نشریه کاوش نامه زبان و ادبیات فارسی
پیاپی 56 (بهار 1402)

Since the beginning of the Iran-Iraq war, three generations of writers have written novels on the resistance. In these novels, in line with the changes that have taken place in the social, cultural and political arenas of the society, one can observe a gradual transformation and the emergence of new types of discourse. Ebrahim Hasanbeigi's novel Ashkaneh is one of the works in the resistance literature written during two decades after the war with an almost different approach compared to previous works. An important theme highlighted in this work is the transformation in macro-structures and ideals after the war. Through a descriptive-analytical method, this study seeks to examine the discourse in the novel Ashkaneh based on Fairclough's critical approach and to answer the question ‘Does the discourse of the story serve to maintain the ideological power relations in the layers of the social structure or does it aim to weaken and transform it?’. The findings of the research indicate that the author of the novel presents the developments caused by the dominance of construction discourse at the social, cultural and economic levels of the post-war society and highlights the changes that have occurred in the identity of this period. Thereby, it criticizes the semantic system that dominates the era of construction and weakens the existing power relations in the layers of the social structure in this period.

AbstractSymbolism is among the most used literary devices to represent and evoke layers of meaning. From ancient times, artists and rhetoricians have utilized the applied capacity of symbols to infuse their works with further appeal. As a prominent Persian poet, Nizami Ganjavi has used symbolic language in his works, particularly Panj Ganj [Five Treasures] (also known as Khamsa). His symbolism is influenced by his knowledge of the prevailing intellectual, philosophical, cultural, and mystical traditions of his time, rooted in various sources. With a long history in ancient civilizations and cultures, the ring is one of the symbols used in Nizami’s works. Historically and according to ancient beliefs, ring symbolizes kingdom, divinity, immortality and power. The result of the present study indicates that the ancient and mythological believes about the symbol of a ring are in conformity with this symbol in The Ring and the Shepherd anecdote in Nezami's Eghbal Nameh. In this anecdote, the ring is a code of superior power and all of the other symbolic elements as the shepherd, the cane and the spell reinforce the symbolic meaning of the ring.

One of the most controversial acts of kings in Shahnameh is Goshtasb's attempt to kill Esfandiar. Goshtasb's interest in being a kingdom is generally cited as the reason for his action. In Shahnameh, Pashtun mentions this issue, but there are a few things to keep in mind in this regard. First, Pashtun is Goshtasb's first child and should be his crown prince, but he does not claim to be a king. Second, Goshtasb later transferred the government to Bahman. Moreover, examples of attempts to transfer power to grandsons can be seen in Iranian stories and the epics of some other countries; it is especially an Indo-European theme. Also in Iranian beliefs, girls are one of the mediators of Farrah transmission. Accordingly, in this article, we have tried to investigate the reasons for Goshtasb's attempt to kill Esfandiar. Based on the analysis, it can be said that Goshtasb's attempt to kill his son is a recurring theme and that the transfer of kingdom to a grandson was considered as a powerful transfer. According to the form of transmitting Farrah by girls, Goshtasb's Farrah reaches Homay, and Bahman inherits Farrah through his mother. Goshtasb also tries to behave in such a way that Esfandiar does not become a king because he does not have Farrah.

Gholam Hossein Sharegh Yazdi (1847-1928) is a recent Iranian poet who was also a teacher, a judge and a lawyer with a good knowledge of logic. His philosophical-sophistic Masnavi is renowned for highlighting weak and invalid reasoning and arguments. He follows an elaborative approach to different aspects of fallacy. Fallacy, or errors in thought, is a mixed comparison by means of similarities and illusions. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to examine the fallacies in Sharegh Yazidi’s Masnavi. The main question asked in this study is “what frameworks are presented by Sharegh Yazdi to avoid thought errors?” The results showed that the poet elaborates on the status of fallacies and answers illusive objections made by fake scholars through highlighting different types of thought errors and erroneous reasoning. It is notable that the pathology of fallacy and baseless claims, which are mostly rooted in emotions and criticizing misleading ambiguous topics, were the most mental damages mentioned by Sharegh. These features have also enriched the educational aspects of his work. This means that the poet was aware of fallacious reasoning and highlighted them intentionally in his poems. In addition, the poet’s adherence to religion has filled his poems with reasons rooted in religious beliefs.

Hussein Monzavi is one of the prominent contemporary poets. Although he is best known for his prose creations and original illustrations in the new lyric poem, Monzavi's Nimai poems are also very valuable. Monzavi's Nimai's poems have not been studied independently; While due to the greater freedom of the poet in this type of poetry as well as the thematic unity and structural coherence of these works, More than the poet's lyric poems, it reflects the basic ideas and concepts of Monzavi's romantic poetry. In this article, in order to get acquainted with the macro and fundamental implications and to understand the structural relations of the signs of Nimai Monzavi poetry, The main conflicts and related networks are examined in these texts. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical with the tools of library and phishing. Levi-Strauss Binary oppositions analysis model and principles of structuralist semiotics have also been used in the analysis of binary text networks. According to the findings of this study, the most important macro-central opposition of the text is the opposition of the original and the true with the false and similar. Also, the main structure of the text is based on the opposition of the two principles of "contrast and differentiation" and "evolution and unity".

The poem collection Rahrovan Bi-Barg is the first book of Taghi Pournamdarian's poetry, which includes a selection of special emotional moments that the poet had in a period of almost forty years. In this collection, emotion or affection, which is an involuntary reaction to the events of the outside world, is deeply connected with the sublime experiences and thoughts of the poet marked with a combination of lyrical, mystical themes and political and social mentality. In the present research carried out with a descriptive-analytical method different types of affection have been investigated in the three basic domains of love, mysticism and community. Among the poet's various affections, social affection is of particular importance and has run through most of his poems. The love for freedom and justice and the praise of free men and freedom seekers who gave their lives for their cause, along with other personal affections, are considered to be the main and spiritual axes of Pournamdarian's poetry. This connects his poems with human and social concerns and gives the poet a kind of commitment and social mission. Among the poet’s social affections, elegies are impressive in both personal and impersonal dimensions and can be mentioned as a verbal and stylistic feature in his poetry.