نشریه دانش کشاورزی و تولید پایدار
سال سی و سوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1402)

The aim of this study was to select of the barley superior lines based on some of morpho-phenological traits using various indices based on REML/BLUP model and as well as the SIIG index and comparison of these indices. A set of 17 promising lines along two checks were evaluated in a RCBD with three replications at three research stations including Zabol, Darab, and Gonbad Kavous during the 2020-2021 cropping year. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the test regions and genotypes in terms of all measured traits. The results obtained by REML model indicated that the highest and lowest heritability values were related to 1000-grain weight and grain filling period, respectively. The MTSI index identified lines G9, G2 and G3 as superior lines, while the FAI-BLUP index identified G13, G11 and G3 as the best lines based on their traits and grain yield. Based on the SIIG index, lines G7, G2, G8 and G17 were identified as the most superior lines. In general, by comparing the results obtained from different indices, selected lines with SIIG index due to high grain yield and high 1000-grain weight were chosen as selected genotypes for complementary tests. In addition, the selected genotypes using FAI-BLUP and MGIDI indices were early maturity and had a high 1000-grain weight, but their grain yield were lower than both checks of experiment.

One of the ways to sustainable agriculture is to increase the diversity in the ecosystem of agricultural systems by using intercropping of crops. The aim of this study was to control and manage weeds, evaluate the growth characteristics and yield of safflower mixed with lentils.

The experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, in the 2019-2020. Main plots include weed control at two levels (weed control and non-weed control) and sub-plots include different intercropping patterns (monoculture safflower, monoculture lentil, additive intercropping 100% safflower + 25% lentils, 100% safflower + 50% lentils, 100% safflower + 75% lentils, 100% safflower + 100% lentils and replacement pattern 50% safflower + 50% lentils).

The results showed the lowest number of species (3.5 and 6.2 species per m2, respectively), density (32 and 26 plants per m2, respectively) and weed dry matter (64.2 and 76.6 g m-2, respectively) in additive intercropping 100% safflower + 75% lentils and 100% safflower + 100 lentils. Monoculture safflower and lentils had the highest density and dry matter of weeds. The highest radiation use efficiency in safflower and lentils (4.44 and 4.67 mj m-2, respectively) was obtained in the additive intercropping 100% safflower + 100% lentils under weed control conditions.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chemical, organic and integrated fertilizers on some characteristics of sunflower cultivars.

The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications at the Zahak Agricultural Research Station in Sistan and Baluchistan province. The main factor including control (no fertilizer application), compost (40 tons per hectare), humic acid (5 liters per hectare), chemical fertilizer (150 kg urea, 100 kg phosphorus and 100 kg potash) , compost and humic acid (20 tons per hectare of compost + 2.5 liters per hectare) and humic acid + chemical fertilizer (2.5 liters per hectare + 75 kg of urea, 50 kg of phosphorus and 50 kg of potash). The sub-factor was three sunflower cultivars Shams, Qasem and Haysan 25 .

The highest head diameter from humic acid + compost and Shams cultivar , weight 1000 seeds from humic acid + chemical fertilizer and Shams, number of seeds per head from humic acid + compost and Shams, and biological yield were obtained from humic acid + chemical fertilizer and Shams cultivar. Biological yield of Shams, Ghasem and Haysan 25 cultivars in humic acid + chemical fertilizer compared to the control increased by 39.2%, 31.5% and 34.5%, respectively.

Use of organic fertilizers and integrated nutrition management are among the effective methods to improve the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sunflower, which reduces the use of chemical fertilizers.

The experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of linseed Norman variety.

