نشریه معماری اقلیم گرم و خشک
سال یازدهم شماره 17 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

The architectural history of the mosque in Yazd, like other regions, should be started from the first centuries of Hijri. There are few buildings left in Yazd region during this period of time, and there are no clear references in this regard in the historical books, so talking about these buildings, including mosques, is considered a step in the dark. In the historical geography texts of the 3rd and 4th centuries of Hijri, four places with pulpits in Yazd are mentioned. The most famous mosques of the first centuries of Hijri are Masjed- e jame Fahraj near Yazd city, but other mosques are less discussed or there are not many documents available. The research question is, which are the first mosques in Yazd, when were they founded and what kind of location and architecture did they have? The research method is of the "historical-analytical" type, which will proceed by referring to authentic historical texts, seeing the available evidence and analyzing them. The aim of the research is to investigate the origin of the mosque in Yazd region and to recognize the architectural rules of these buildings. The result of this research showed that in the old cities and villages that existed in Yazd, at least two centuries aim the arrival of the Muslims, the mosque was built as an urban or rural space and element. There are evidences of the first mosques in Katha (Yazd), Fahraj, Khavidak, Meybod and Nain, and Abarkouh can be added to this list. These mosques are of the nave type and are based on masonry columns and load-bearing walls, not pillared buildings that are known in other regions. These buildings, which are not large in size, have common features of space and construction technology, and they are all built with clay and mudbrick materials.

One of the most important historical architecture in Iran is Atiq Jame mosque in Isfahan which contains large variety of structures and decorations from different eras. Due to this it is called as the encyclopedia of Islamic Architecture in Iran. This building is also important and valuable from the point of view of interventions during the time. The firs decades of contemporary history were a turning point in history of restoration and conservation in Iran. These years were starting of modern restoration and have been imitated during the next years. So review of these interventions is necessary to improve our today restoration activities based on principles such as the minimal intervention and conserving the authenticity. In case on the south Iwan in Jame Atiq mosque there was not any written document of the damages and the interventions. So these questions arise that what damages had this Iwan had before the interventions of the years between 1938-51 and how did it change after the restorations? To answer these questions historical visual documents from the elevation of the south Iwan were gathered and the texts related to the restoration activities were read. Then the photos were sorted based on the time. In next step the documents were compared to the current situation and the changes were found. One of the most important results is finding the name of the calligrapher. After the survey and study of the interventions, it can be deduced that those interventions were more than it was needed and to somehow personal. It seems the interventions were done without considering photos of the previous situation of the building. This article emphasizes on the importance of surveying and criticizing of historical visual documents to improve the restoration interventions with conserving of the authenticity.

The tomb of "Abash Khatūn" or "Khatūn-e Qīyamat" is part of the lesser-known architectural heritage of Shīrāz, which its attribution to Attābak Abash is a point of dispute, and due to the extensive destructions of the last century, a small part of it is left. The importance of this research is that this mansion is one of the few buildings that have remained in Shīrāz from the Safavid era or before. For this reason, the study of architecture and its decorations can clarify at least a part of the Safavid heritage. The aim of the current research is to obtain a narrative of this building and its surroundings based on the evaluation of existing hypotheses and to prepare the visual reconstruction of this building. This research tries to answer these questions: what is the background of the building and what was the role of the governors and women supporters in its formation and prosperity? What features do the available visual evidence of this building reveal? And how is the architecture, geometry of the building and its decorations? The research method is "interpretive-historical". The results show that this field found its initial form as "Mashad Umm Kolsūm" in the days of Dilmian (11th) and flourished in the Seljuk era. The greatest contribution to the prosperity of this field is in the first half of the 14th century when it became "Al-Solghor Cemetery". Attābak Abash built a rabat named after himself and later Kurduchin built a new mansion or returned Abash Khatūn's body to the same rabat. Studying the available documents, especially the photos and maps, show that from the 19th to the 21th centuries, this building has always been known as the "Khatūn Qīyamat". The building has symmetrical geometry in plan; depth of the north-west and southeast sides of the arches are more than the other two sides. This issue is evident both in the remains of the walls and in historical photos. Any comment about the tomb entrance will be wrong. However, it can only be assumed that the entrance of the building on the northwest side was one of the weakest parts of the building because its wall was the most destroyed over time. Probably, the final height of the building was about 22 meters and the interior of the dome was decorated with simple applications that have not been left. The exterior decorations of the building are limited to simple brickwork and mosaic tiles. The most important decoration of the building and its only remaining inscription is an inscription in the Thuluth without date and author's name, which includes up to the middle of the 10th verse of Surah Fath of the Qur'an. Although it is decorated with mosaic tiles, its square plan and symmetrical view are such that the "ratio of height to width" and "the height of the external dome" all reminiscent of the construction pattern of the tower tombs of the Ilkhanid period, which perhaps got their current form with successive restorations in the early Safavid era.

