مجله پیشرفت های حسابداری
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 84، بهار و تابستان 1402)

The purpose of this study is framework of the philanthropy governance structure and the systematic representation of its functions in capital market companies. This study is considered exploratory in terms of methodology and analytically combined. Because of the lack of a coherent framework regarding the philanthropy governance structure, this study identified the themes of the study through interviews and coding through thematic analysis. Then, using the fuzzy Delphi analysis, the reliability of the identified dimensions was analyzed, and finally, in the quantitative part, systemic representation analysis was used to explain the themes of the organization identified in the context of the functions of capital market companies. In this study, according to the theoretical saturation point in thematic analysis, 12 accounting experts participated, and in the quantitative part, 24 members of the board of directors with more than three years of professional experience who had the necessary experience and specialized knowledge participated. The results of the study in the qualitative part during the 12 interviews conducted indicate the existence of 3 overarching themes, 6 organizing themes and 36 basic themes. On the other hand, the results of the system representation as quantitative part analysis showed, the structure of adhocracy in philanthropy governance is considered the most stimulating structural change of capital market companies to improve the level of legitimacy and social trust, which can lead to two consequences of sociocracy and meritocracy as the philanthropy governance structure.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of role conflict and role ambiguity on the silence of internal auditors, considering the role of independence commitment as a mediating variable. The statistical population of this research consists of internal auditors who are members of the Iranian Internal Auditors Association working in the internal audit units of companies or independent auditors working in audit firms who have experience in the profession of internal audit or providing internal audit outsourcing services and the required data has been collected from 212 auditors in the year 2021 using the available sampling method through standard questionnaires. In this research, the structural equation modeling partial least squares method and SmartPLS has been used for data analysis. The results of the hypothesis test indicate that constructs of independence commitment and role conflict have a negative and significant effect on the silence of internal auditors. In addition, the constructs of role conflict and role ambiguity have a negative and significant effect on independence commitment. Also, the construct of independence commitment plays a mediating role in the causal relationship between role conflict and role ambiguity with the internal auditor’s silence. The results of this research indicate that attention to reducing the role ambiguity and role conflict of internal auditors by the internal audit standards development committee and the board of directors of companies can lead to an increase in audit quality.

The tone of disclosure of reports can have a signal value for high-powered executives and can be used as a tool for information management. The new CEO is under more supervision in the early years of his appointment due to the lack of sufficient knowledge of the board of directors' ability and management skills; Therefore, the career concerns of the CEO is more in the first years of his tenure and affects the tone of information disclosure. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the CEO's career concerns on the optimistic disclosure tone of information disclosure with regard to managerial ability. The investigated sample is 119 companies of Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1390-1400. Hypotheses were analyzed using multivariate regression models. The results show that in the first three years of the CEO's tenure and the last year of the CEO's career, when the CEO's career concerns are greater, the use of an optimistic tone in the explanatory report of the board of directors decreases. The CEO with greater ability to show her superior skills in the early years of her tenure uses a more optimistic tone and in the last year of her tenure, the ability of the CEO leads to maintaining the approach of using an optimistic tone in financial reports. The use of the optimistic tone of disclosure increases with the increase of the tenure of the CEO,

The advertising cost can be seen as the company's effort to brand and present the image of a good corporate citizen who observes ethical norms. Ownership concentration as a monitoring tool and information ambiguity as an agency problem can also strengthen or weaken the result of signaling through advertising. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of advertising costs on tax avoidance with an emphasis on information ambiguity and ownership concentration. For this purpose, a sample including 163 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange was selected purposefully for the period of 2013 to 2021 and using Eviuz software version 9, the results of the research showed that the advertising cost has caused the reduction of tax avoidance (based on three models of effective tax rate, book tax difference, tax shelter), information ambiguity based on the book difference model of taxes and tax shelters has caused an increase in tax avoidance and the interactive effect of information ambiguity with advertising cost has intensified its effect on tax avoidance, ownership concentration has caused an increase in tax avoidance (based on effective tax rate and book tax difference model) and also the interactive effect of ownership concentration and advertising cost has caused a further increase in tax avoidance (based on all three models), which indicates the opportunistic approach of the managers in the shadow of weak corporate governance and exerting more influence or greater alignment of the major owners with the managers in the strategic decisions of the company.

