نشریه بوم شناسی گیاهان زراعی
سال هفدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 61، پاییز 1400)

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is one of the most important ancient fodder plants with special adaptability andSainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is one of the most important ancient fodder plants with special adaptability and quality that is cultivated in many parts of Iran. A field experiment in form of complete block design with three replications was conducted in Research Station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research of Isfahan province during 2013- 2015. Twenty native populations from various regions of Iran were tested. Morphological characteristics, yield and fodder quality of plants was measured. According to results, there was less than 10 days difference among populations from planting to flowering stage. The phenological stages (beginning of spring growth, flowering time) in the second year began earlier than that of the first year. Maximum leaf number (127) and leaf/stem ratio (2.5) were obtained in Oshnavieh and 2759, respectively. PLC produced the highest dry matter content (31.27%) and dry forage yield (3179.3 kg ha-1) among populations. Populations also differed in terms of fodder quality. Most populations had adequate yield and quality potential for livestock feeding. Regarding variation in different traits among populations, each population can be used for different goals such as breeding programs, soil conservation and production of high dry matter yield. In generally, 3001 and 13535 populations (tolerant to powdery mildew disease) with acceptable forage yield and quality can be recommended in Isfahan climatic conditions. .

It is important to evaluate and display the potential of new cultivars and promising lines in farmers' conditions in order to introduce new cultivars and lines and increment the spread of them in farm conditions. For this purpose, thirty-three selected varieties/breeding lines from Dry Agriculture Research Institute (DARI) wheat breeding program were evaluated on farmers' fields at Koohdasht, based on randomized complete block design. Results indicated that Paya and Kabir varieties and G17, G18 and G31 lines had the highest grain yield with an average of 5280, 3985, 4210, 4003 and 3950 kg/ha, respectively. Grain yield showed positive and significant correlation with biological yield (BY), number of grain per spike (NGS) and harvest index (HI), and negative correlation between yield and day to maturity. Therefore BY, NGS, HI and early maturity can be used as suitable selection index to identify high-yielding genotype in the rainfed wheat breeding program. Paya and Kabir cultivars and G31, G18, G29, G17 and G16 lines were the best genotype for SIIG index. Based on cluster analysis results, genotypes were classify in three groups including early maturity- high yield  genotypes (class 1), early maturity- low yield genotypes (class 2) and early maturity- low yield genotypes (class 3). According to the results of this research, with the aim of sustainable wheat production in the tropical region that generally faced with late-season drought, new varieties of Kabir and Paya with high yield and early maturity are recommended. In addition, durum wheat lines G17, G18 and G32 with high performance and desirable agronomic characteristics can be considered in the variety introduction program or as parents in a breeding program.

Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by the flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia (synonyms: Giardia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis). The characteristic of this disease are including worldwide distribution, high prevalence, and significant morbidity. Different studies relieved that the thymol content available in some medicinal plants has anti-giardiasis effect. Hence, based on adequate thymol in contents of both, Satureja sahandica and Origanum vulgare extracts, the aim of present research was comparison the effect of Satureja sahandica and Origanum vulgare Extracts with metronidazole on Giardia lamblia in vitro condition. In this experimental-laboratory study, 500 µl of each of 10, 100 and 200 mg/L concentrations of extracts and 125 mg/L of metronidazole was added to 500 µl of purified giardia cysts, respectively. In control groups normal saline used whereas these agents. The giardicidal activity of the extracts was measured 30, 60 and 120 min (s) after exposure through 0.1% eosin dye staining and microscopic enumeration method. Minimum, maximum and means lethal concentrations of treatments were calculated after three times in each group. Results relieved that anti-giardicidal effects of both extracts significantly increased due to rising the concentration and time. Based on present study findings and in accordance with others, it seems thymol content of SS and OV extracts were responsible for their anti-giardial activity. Meanwhile, further studies needed for clarify their exact mechanism of actions.

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) belongs to the Rosaceae family. One of the most critical challenges of strawberry production is the plants that cause problems in harvesting and reduced yield. This study was carried out to identify weed flora in strawberry growing regions in Kurdistan province. In this study, determining the genus and species of common weeds in the strawberry fields of two regions was investigated. For this purpose, 13 farms in 6 villages in the Kamyaran region and 11 farms at 11 villages in the Marivan region with the more cultivated area than their surrounding villages were selected. The results of weed flora study in Sanandaj-Kamyaran axis farms showed that the most prevalent weeds in Sanandaj-Kamyaran axis strawberry fields are related to broadleaf weeds including (Convolvulus arvensis L.), (Cirsium arvense), (Acroptilon repens), (Setaria viridis L.), (Allium canadense L.) and (Vicia persica Boiss) with dominance index of 201.5, 200, 193.72, 193.48, 192.24 and 190.64 respectively. The first three weeds were perennial weeds, and the last one was an annual weed. However, among the narrow-leaves annual weeds, (Setaria viridis) had the highest prevalence index (193.48) due to traditional irrigation using rivers and streams, which carry weed seeds in their path. However, in the Marivan region, all species had a high prevalence index, although Portulaca oleracea L. and Cynodon dactylon L. had a higher dominance index than the others

In order to investigate the effect of humic acid and irrigation interval on yield and yield components of corn seed of single-cross 704 at the region of Zabol, an experiment as the split-plot has been conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments of the experiment included irrigation round as main plot in three levels of 6, 9 and 12 days, and spraying of humic acid as a subplot in four levels of control or every week, every two weeks, every three weeks and every four weeks. The effect of irrigation and spraying of humic acid and their interactions on plant height, number of ear per plant and number of seeds per ear were significant. The highest plant height, number of ear per plant and number of seeds per ear was obtained under 6 days of irrigation round and every two week spraying of humic acid which by 6 days of irrigation round and  every week spraying of humic acid and every three week in same statistical group and did not show any significant difference. On the other hand, the 12 days of irrigation round treatments and every four week spraying of humic acid showed that significantly reduced in the above traits. So that with 12 days of irrigation round and spraying every week and every three weeks of humic acid was placed in the same statistical group. Therefore, the best irrigation round in order to produce corn grain is recommended for 6 days of irrigation round with the use of every two weeks for humic acid spraying for cultivation in the region.

Nearly 20 to 45 percent of the world's grains were exposed to mycotoxins produced by the fungus. Aspergillus flavus is one of the fungi that cause widespread contamination of crops and warehouse products. In this research, the antifungal activity of different extracts of the semi-parasitic mistletoe (Viscum album) plant on the growth and sporulation of Aspergillus flavus in laboratory conditions based on completely random design with three replications was evaluated. Various solvents including acetone, ethanol, methanol and water were used to extract mistletoe leaves and buds. Antifungal activity of the extracts was performed by diffusion method on the surface of agar. Each of the extracts including 0 (control), 2, 20, 200 and 2000 microliters per 20 milliliters were added to medium and colony growth and sporulation of fungi were evaluated. All experimental treatments showed a significant effect on mycelium growth and sporulation of Aspergillus flavus compared to control at 5% level. Methanol extract in 2000 microliters had the most effect on fungi growth and sporulation, and mistletoe water extract showed the least effect. Moreover, acetone extract in 2000 microliters, inhibited sporulation by 99 %. It can be concluded that the methanol extract of mistletoe can be a more effective antifungal agent to inhibit the growth and sporulation of Aspergillus flavus than other solvents