نشریه فنآوری تولیدات گیاهی
سال بیست و دوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Selection of desirable genotypes with high yield and stability is the main goal of most soybean breeding programs. This study was conducted to study the adaptability and stability of seed yield of 16 soybean genotypes including: 13 pure lines and three varieties Linford, Clean and Saba. The assay was accomplished Based on a RCBD design with four replications in five regions: Karaj, Gorgan, Mughan, Zarghan (Fares) and Shahrekord and two years (2011–2012 and 2012-2013).  GGE biplot analysis was used to determine adaptability and yield stability. In combined variance analysis, the effects of “genotype”, “genotype × location”, “genotype × location × year” were significan at the 1% probability level, but the effect of “genotype × year” was not significant. The two components PC1 and PC2 explained a total of 52.9% of the variance of genotype and genotype × environment (G + GE) effects. Biplot GGE method showed that L68 (Delsoy4210 x Williams82) with a yield of 2844 kg/ha was the most favorable genotype in terms of yield and stability. In this study, three maga environments were identified, the first maga environment included the environments: Karaj 2012, Gorgan 2012, Gorgan 2012, Zarghan 2013 and Mughan 2013, The second maga environment included the environments Karaj 2013, Zarghan 2012 and Mughan 2012. The third maga environment included Shahrekord 2012 and Shahrekord 2013. Also Karaj 2013 was the most desirable environment according to the discriminating ability and representativeness of the goal environment. Since Gorgan 2012 and Gorgan 2013 were placed in the first maga environment and Shahrekord 2012 and Shahrekord 2013 were placed in an maga environment (the third), To reduce the cost, it is enough to conduct a one-year test in these areas.

In order to evaluate the tolerance to water deficit stress in bread wheat genotypes, 144 genotypes in square lattice with two replications and in two modes of supplementary and water deficit irrigation were evaluated in the rainfed research station of Zanjan Agricultural Research Center during the 2016-2017 crop year. Based on grain yield under supplementary and water deficit irrigation conditions, different stress tolerance indices were measured. The results of analysis of variance showed the existence of genetic diversity between the studied genotypes based on water stress tolerance indices. Comparison of mean genotypes in terms of yield in supplementary and water deficit irrigation conditions showed that 82, 101, 116, 13, 86, 131 and 65 have the highest yield in both environmental conditions. Based on STI, MP, GMP and HM indices, G88 and based on TOL, SSI and YSI indices, G41 genotype were identified as tolerant genotypes. Apart from SSI and YSI indices, other studied indices had a significant correlation with environmental performance and therefore can be used effectively to select cultivars tolerant to drought stress. Using bi-plot diagrams obtained from analysis to the main components, genotype tolerance indices were divided into two separate groups. The genotypes identified by STI, MP, GMP and HM indices were grouped and the genotypes identified by TOL, SSI and YSI indices were placed in a separate group. The genotypes identified in this study can be used in future breeding programs of bread wheat to tolerate water deficit stress in the region.

The effect of red beetroot extract and folic acid was evaluated on vase life of rose cut-flower cultivars of white (White Avalanche) and red (Samourai) during three experiments, in this study. In the first experiment, four concentrations of red beetroot extract (0, 50, 100 and 200 ml.L-1) and in the second experiment, three concentrations of red beet extract (0, 20 and 50 mlL-1) were used. In the third experiment, four concentrations of Folic acid (0, 25, 50 and 100 mgL-1) in combination with 2% sucrose were used. Cut-flowers were treated by pulsing method (24 hours) in these preservative solutions and then were maintained in distilled water util to end of vase life. The evaluated traits included vase life, relative fresh weight, relative solution adsorbed, anthocyanin content, chlorophyll content, electrolyte leakage and relative leaf water content. Results showed that the vase life and relative fresh weight of White Avalanche cultivar were significantly higher than red Samourai cultivar. By increasing the amount of red beetroot extract, the amount of anthocyanin in the petals of the treated flowers increasedWhereas, at lower concentrations of red beetroot extracts, vase life and amount of relative solution absorbed increased. In the folic acid experiment, the relative fresh weight and the amount of solution absorbed in the control which contained distilled water along with 2% sucrose, then the 25 mgL-1 Folic acid were the best treatments. It is suggested to use lower concentrations of these compounds and also with antimicrobial compounds.