The purpose of this study is Investigating the effect of management behavioral strains on the relationship between entropy of financial statements and stock returns in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and regression correlation analysis in terms of method. To achieve the purpose of the study, 94 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 1392 to 1399 were surveyed. Combined data analysis and multivariate linear regression were used to test the research hypotheses. the research findings show that the entropy of financial statements has a negative and significant relationship with stock returns. Also, the research findings indicate that the management behavioral strains (narcissism and overconfidence of managers) intensify the negative relationship between the entropy of financial statements with stock returns. The entropy of financial statements increases the risk of information and consequently discourages investors and creditors in their decisions to invest or lend and leads to a decrease in stock returns. On the other hand, the tendency of narcissistic managers and overconfidence in biased financial reporting reduces the quality and credibility of financial statements as one of the most important sources of information for users of financial statements and leads to Intensify the negative relationship between the entropy of financial statements and stock returns.

Divergence of opinions is a kind of inconsistency related to investors in which the estimation of investors about the value of assets is different, in fact, divergence of opinions refers to the difference of opinion of investors in the market about the shares of companies. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of investors' divergent opinions on stock mispricing, considering the role of financial information quality and information asymmetry in Iran's capital market. The current research is applied and from the methodological point of view, the correlation is causal type (post-event). The statistical population of the research is all the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange and using the systematic elimination sampling method, 127 companies were selected as the research sample and in the 10-year period between 2012 and 2021, which is the period of 2021 in the raw data calculations. has been used, so it has been used for statistical tests since 9 years. The results of the research hypothesis test showed that the divergence of investors' opinions has a direct effect on the incorrect pricing of stocks. Besides, information asymmetry and quality of financial information intensify mispricing, but their interaction with the divergence of investors' opinions did not show any effect on mispricing of shares.

 A culture that prioritizes results is essential for companies to improve their performance. This culture can be combined with strategic management accounting techniques to create optimal conditions for better performance. This research explores the impact of a result-oriented culture on applying strategic management accounting techniques. The study is applied and has used the descriptive analysis method through the survival approach, with data collected through questionnaires from 212 managers working in the management accounting departments of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in 2021. The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling based on partial least squares. The results indicate that a result-oriented culture significantly and positively impacts the application of strategic management accounting techniques. Given the expansion of economic activities and the increasing progress of capital markets, including the Tehran Stock Exchange, the role of organizational culture and awareness of the consequences of applying strategic management accounting techniques are crucial for making strategic decisions, as explored in this research.

The current research aims to trace the impact of the divergence of investors' opinions on the speed of adjusting the financial leverage of companies towards the optimal level of financial leverage. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, a sample of 124 companies admitted to the stock exchange, which were selected according to the systematic exclusion pattern, was collected for a period of 10 years from 2012 to 2021. A multivariable linear regression model was used to test the research hypotheses. In order to measure the speed of adjustment of financial leverage, the partial adjustment pattern model has been used, and to evaluate the divergence of investors' opinions using the volume of unexpected transactions, the method of Silvia and Cerquera (2021) has been used. According to the findings, it was observed that there is a positive relationship between the divergence of investors' opinions and the speed of adjustment of financial leverage, and with the intensification of the difference of opinion between investors, the speed of adjustment of the company's financial leverage increases. The current research provided evidence that shows that the difference of beliefs and opinions in the capital market and confusion in this field can directly affect the most important pillar of companies (financial leverage) and the speed of their achievement of optimal leverage and optimal debt level.

