, mental norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention) before the educational intervention in the intervention and control groups were not significantly different. After the educational intervention, the mean score of the structures of the planned behavior theory, including attitude (47.02±2.18 vs. 38.05±6.28), mental norm (17.47±2.03 vs. 13.42±2.38), perceived behavioral control (19.20±1.45 vs. 15.17±3.78), and behavioral intention (9.62±0.74 vs. 6.97±2.05) increased significantly in the intervention group (p<0.001) but in the control group, none of the structures had a significant improvement (p>0.05).

Training based on the theory of planned behavior led to a significant increase in its structures to receive an organ donation card in young people.

With the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, distance education became the main alternative in nursing education. This study was conducted to explore nursing students' experiences of distance education during the Covid-19 era.

This study was conducted in 2022-2023, using qualitative content analysis, in Maragheh university of Medical Sciences. Experiences were obtained through purposive sampling from 14 nursing students, and the data were analyzed by MAXQDA software.

Low readiness to face distance education as the main category consists of five categories: educator's poor attitude towards distance learning, little familiarity with information technology, weak files provided for practical and clinical courses, challenging distance assessment and weak infrastructure in information technology.

 Distance education in most countries is associated with challenges. Providing appropriate software and hardware infrastructure that educators and students can use continuously, as well as access to high-speed Internet for everyone can prevent such challenges.

This study aimed to develop fundamental motor skill activities based on game circuits that aim to improve the motor skills of children with dyspraxia.
Instrument &

This research involved instrument development, initial revision, and field trials. Instruments in-game circuits were designed with various motor challenges specifically designed to facilitate the development of basic motor skills. In the initial trial phase, activities were implemented with the participation of several children with dyspraxia. Then, instruments and activities were adjusted based on feedback and findings from the initial trials. Field trials were conducted through the participation of larger groups of children with dyspraxia to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the activities developed.

The development of fundamental motor skill activity based on the game circuit has a CVR value of 0.5, greater than the threshold limit of 0.62. Hence, it had good content validity in measuring the desired construct. The correlation calculation results showed a positive and significant relationship between the scores of assessors 1, 2, and 3 with a total score of assessors on aspects of movement skills, cognitive aspects, fun aspects, and attention focus. The ICC test results showed the instrument's reliability.

Developing fundamental motor skill activities through the game circuit approach can effectively improve the motor skills of children with dyspraxia.

Adopting health-promoting behaviors (HPBs) is the main way to achieve a healthy lifestyle. Unhealthy lifestyle choices during postmenopausal period can lead to serious complications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the status of HPBs and their individual-social factors in postmenopausal women living in Neyshabur City, Iran.

Using stratified random sampling, this cross-sectional study was performed on 300 postmenopausal women referred to Neyshabur health centers in 2022. Data was collected using demographic characteristics and HPBs questionnaires. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and analytical statistics (T-test, one-way analysis of variance, multivariate regression test) were employed, data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 22, and the significance level was considered 0.05.  

The mean (standard deviation) of the whole score of HPBs and its dimensions including interpersonal relationships, nutrition, spiritual growth, health responsibility, stress management, and physical activity were 151.5(18.6), 31.9(4.4), 28.3 (3.9), 25.6 (3.9), 25.01(5.01), 23.9(3.7), and 16.8 (4.9), respectively. The highest and the lowest mean scores of HPBs dimensions were related to interpersonal relationships and physical activity, respectively. There were significant differences in the whole score of HPBs by level of education (P= 0.002), economic status (P < .001), and spouse's education level (P= 0.002).  

According to the results of this study, postmenopausal women’s HPBs status was moderate, Thus, certain policies should be designed and conducted to promote behaviors in postmenopausal women. Also, more attention should be paid to their physical activity.

Aim:

 The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an intervention on fiber consumption,  among elderly using the Trans-theoretical Model (TTM) model.

A quasi-experimental study was developed among constipated elderly people aged ≥60 in Karaj, Iran between 2019 and 2021. Constipated participants were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=66) or the control (n=64) groups. Before and after four educational sessions, demographic information, participant’s stages of change for diet, self-efficacy, decisional balance, and daily amount of fiber consumption were evaluated. An analysis was performed to assess any differences in the stages of change (posttest vs. baseline).

 The Mean±SD of age of patients was 66.68±3.53. The perceived barriers, and self-efficacy were statistically significant after intervention (P-value<0.001), in the intervention group compared to the control group (P-value>0.001). In both groups, perceived benefits changed statistically significant (P-value<0.001). Pearson correlation also showed significant correlation between stages of change and benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and fiber consumption. The analysis of variance adjusting for covariate also indicated that there were significant differences between intervention and control groups.

 This study demonstrated that the TTM is a useful model that can be applied to dietary behavior change, more specifically fruit and vegetable consumption among elderly populations. The results show that tailored interventions based on the TTM may successfully improve healthy life style as it determines which intervention is most appropriate to apply according to individuals’ stage of change. An appropriate intervention based on each stage can enable patients to improve their healthy behaviors gradually.