The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 13 treatments in 3 replications in April 2012 in farm of Yasouj university. Experimental treatments during : T1-control (without fertilizer application), T2- application of 90 kg.ha-1 urea, T3- application of 10 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T4- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T5- application of Barvar1 biofertilizer (containing sAzotobacter (100 g.ha-1) T6- application of biofertilizer nanoparticles of zinc, copper, iron and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (1 kg.ha-1), T7- application of 45 kg.ha-1 urea + 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T8- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + Barvar1 biofertilizer, T9- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + nano biofertilizer, T10- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + nano biofertilizer, T11- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + Barvar1 biofertilizer, T12- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + biofertilizer Barvar1, T13- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + 5 Tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + nano biofertilizer.

The results showed that different fertilizer treatments caused a significant increase in morphological traits, yield and yield components, biological yield, oil yield and protein percentage of linseed compared to the control.

Biofertilizers include one or more species of high-density soil organisms which are used in sustainable farms with the aim of increasing soil fertility and plant access to nutrients. This experiment was performed to evaluate yield and growth indices of maize at different sowing dates under the influence of mycorrhizal fungi.

The experiment was conducted in the research farm of Kurdistan University in 2017 as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors included mycorrhizal fungi at four levels including (Funneliformis mossea), (Rhizophagus intraradices), (Funneliformis mossea + Rhizophagus intraradices) and without mycorrhiza (control) and sowing date at three levels (6, 16 and 26 July). In this experiment, growth indices and traits related to maize yield were measured.

The results showed that the highest leaf area index, growth rate and dry matter accumulation were obtained on 6 July sowing date and 26 July had the lowest values. The highest values of leaf area index and crop growth rate were related to Rhizophagus intraradices treatment. Application of mycorrhiza increased dry matter accumulation and as a result, maize yield compared to the control treatment. The interaction of mycorrhiza fungus and sowing date caused a significant increase in cob dry weight and biological yield.

The results showed that the combined treatment of 6 July planting date and Rhizophagus intraradices fungus was superior in terms of growth indices, cob and plant dry weight and biological yield.

Nowadays, to have a sustainable agricultural system, the application of inputs that improve the aspects of ecological systems and reduce environmental hazards are necessary.

In order to evaluate the effect of application of manure and growth promoting rhizobacteria on Cumin on yield and yield component, a factorial experiment conducted on the basis of completely randomized block design with three replicates at Payam Noor University of Fereydoonshar in the spring of 2020. Experimental treatments were seed inoculation with biofertilizer at two levels (seed inoculation and no inoculation) and nitrogen manure fertilizer at four levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 ton/ha-1).

With increasing manure consumption from 0 to 30 ton/ha-1 of the recommended, significantly increased plant height, number of branches per plant, number of umbellate per umbel, number of seed per umbel, 1000-seed weight, biological yield and seed yield up to respectively. Also, in comparison with non-inoculation treatment, inoculation treatment increased number of branches per plant, number of umbellate per umbel and 1000- seed weight up to respectively. Mean comparisons for interaction of manure × biofertilizer indicated that the treatment of seed inoculation with consumption of 40 kg/ha-1 recommended manure, produced the highest seed yield.