To study the effect of irrigation water salinity on physiological characteristics and the concentration of leaf elements of different accession of melons a split-plot experiment was designed based on RCBD with 3 replicates on two accessions, tolerant (Sooski and Diamond) and two accessions sensitive (Daregazi and Zard Ivanaki) and two salinity levels (tap water  2.3 ds/m (control) and 8 ds/m) according to the salinity of wells) in the field of Isfahan research station in 2016-2017. The results showed that with increasing salinity, the chlorophyll index decreased in all sensitive and tolerant accessions 21 and 16% respectivly. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance showed the highest and lowest reduction in the Zard Ivanaki and Diamond accessions,62 and 19% respectively in comparison to the control. Stomata conductance was lowest in Zard Ivanaki (0.05) and highest in Diamond (0.39). CO2 substomatal was reduced by 44%, 26%, and 11%, respectively, in the Zard Ivanaki, Sooski and Diamond accessions. Photosynthetic water use efficiency did not have a significant effect with increasing salinity in all accessions. The amount of Na and Cl increased in the Daregazi and Zard Ivanaki accessions compared to the control, and K showed the lowest decrease by 26% in the Diamond accession. The highest reduction K/Na ratio was observed in Daregazi by 71%. The amount of P decreased in all of the accessions, except for the Daregazi, Overall, the results showed that by applying salt stress, photosynthetic parameters, K and P elements decreased, and Na and Cl increased, and this decrease was lowest in Diamonds and highest in Zard Ivanaki. Diamond resistant mass has a higher tolerance to salinity compared to sensitive cultivar through defense mechanism by restricting the uptake or transfer of sodium to aerial parts and also maintaining a good level of potassium and can be used as a tolerant cultivar under salinity conditions.

The concentration of elements in the nutrient solution used in soilless cultivation, especially in closed systems, is one of the most important factors for the successful vegetables production. With the aim of comparison of the effect of three nutrient solution replacement methods in NFT system in hydroponic greenhouse of Vali-E-Asr University of Rafsanjan, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 4 replicates was conducted. Factors were nutrient solution replacement method (complete nutrient replacement, partial nutrient replacement according to EC, and partial nutrient replacement according to plant demand) and three basil cultivars (green, purple and; lettuce leaves). The results showed that the growth characteristics of lettuce under the influence of replacement method based on plant needs had the highest values, but in the methods of complete replacement of the nutrient solution and nourishment based on EC, due to the accumulation of nutrients, the growth characteristics, and absorption and transfer of nutrients by the roots decreased, and finally damage to photosynthetic pigments. Changing the nutrient solution after a certain period can cause irreparable damage to leafy plants such as basil, but by using new methods such as changing the nutrient solution based on the plant needs and even with accurate EC monitoring and optimizing the nutrient solution in the growth period can prevent damage to plants and provide the best conditions for increasing the biomass production of plants due to increasing the photosynthetic properties and increasing the absorption of elements. According to the results of this study, the replacement method of nutrient solution based on the plant needs is recommended for growing basil in closed systems; Because in this method, in addition to optimizing the nutrient solution for the desired plants, it is also possible to save water and nutrients and avoid damage caused by the use of nutrient solution with a high concentration of salts.