The expansion of Karbandi is one of the methods of creating various covers in traditional architecture, and the expanded Karbandi has an important part in historical architecture of Iran. However, this type of Karbandi has not been properly considered in the existing typologies, and few, if any, targeted research has already been performed on how Karbandi is developed and expanded, and all that is provided is inadequate attempts within other works. To provide a better understanding of the traditional structures, this research has investigated the theoretical geometry of Karbandi development and expansion, the development of the base to achieve more diversity and the requirements of Karbandi implementation on new bases. The research has adopted a descriptive-analytic approach and logical reasoning to examine geometric propositions. Information collection was done through library research and computer modeling, and Sixteen-sided Karbandi was selected as the study sample to verify the research results. The results showed that the Expanded Karbandi is a compound type of Karbandi produced by the intersection of two or more identical or non-identical mother bases to provide various forms according to the two components of base and connection distance. The Expansion Karbandi base can be shaped by three methods peripheral geometry, non-elimination geometry and elimination geometry. Therefore, this type of Karbandi can be implemented on all the bases of regular polygons, irregular polygons with axial symmetry, and irregular polygons without axial symmetry in its specific conditions. In peripheral geometries, the connection distance conditions are similar to those of Karbandi on a mother base; however, in elimination and non-elimination geometries, the number of dividing points between two adjacent bases with the greatest distance from each other determines the minimum connection distance in them. On the bases with non-elimination geometry due to the increase in the number of columns and hence the decrease in the distance between adjacent columns, the connection distance limit is reduced compared to simple Karbandi, and therefore this type of Karbandi can be implemented in more situations.

Spatial value is the expression of the relationship between spatial patterns and their function, which leads to the reflection of social-cultural dimensions of society in the body of architecture. With this description, it can be understood that spatial value is directly related to spatial features on the one hand and how residents use it on the other hand, which leads to the guidance of activity systems and behavioral patterns of different residents in it turns. Therefore, examining the behavioral patterns of people who use the constructed spaces can pave the way for the creation of desirable spaces that have the highest efficiency for users of that space. Although these studies introduced the concept of "value of space" as a theoretical concept in the field of architecture, but less attention to the objective aspects and how it is expressed in an architectural model. Accordingly, in this study, understanding the concept of spatial value in the architecture of the house (with a traditional pattern) and how it can be manifested in its various spaces, is the subject of the present study. Since preferences and behaviors, as tastes or tastes, become the nature of the individual and are formed on the basis of habitual similarities, culture and the different ways of life that result from it; Accordingly, in the content analysis approach, as a logical argument, the lifestyle factor is examined using historical and library sources and documents, observations and semi-structured interviews with professors and experts to the performance of spaces to become clear. The factor of space difference is in fact the mere architectural information that leads to the extraction of spatial patterns and by analyzing the structure of space and understanding the relationships between spaces in each spatial configuration can achieve social-cultural relations of its inhabitants. First, by drawing a justification graph in accordance with the plans of the house using E-Graft software and then with the theory of space syntax, the spatial organization of the house is analyzed from the perspective of three systems of movement, zoning and function; Accordingly, using Depth Map software, first by examining the accessibility component, the loco motor system in space is analyzed and by specifying the type of space in terms of mobility (communication, connection and inertia and activity) Analyzes the concept of flexibility of spaces in the house; Then, by examining the depth component, the spatial zoning system is analyzed and by conceptualizing the spaces (private, semi-private, semi-public and public), the concept of permeability of spaces in the house is analyzed; In the following, by examining the interconnected component, the functional system of the space is analyzed and by defining the service-serving and service-receiving spaces and considering the depth component, the concept of separation and integration of spaces in the house is analyzed. Then, based on fuzzy logic, which is a kind of multi-valued logic and a bridge between quantitative (space difference) and qualitative (lifestyle) methods, and using MATLAB software, in a combined content-syntactic approach to the analysis of the concept of value A space with a process from part to whole for all spaces and identified spaces of value. The results show that the social-cultural logic governing the spaces and the resulting profound effects on the structure and relationships between the spaces in each spatial configuration lead to the formation of activity systems and behavioral patterns of different residents and they due to the variety of activities in different spaces of the house, they have diverse and different spatial values.