Yield components increased with increasing levels of manure and the presence of bacteria, but it seems that in soil that is in good condition in terms of nutrients (application of manure), there is not much ground for beneficial effects of bacteria.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of potassium nano-fertilizers, fulvic acid, and chitosan on quantitative traits of sesame under different irrigation regimes. A field experiment was conducted in Semnan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center as a factorial split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019. In this experiment irrigation regimes (full irrigation: non-stress, irrigation cut off at the beginning of seed formation inside the capsule: moderate stress and the beginning of flower structure formation: severe stress) as the main plot, and potassium nano-fertilizer (0, 1.5, and 2.5 per thousand) and foliar application of chitosan (five g.ha-1) and fulvic acid (two kg.ha-1) in four levels were tested as sub-plots. The application of potassium nano-fertilizer along with fulvic acid and chitosan increased the photosynthetic pigments, seed yield, and oil and protein content, which was a significant increase under severe drought stress. Application of 1.5 per thousand potassium nano-fertilizer with chitosan under non-stress conditions resulted in the highest number of capsules per plant, seed yield, biological yield, oil yield, and protein yield. The highest oil and protein content (48.79 and 25.12%, respectively) were obtained using a combination of chitosan and fulvic acid under non-stress conditions. The highest seed yield (2249.2 kg.ha-1) was achieved in the application of chitosan along with 1.5 per thousand potassium nano-fertilizer under non-stress conditions.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different tillage systems including conservation and conventional on yield-related traits and seed quality of some autumn-seeded chickpea cultivars. The experiment was carried out as split plot based on a completely randomized block design during the 1399-1400 growing season. Tillage systems including conventional, reduced and no tillage were arranged as main factor and chickpea cultivars (Adel, Arman, Hashem, Mansour, Azad, Azkan, Aksu and Goksu) were arranged as sub factor. Among the traits under study only 100-seed weight was significantly affected by tillage systems and the interaction between tillage and cultivar. The highest 100-seed weight (42 g) was obtained for Aksu under no till system whereas, the lowest value was recorded for Arman and Hashem under all three tillage systems. However, the effect of cultivar on 100-seed weight, the number of pods per plant, harvest index, reproductive effort index and seed protein percent was significant. The highest harvest index (47%) and protein percent (19%) were observed in Adel and Mansour, respectively. Overall, the findings of this research showed that chickpea yield and related traits (excluding 100-seed weight) as well as grain quality were not significantly affected by tillage systems. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the studied cultivars, although the difference between them was significant in terms of some yield-related traits and grain protein percent.

‎‏ ‏Mycorrhiz species are factors that improve plant growth and yield. The ‎effects of these fungi are ‎exerted by altering some of the root properties and absorbing nutrients in the ‎host plants under water ‎stress conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and ‎qualitative yield of basil in ‎greenhouse conditions under the influence of different levels of soil ‎moisture and three species of ‎mycorrhiza on morphological or agronomic traits, plant pigments, ‎percentage and Essential oil function. ‎

Methods & Materials:

 The experiment was factorial with a randomized complete block design with ‎three replications in ‎‎greenhouse conditions. Experimental factors include soil moisture at four levels of ‎‎25 (severe stress), 50 ‎‎(moderate stress), 75 (mild stress) and 100 (no stress) percent of field capacity, ‎three species of ‎mycorrhiza fungi Clarodeoglomus etunicatum (Glomus etunicatum), Funneliformis ‎mosseae (Glomus mosseae), Rhizophagus irregularis (Glomus intraradices) and control treatment.‎

‎According to the results, increasing the level of water stress reduced the performance of the ‎aerial part ‎yield, as the economic performance of basil, but coexistence with mycorrhizae reduced the ‎destructive ‎effects of water stress. Different species of mycorrhiz had positive effects on increasing ‎plant ‎pigments. ‎

According to the experimental results, it can be said that F. mosseae‏ ‏compared to other ‎species had a greater effect in improving the adverse effects of dehydration stress in most of the ‎evaluated traits. While the effect of G. intraradicse on the percentage and yield of essential oil was ‎higher than F. mosseae.

The field experiment was to investigate the effects of crop residue management and chemical control of weeds on the depletion of nutrients by weeds and uptake of nutrients by wheat as influence of incorporation, burning and removal of residues and chemical control of weeds. This study was performed as split plots design with three replications. Treatments include management of crop residues viz: incorporated, burning and removing sesame residues; Weed control treatment viz 2,4-D+MCPA @ 1.5 lit ha-1(POE), Atlantis @ 1.5 lit ha-1(POE) and metribuzin @ 200 g ha-1(POE). The wheat cultivar was Mehregan. At the 30 DAS, the dry weight of weeds in terms of burning and removal of residue was 12.4 and 12.1 g m-2, respectively, which is much higher than the average dry weight of weeds in terms of incorporated residue. The highest amount of nitrogen depleted by weeds was related to unweeded and Atlantis under burning. The highest amount of nitrogen uptake in the grain with an average of 87.46 kg ha-1 was related to metribuzin in terms of incorporated residues, which had a statistically significant over other levels of treatments. In general, the results showed that in terms of dry weight of weeds and the amount of nutrients depleted by different components of wheat and weeds, there is a statistically significant difference between the types of residues, that return residues in dry matter weight loss and increase the competitiveness of the wheat plant with weeds is due to the provision of better growth conditions for wheat.