Priming prepares the seeds physiologically and biochemically for germination before being placed in their bed and exposed to the salinity stress. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of chitosan on physiological and biochemical traits in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. CV. Sadri) under salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2021. Factors included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) and four chitosan levels (0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% by weight-volume). The results showed that salinity stress decreased germination percentage (GP) and increased mean germination time (MGT) and residual dry weight (RDW). Chitosan reduced the effect of salinity and improved GP and Seedling Moisture Percentage (SMP). With increasing salinity, seed reserves utilization rate (SRUR), seed reserve utilization efficiency (SRUE) and deduction of used seed reserves (DUSR) decreased. The highest and the lowest of SRUR, DUSR and SR were obtained from the application of salinity levels of 50 and 150 Mm, respectively. The amount of SRUR, SRUE and DUSR in 0.75 chitosan priming was higher about 10.4, 9.6 and 7.2%, respectively, compared to the control treatment (priming with distilled water). SRUE and SR reduction was about 13.4 and 8.3%, respectively compared to the control without salinity. Also, the amount of Protein and Phytin in pretreatment with 0.75% chitosan and 0 mM salinity showed an increase about 30% and 47% compared to the control, respectively. In general, seed pretreatment with appropriate concentrations of chitosan especially 0.75% chitosan improves growth and reduces the adverse effects of salinity on the bean plant.

Lactuca undulata is an annual plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Cichoric acid is one of the most important phytochemical compounds, which is used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of drought stress on the morphological and physiological characteristics of Lactuca undulata. For this purpose, 45 days old seedlings were subjected to drought stress at water potential of 0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, and -1.2 bar. Polyethylene glycol 4000 was used to create and applydrought stress. The current results showed that by increasing drought stress, the plants gradually withered. The highest level of root and leaf dry and fresh weight, seedling total weight, root and leaf total phenol, leaf total flavonoid, root and leaf soluble sugar, root soluble protein, and root peroxidase enzyme activity were obtained under drought stress with water potential of -0.6 bar. However, the highest amount of root total flavonoid and leaf peroxidase enzyme activity were observed under drought stress with a potential -0.9 bar. The amount of root soluble protein gradually increased with increasing drought stress. But, root and leaf catalase activity showed a significant decrease by increasing drought stress, compared to control. Data from HPLC analysis showed that the highest amount of cichoric acid was obtained after drought stress with water potential of -0.6 and -0.9 bar. In conclusion, the present data showed that drought stress with a potential of -0.6 bar improves the growth factor and the amount of its secondary metabolites.

Natural and chemical additives and preservatives with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties have been used in food products for many years to prevent food contamination and increase shelf life and maintain food quality after production. With the increase in people's awareness of chemical preservatives, the tendency to use natural food preservatives, especially plant extracts and essential oils, has grown significantly. The phenolic compounds and small terpenoids present in the extracts of medicinal plants have antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antiviral agents, and this property of inhibiting and killing pathogenic microorganisms in the extracts of medicinal plants has made them a suitable alternative to preservatives and chemical drugs. These compounds can be extracted from medicinal plants native to Iran.
Considering the importance of using natural additives, the present research aims to investigate the antioxidant property, lipase enzyme inhibitory ability, and antimicrobial property of Capparis decidua and Withania somnifera extracts as native plants of Iran in different concentrations in laboratory and food conditions.
For this purpose, Withania somnifera plant from the Solanaceae family which belongs to the southern regions such as Fars, Khark Island, Sistan and Baluchistan, Kerman, Hormozgan (Bushehr) and the cities of Sarbaz, Saravan, Zabul and around the city of Zahedan is geographically specific in Iran. and the Capparis decidua plant which belongs to the Capparidaceae family and is part of the desert plants and is resistant to long-term drought and belongs to the southern regions of Iran from the east of Hormozgan province in Sirik region to Sistan and Baluchistan province (Saravan, Chabahar, Nikshahr, Iranshahr) southeast of Iran, were collected and after washing and drying, the plants were ground and powdered, and for extracting, the powdered plants were first poured into a beaker and solvent was added, and then extracted by ultrasonic method. After extracting the total phenolic compounds of Withania somnifera and Capparis decidua plant extracts by Folinciocalto method using a spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 765 nm, and also the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts was checked through the ABTS free radical scavenging test using an ELISA reader with a wavelength of 734 nm. In the next step, the effect of different concentrations of aromatic compounds in plant extracts and the inhibitory properties of lipase enzyme were investigated by ELISA device with a wavelength of 405 nm. Also, the antimicrobial properties of the extracts were evaluated on Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus mutans strains by the non-growth halo method. The effect of Withania somnifera and Capparis decidua extracts on Helicobacter pylori was also investigated.
The test results of total phenolic content and percentage of free radical inhibition of the extracts showed a positive and significant relationship between the amount of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant properties and concentration of the extract (P<0.05). The highest amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties are found in the extract of Withania somnifera plant. In the analysis of the extracts, it was found that the clear extract had the most effect (94.32%) in inhibiting the lipase enzyme. Examining the average diameter of non-growth halo of the extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans yeast showed that Withania somnifera extract had the largest diameter against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. Capparis decidua extract has the most antimicrobial properties against Candida albicans yeast and also Capparis decidua extract has shown the highest non-growth halo against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. In the study of the effects of extracts on Helicobacter pylori, it was found that the highest Helicobacter inhibitory rate was related to Capparis decidua extract (94.32%). By examining the results obtained from the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of these plants, the extracts of these plants can be used as natural additives.
The use of additives and preservatives in food products is justified when it is not harmful to the consumer. Some preservatives are chemically harmful to humans and are classified as carcinogens. With the increase in people's awareness of chemical preservatives, the tendency to use natural food preservatives, especially plant extracts and essential oils, has grown significantly. Due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the extracts of the Capparis decidua and Withania somnifera plants, the extracts of these plants can be used as natural preservatives and antioxidants in the food industry.