Problem statement: 

Architecture has a wide range and is related to many sciences, which increases its importance. Therefore, it seems that one of the sciences that the architects of the past studied was medicine; And it is confirmed by the relics of the past, written works related to medical advice and its application in architecture. Bath is one of the most practical and specialized medical elements of architecture in cities and villages of Iran, which unfortunately, the information about it, has more cultural and social aspects, and its architecture has received less attention in terms of space, therapy and the relationship between the body and humans.

Aims of the research: 

The present study, referring to the reliable sources of traditional medicine, deals with the relationship between the elements of Iranian baths with the issue of prevention and treatment and also how the bath is formed according to traditional medicine. Considering that the explanation of the bath hierarchy system was based on health and medical functions, the aim of this study was to study the hypothesis that the architecture of Iranian baths from pre-Islamic and then Islamic periods, in order to maintain health or shape treatment. has taken.

The approach of the present article is based on the historical interpretation of documentary evidence that has dealt with related issues in bathroom architecture in the form of medical texts. The theoretical framework on which this research is based is the study of the relationship between the elements and components of bathroom architecture and human health from the perspective of traditional medicine. Therefore, this research is epistemological in terms of interpretive or constructive paradigm (structuralism), in terms of theoretical orientation, in terms of comparative approach (reasoning method), in terms of qualitative data type, in terms of descriptive-analytical results and in terms of historical approach. - It is an interpretation that has been done by typological analysis method and by library data collection method (documentary) and by means of map reading, document reading and fish taking.

By examining the sample of pre-Islamic and then Islamic baths, it can be said that Iranian baths have been formed with therapeutic function due to the moderation of the two-dimensional structure of the human body and soul. In these baths, the common concepts and principles of nature, man and the artificial environment and the principle of hierarchy have been used according to the temperament, elements and natural affairs that are accompanied by a gradual change in the bath. Therefore, it can be said that there is a two-way relationship between form, system, movement hierarchy and components of Iranian baths with human health, which has been formed in order to maintain health and treatment.

This research, concerning the effective presence of the concept of affordance in contemporary architectural discourse, addresses the overemphasis placed on practical aspects of the concept of affordance and the ignorance of theoretical thinking about this concept and the inevitable conceptual evolutions which emerge. Consequently, the concept of constraint is going to be introduced and clarified while providing a theoretical basis in reference to a more developed understanding of the concept of affordance in architecture. The research concentrates on explaining a clear ontology and introducing a conceptual structure for the concept of constraint, which leads to a comprehensive typology of architectural constraints. This research is conducted through a qualitative approach and relies on the most recent scientific theories to develop a compatible concept of affordance in architecture. Furthermore, based on logical thinking and analytical methods the concept of constraint is going to be developed. At the first step the concept of affordance is developed based on the Heideggerian point of view. Consequently, a theoretical basis is established to introduce and clarify the concept of constraint through developing the concept of niche into architectural interaction field. (A.I.F). Then a three-dimensional conceptual structure based on the origin, function and domain of the architectural constraints is organized. The results of this research provide the basic theoretical knowledge required to have a deeper understanding of the two fundamental concepts of contemporary architectural discourse: affordance and constraint. The study confirms the undeniable essential role of constraint in the perception and creation of architecture. Constraints are the value of the architectural characters, being put by the members of A.I. F. Constraints guarantee the affordances architectural work is going to afford. Consequently, they guarantee the meaning and the truth of architecture. Thinking on constraint brings about the potential to prove a new perspective in theoretical aspects of architectural knowledge and consequently affects the practice of architecture.