Zataria multiflora is very valuable economically and its components are used in Pharmaceutical industries. Since a little research has been done on this plant, therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the reaction of plant populations collected from different habitats to cultivation in one place.

The experiment was conducted during 2017-2019 in Fozveh station Isfahan. The experiment was on the basis of randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments were 3 populations of Zataria multiflora including Baghbahadoran, Fooladshahr and Shahreza.

The studied populations were significantly different in many studied traits. Baghbahadoran population had the highest seed yield, essential oil and shoot dry yield with average (3.3, 60.2 and 1764 kg/ha). Years had a significant effect on aerial dry matter yield, seed yield and essential oil percentage. Interactive effect of genotype×year revealed that Baghbahadoran population had the highest seed and aerial dry yield in the second year that did not have significant difference with Shahreza. 19 components were found in populations oil. Carvacrole observed as the main essential oil component. Its rate was variable from 31.2% to 61% during two years.

The studied populations had the sufficient genetic diversity for various traits such as shoot yield, seed yield and essential oil percentage. The existence of this diversity can pave the way for remedial work in the future. This plant can also be introduced as an appropriate source to provide a combination of Carvacrole used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

overcoming the growing human need for food, which is in line with population growth, is a global challenge. Therefore, this study has evaluated the potential performance and yield gap and identified the limiting factors of production using the border line analysis method.

In order to quantify the production and estimate the rice yield gap in Ghaemshahr region, the data collected from 164 paddy fields (local and high yielding cultivars) of this city were used. Information on important managerial, soil and plant factors were recorded during the growing season through continuous field visits and face-to-face interviews with farmers. In this study, using the boundary line analysis method, the yield gap, potential performance and optimal values of yield gap parameters were calculated and the best managements were determined simultaneously.

In the present study, the quadratic function was able to describe the trend of performance changes in relation to different traits. The required optimal minimum values of each factor were determined to achieve the highest performance. The average optimal yield (achievable) and the average actual yield were 9229 and 5160 kg.ha-1, respectively, and the yield gap was 4069 kg.ha-1, equivalent to 43.8% of the potential yield.

The border line analysis method was able to successfully estimate ways to increase production while reducing the yield gap in the region, significantly help. It is recommended that boundary line analysis be used as a functional analysis alongside other methods, for different crops and in other areas.

This study was performed by split-split plots using randomized complete block design with three replications in Khuzestan province with the aim of determining the best method of rice cultivation in two years (2018 and 2019). Three planting methods (planting drying, planting seedlings, planting direct or common), 16 different levels of auxin and salicylic acid hormones in the form of seed priming and different leaf spray treatments with 1 and 2 liters per hectare and different spraying times in the tillering stages and the appearance of panicle on different rice genotypes were investigated. Results The combined analysis results showed that in addition to the interaction effect of planting method in hormone traits, there is a significant difference in the level of probability of one percent. grain yield and yield components along with all vegetative and reproductive traits (Panicle weight, 1000-grain weight, grain and floret in the panicle) that can increase grain yield through current photosynthesis or remobilization had their highest value in the transplanting method due to the creation of optimal growth conditions for stress relief. Among the combined hormonal priming treatments of seeds with both growth hormones auxin and salicylic acid, the highest amount of grain yield and yield components was observed due to the complementarity of the two growth hormones in regulating biochemical and morphological reactions of the plant. Time-consuming effects are much more compatible, and we were in the priming method because of creating resistance and accelerating growth.