The results of the previous literature in the field of return and earnings indicate the negative effect of delayed earnings announcement on abnormal stock returns, that this negative reaction can be result from the existence of earnings manipulation in the announcement of delayed earnings. Due to the importance of earnings and return relationship, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of quarterly earnings announcement delay on abnormal returns in the earnings announcement window and also to investigate the moderating role of earnings manipulation on this relationship. For this purpose, a sample containing quarterly data of 126 companies listed to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 1391 to 1400 has been selected.Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The result of the first hypothesis test showed that the delay of quarterly earnings announcement has a negative and significant effect on the abnormal return. Also, according to the second hypothesis, earnings manipulation based on the adjusted model of Beneish (1999) aggravates this negative effect. That is, the delayed earnings announcement in the Investors' view can involve earnings manipulation and as a result, the negative reaction to the delay in quarterly earnings announcements will intensify. However, earnings manipulation based on the model of Kothari et al. (2005) did not have a significant effect on the negative market reaction to the delayed earnings announcement.

The purpose of this study is to present an extended model of fraud forecasting by focusing on financial reporting quality and audit quality in Tehran Stock Exchange listed firms. Statistical analyses include 104 firms which listed in Tehran Securities & Exchange over the period 2010 to 2022. In this study, earnings manipulation indicators has been used to detect fraud and determine fraudulent and non-fraudulent firms using five indicators consist of total accruals, discretionary accruals, earnings smoothing in three level such as gross profit, operating profit and net profit. Furthermore, some factors such as financial reporting quality, audit quality, fraud triangle and the role of fraud whistleblowers based on corporate governance index used to predict the likelihood of fraud, resulting to develop a fraud detection model. Findings indicate that the accuracy of the Benish's initial model is higher than the Benish's developed model and the Kurdestani & Tatli's developed model; and using variables such as audit quality, disclosure, fraud triangle and internal auditing can lead to an acurate model regarding the Iran’s economic environment. According to the findings, some variables such as audit quality, voluntary disclosure, the control test score in audit institute and internal audit are the most important factors affecting the fraud detection. Also, Beneish's model and other modified models should be adapted to the prevailing market environment and economic cycle and the affective factors should be considered in developing such models.

The purpose of this study is phenomenological process of shadow accounting in the context of petrochemical companies. The methodology of this study is mixed so that in the qualitative part through the process of interpretative phenomenology, the study seeks to identify the emerging themes and clusters of shadow accounting in the context of petrochemical companies and in the quantitative part through the positioning of companies in this industry on the matrix. Strategic reference points seek to explain the clusters and emerging themes of this concept in reality. Participants aligned with the phenomenological process are experienced people who have had a proportionate coexistence in terms of career records with professional accounting functions. The results in the qualitative part during 12 interviews indicated the existence of 4 themes and 26 clusters, and by removing 6 clusters in the validation stage, a total of 20 clusters in 4 themes were entered into the matrix of strategic reference points. The results in the quantitative section showed that, from the total of 17 companies investigated in the petrochemical industry, the highest theme is the observance of the rights of the beneficiaries in the shadow accounting functions, the most important clusters of which are carbon disclosure and other implicit emissions; Disclosure of investments in renewable energy; Life cycle assessment of products and estimation of environmental costs.

The purpose of this study is exploration and development of creative accounting identified themes by evaluation based on FDEMATEL process. In the qualitative part of this study, thematic analysis was used, and the dimensions of the model were developed during three stages of coding. Then, in the quantitative part, the reliability of the identified components was firstly examined through fuzzy Delphi analysis, and then, through Dimtel's fuzzy analysis, it was determined the most influential background drivers in the creative accounting of capital market companies. The target population in the qualitative section was 12 accounting experts and university professors who were considered experts both scientifically and experimentally. Sampling in the qualitative methodology section was theoretical sampling and how to determine the snowball sample. But the target population was quantitatively 30 financial managers of listed companies, who were selected based on work experience and level of technical and specialized knowledge through homogeneous sampling. Research results in the qualitative part of the existence of 3 categories; 6 components and 37 conceptual themes were presented in the form of a hexagonal model, which was obtained during three stages of coding in the grounded theory. The results in the quantitative part showed, based on Dimtel's fuzzy process, three criteria A1 (inherent objectivity of creative accounting basis), A4 (weakness of internal control of creative accounting basis) and A6 (weakness of foresight of creative accounting basis), compared to other identified components, they have a higher background stimulation in the creative accounting of capital market companies.