The objective of this research was to examine whether there exists a correlation between certain attributes of a mother and her determination to make decisions independently and how these factors impact her actions toward stunted toddlers.
Instrument &

A quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design was utilized in the work area of the Manuju Health Center from January to March 2023. By census method, the sample size was determined to be 102. Data was collected using a combination of interviews, observations, and questionnaires.

Knowledge, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation had significant effects on the stunting toddler care behavior (χ2=83.95; df=8; p<0.001). The coefficient of determination indicated that 75.8% of the stunting toddler care behavior was influenced by knowledge, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation. The characteristics had no significant effect on behavior (p=0.576), but the motivation had a direct significant effect on behavior (p<0.001).

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are the most influential parameters in stunting toddler care behavior.

The physical and chemical properties of water are important in determining the suitability of water for various uses on the one hand and knowing the level of environmental pollution of this water on the other hand, as these variables significantly impact the biodiversity in that water body. This study aimed to reveal the level of pollution occurring in the waters of the Euphrates River through these characteristics and to identify the sources of this pollution.
Instrument &

From April 2022 to March 2023, the water quality of the Euphrates River was examined between Ramadi and Al-Qaim cities. The temperature, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved salts, salinity, calcium, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and sulfate levels were measured through specialized devices or through mathematical equations approved in the concerned scientific references. The correlation coefficient between the involved parameters was examined regarding location and time.

Most of the measurements were within the allowable range, but some values exceeded the limits of WHO regulations, such as electrical conductivity and total dissolved salts values in Ramadi city which reached 1245.53±117.47µS/cm and 793.17±46.41mg/l, respectively.

River pollution levels varied from one region to another within the study area, as river water is generally suitable for irrigation but not drinking without pretreatment processes.

Many women are uninformed of the factors that put them at risk for cardiovascular diseases or the preventative measures that they can take to lower that risk, which makes the incidence of CVDs among women a serious public health concern. This study aimed to determine the correlation of lifestyle factors and demographic characteristics of women with the incidence rate of cardiovascular diseases.
Instrument &

This descriptive correlational study was conducted on women in AL Diwaniyah City, Iraq, from January to March 2023. The purposive sampling was used to select 99 women suffering from cardiovascular disease attending the Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Cardiac Catheterization Center, and Primary Health Centers.

Spearman’s correlation showed a highly significant correlation between women’s age and lifestyle factors, physical activity, and stress management (p=0.0001). There was a statistically significant correlation between women’s education level, stress management, and follow-up (p>0.05). Occupation showed a statistically significant correlation with women’s health history (p=0.046). The woman’s monthly income was correlated with her family history (p=0.003).

Low-income families are the most predominant socioeconomically status in AL Diwaniyah City. A noteworthy correlation exists between the age of women and their health history, physical activity, and stress management.

To evaluate oncology nurses' practices about chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in cancer patients and whether there is a correlation between the effectiveness of an interventional program on nurses' practices and their demographics. It also to determine the effectiveness of an interventional program on nursing staff's practices.

Material: 

A Quasi-experimental design study has been applied with the use of pre and post-test approach for two groups of samples (study and control). The number of nurses participant in the sample is 60, and they have been split into two groups; the control group and the study group each include 30 members. The Intervention Program was made available to the study group, but the members of the control group did not have access to the Intervention Program.

The study found that there were statistically significant at P>0.05 changes between the two groups following the implementation of the interventional program, while no such differences at P>0.05 existed before the program was implemented.

This study concluded that oncology nurses' practices regarding chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy improved after being exposed to the interventional program, indicating that the program was successful in bringing about change in the nurses' practices.

Climate change is a global challenge that has already had a detrimental impact on the environment and human health, leading to increased magnitude and frequency of extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, and flooding. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of the expanded health belief model related to the perceived benefits of climate change on collegians at the university.
Materials &

This experimental randomized controlled trial was conducted at the College of Education for Pure Sciences in AL-Nasiriyah City, Iraq, from October 4th, 2022 to January 3rd, 2023. All 144 students entered the study by census method and were randomly divided into two study and control groups. A questionnaire consisting of two parts; demographic data and health benefits of adopting the anti-climate change behavior scale. Data was analyzed in SPSS 21 software by Chi-square and independent T-tests.

The perceived benefit had no significant difference between the control (29.17±8.82) and the study (29.52±8.05) groups in the pre-test (p>0.05). The study group's perceived benefit in post-test I was increased to 52.31±11.31, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control group (29.49±8.07). Also, the study group's perceived benefit in post-test II was 51.89±11.60, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control group (30.14±8.98). There was no statistically significant difference between study groups in the pre-test period (t=0.349; p=0.727). There were statistically significant differences between the study groups at the post-test I (t=8.276; p=0.001) and II periods (t=8.895; p=0.001).

The administered expanded health belief model increases the perceived benefits of enhancing the climate change counteraction in collegians.