A field experiment was carried out as split plot based on the randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with 12 treatments and three replications at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2021 growing season. The main factor was three irrigation levels included irrigation after 20% maximum allowable depletion (I20) as control, 40% maximum allowable depletion (I50) as moderate stress and 60% maximum allowable depletion (I80) as severe stress. The sub-factor was foliar application of macro mix gold, ecoquel micromix, vitalem forte and non-application of fertilizer (control).The results demonstrated that the highest (255.4 g/m2) and lowest dry matter yield of sage (190.5 g/m2) was achieved in normal irrigation condition with application of macro mix gold and sever water stress without fertilization. The dry matter yield decreased by 10.1 and 27.8% in moderate and severe drought stress conditions. Also, application of macro mix gold, ecoquel micromix and vitalem forte enhanced the mentioned trait by 25.1, 24.7 and 16.4% in comparison with no fertilization (control), respectively. The highest essential oil content (1.47%) and yield (3.19 g/m2) was observerd in moderate water stress fertilized with macro mix gold. In addition, the maximum content of cis-thujone (40.50%), camphor (17.08%) and 1,8-Cineole (9.98%) was achieved in moderate water stress fertilized with macro mix gold. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the foliar application of macro mix gold could be recommended for improving essential quantity and quality of sage in drought stress conditions.

The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the consumption of pesticides by farmers in Meshkinshahr in terms of agricultural sustainability. conducted and based on it, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed as the main research tool. The statistical population of the study is farmers of Meshkinshahr city and sampling has been done by simple random method..The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the items had a factor load greater than 0.5. Also, in examining the effect of different indicators on the amount of pesticide consumption by farmers, the results show that effective indicators include; Personality traits that include income, education, age and other variables that have a Likert spectrum on the latent variable of farmers' personality traits and in examining the effect of different indicators show that the results show that personality traits with an impact factor of 0.099 on Pesticide use by farmers has a significant effect at the level of one percent. The variable of economic factors with a coefficient of impact of 0.106 at the level of one percent, has a significant and positive effect. The variable of socio-cultural factors also has a positive and significant effect with an impact factor of 0.97 at the level of one percent. Also, the variable of policy factors with an impact factor of 0.95, the variable of environmental factors with an impact factor of 0.98

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of selected crops cultivation in East Azerbaijan province. Evaluation of agricultural sustainability is an important step to develop the sustainable cultivation patterns and optimal use of water and soil resources in the province.

In order to evaluate the sustainability of agricultural production, a combination of entropy and EIECTRE methods was used. The required statistics and information were collected by referring to the Jihad-Agriculture organisation of East Azerbaijan province in 2016.

Irrigation efficiency, percentage of crop insurance coverage, land productivity and consumption of phosphate fertilizer were recognized as the most important indicators of agricultural production sustainability, which accounted for more than 50 percent of the relative weight of the indicators. The comparison of sustainability of crops production showed that sugar beet, safflower, forage corn, buckwheat and cotton had higher agricultural sustainability than other crops.

The cultivation of industrial and forage plants have more agricultural sustainability compared to other common crops in the province and in contrast the cultivation of rapeseed and alfalfa have no advantage in terms of agricultural sustainability in East Azerbaijan province. Therefore it is expected to consider these results in the future plannings of cropping pattern. Also, by increasing the irrigation efficiency and promoting the crop insurance among the farmers of the province, it is possible to increase the production sustainability of other crops.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the environmental and technical efficiency of grape production in Bijar County. In this research, stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method used to estimate input-oriented technical and environmental efficiency. Chemical fertilizer, pesticides and sulfur inputs were considered as environmentally detrimental inputs for estimating environmental efficiency. data were collected from 170 grape orchards at year 2018. The average technical efficiency (70%), shows that orchards under consideration can increase their efficiency up to 30%. The minimum and maximum technical efficiencies were 26% and 93%, respectively, which indicates a large gap (67%) between the efficiencies. While the average environmental efficiency is 92%, the lowest and highest efficiencies are 49% and 99%, respectively. Based on the results, it is possible to increase environmental efficiency on average by 8%. Due to the high average environmental efficiency of this grape orchards, it is concluded that environmental impacts of detrimental inputs were considered when using fertilizers and pesticides. So, encouraging these grape producers and introducing them to other producers can play a positive role in sustainable development in this county.