In order to investigate the effects of different sources and selenium values on yield, stress sensitivity indices and some physiological traits of rainfed wheat cultivars under cadmium stress in the Maragheh region, an experiment was conducted in field and greenhouse states in year 2017-2018. In the field section, factor a was different sources of selenium (sodium selenite and selenite), factor b was different amounts of selenium (0, 18 and 36 g.ha-1) and factor c was three wheat cultivars (Azar 2, Pishtaz and Sardari). Results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between yield and yield components of cultivars under normal conditions and moisture stress. Average grain yield and grain weight per spike of genotypes under normal conditions was respectively (1752.83 kg.ha-1 and 0.591 g) and (1790.82 kg.ha-1 and 0.59). Pishtaz and Sardari genotypes had the highest and lowest yield under normal conditions (18 and 36 g.ha-1 sodium selenite) and moisture stress (Not using selenium), respectively. In the greenhouse section, a field experiment was chosen based on the selection of a cultivar (Pishtaz) and a two-factor factorial experiment was conducted in RB with three replications. In this section, factor A was different values of cadmium (concentrations of 0, 350 and 700 μM) and factor b was sodium selenate (concentrations of 0, 1.5 and 3 mg/l). The results indicated that stress induced by tested cadmium decreased the content of photosynthetic pigments and selenium increased chlorophyll content. This decrease was significant in the 700 μM cadmium treatment. Overall, the results of this study indicate that selenium, especially sodium selenate at a concentration of 3 mg/L, has been able to reduce the toxic effects of cadmium on wheat (especially Pishtaz cultivar) and improve plant growth and development.

Essential oils are volatile compounds that are made as secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The genus Achillea is one of the most important medicinal plants of the Compositeae family that its essential oil has anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, the essential oil components of four different Yarrow species including (A. wilhelmsii), (A. biebersteinii), (A. setacea) and (A. tenuifolia) were evaluated in west Azarbayjan province. Plant sampling was done in the flowering stage in the spring. The essential oil was extracted from dried plants using Klevenger's for four hours and identification of essential oil components was performed by mass spectrophotometer (GC/MS) gas chromatography apparatus. Essential oil yields varied from 0.52 to 0.82%. In general, 29 components were identified in the essential oil of the studied species with amount of 90.57 to 96.21 percent. The components camphor, camphene, alpha-pinene, alpha-terpineol, beta-pinene were the dominant components in the essential oils of all species. The species of A. wilhelmsii with high levels of camphor (37.4%) and A. biebersteinii due to the high percentage of 1,8-cineol (55.51%) can be used in pharmaceutical, food and perfumery industry and breeding programs.