This research was carried out in order to investigate the performance and performance components of mixed cultivation of chickpeas and L. iberica and to determine the best ratio of the mixed cultivation pattern of these two species in the dry conditions of Saqez city.

Methods & Materials: 

The experiment was carried out as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three repetitions in Saqez city. The first factor includes 3 planting times (autumn, waiting, spring), the second factor in 3 levels including Saral, Nusrat, Anna chickpea cultivars and the third factor in 5 cultivation patterns including pure chickpea cultivation (25% urban balangu: 100% chickpeas). , (50% urban balango: 100% chickpeas), (75% urban balango: 100% chickpeas) and pure balango cultivation.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between chickpea cultivars in terms of plant height at the level of 1% in terms of planting time. The highest number of seeds per chickpea plant was obtained in Anna variety in winter season and in pure culture. Land use efficiency was positive and greater than one. The competition ratio in the 100:50 cropping pattern was the highest in the autumn season and Nusrat variety. .

100:25 intercropping pattern of L. iberica and Nusrat chickpea variety in expected cultivation in the climatic conditions of Saqez city is suitable and can be recommended as a suitable intercropping pattern.

Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses in the ecosystem of crops. In order to select potato tolerant genotypes to drought stress.

This experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with the method of strip chopped blocks in three replications during the two cropping years was performed in Ardabil region. Two levels of non-stress and stress irrigation were compared as vertical factor and 20 potato genotypes were compared as horizontal factor.

The results showed that all measured traits were affected by stress treatments. Under stress treatment, genotype 905675 had the highest tuber yield and tuber weight per plant. The lowest tuber yield and tuber weight per plant were obtained from Marfona cultivar. In addition, with the application of stress, the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants increased. The highest amount of reducing sugar with 122%, vitamin C with 63%, proline with 106% The percentage of catalase enzyme with 249% increase compared to non-stress conditions was observed in genotype 905675. The highest activity of superoxide dismutase and polyphenol oxidase with 214 and 42% increase belonged to genotype 901375, respectively.

In general, considering the amount of changes in tuber yield, tuber weight per plant, increasing the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, genotypes 905675, 901575 and 901375 were selected as tolerant and high yield potential genotypes in both stress and non-stress conditions, respectively, and Milva, Jelly and Marfona cultivars can be introduced as susceptible cultivars.

Quinoa as halophyte plant has received more attention in recent years due to its nutritional value and high production potential in harsh environmental conditions. In this research was designed and implemented with the aim of investigating the effects of inoculation of some rhizosphere bacteria of halophyte plants on the growth of quinoa plant under salt stress.

The greenhouse test was carried out as factorial in the form of complete random design in three replications. First, quinoa seeds with selected bacteria (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6) were inoculated and then four salinity levels of 0, 7.5, 15 and 25 (dS/m) were applied in the pots. Finally some growth and nutritional related parameters were measured.

Growth indices (except chlorophyll index) and ionic composition (except sodium) of quinoa plant decreased with increasing salinity levels. The use of bacteria led to a significant increase in chlorophyll (up to 10.5%), height (up to 15.43%), root fresh weight (up to 20.27%), and fresh and dry weight of shoot (up to 10.27 and 11.36 %, respectively), biological yield (up to 10.41 %), total dry weight (up to 12 %), grain yield (up to 11.07 %) and sodium, potassium, phosphorus of shoot was up to 36.31, 22.11, and 10.52 % respectively compared to the control treatment.

In this experiment, PGPB led to a significant improvement in the tolerance of quinoa to salinity stress, and among them B3 was higher in improving the growth and yield indices of quinoa.