نشریه بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Poverty is a pervasive problem that impacts various aspects of human life and is caused by a range of factors. To address this issue effectively, a practical and scientifically-sound approach is necessary. However, in Iran, a homegrown theory for tackling poverty is lacking, which some experts attribute to the ineffective nature of social research in the country. We believe that one of the main reasons for this non-scientific approach is the absence of a coherent paradigmatic framework in these studies. By critically examining the methodological and paradigmatic frameworks of poverty studies, we can identify their shortcomings and gradually move towards a more scientific and effective approach. In this study, we focus on social studies of poverty in Iran, which have primarily relied on a positivist framework. Through a methodological and paradigmatic analysis, we aim to demonstrate that these studies have certain limitations, such as pre-determined results and a lack of value neutrality, which are fundamental attributes of positivist research. Our findings can help move social research in Iran closer to the goal of achieving more scientific and effective outcomes.

The main idea of this article is based on the connection between natural and human fields in the analysis of biodiversity issues and its research. Hence, how to rethink biodiversity based on the interconnectedness of complex levels and layers of biology, physiology, and ecology is an issue and a challenge. If we consider biodiversity as a treasure trove of natural and human heritage, the relationships of the aforementioned layers will be observed and understood over time. The entanglement of natural and human heritages involves a variety of changes and interventions that represent internships and human performance in a range of "cultural and technological" relationships throughout history. Accordingly, how to rethink biodiversity over time and conserve it and foreshadow the process of change, is presented in the main question of the article: How can the place of human issues and social studies in biological sciences research be identified and culturally and technologically retrieved? To answer the main question, descriptive-analytical-critical method and combined approach of deep ecological landscapes and land use were used. It seems that by rearranging and moving from single-discipline to interdisciplinary activities to overcome the existing knowledge gap between the natural and human domains, On the one hand, and considering the nexus of "culture-ecosystem-technology" on the other hand, it is possible to organize scientific collaborations with the focus on the ecosystem and the goal of sustainable development.

Virtual space is a category that has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Considering this importance, this research has been carried out in order to prepare a comprehensive and systematic map of the social-cultural issues of virtual space. That has used two inductive and comparative approaches. In the inductive approach, which looks at a huge range of cultural and social concepts and issues related to virtual space, the method of "brainstorming" and then "mind mapping" has been used to enumerate cultural and social issues related to virtual space. In the comparative approach, "library", "matrix" and "mind mapping" methods have been used. In the findings of this research, subjects have been counted, concepts have been formed and categorized, and based on them, mental maps of virtual space with layers of culture, levels of culture, dimensions of culture, policy areas of culture and interdisciplinary areas of culture have been presented. The results of the research show that the socio-cultural field of virtual space includes a huge range of topics, and systematizing these topics considering the comprehensiveness and hindrance is a complex and difficult task, which is very important with the simultaneous implementation of the inductive and analogical approach is fulfilled.

After the microbiological revolution in medicine and the change in dealing with epidemics, challenges arose between new medical orders and religious orders. Challenges brought a variety of reactions: from complete opposition to compliance, and from acceptance-defiance combination to support and synergy. Examining the interactive and confrontational patterns of these two institutions has great sociological importance. The present study tries to investigate one of the most important moments of seminarians' confrontation with modern medicine, namely the Qajar and Pahlavi period, with a qualitative approach and using the method of documentary study and Weberian genealogy. This research tries to find an answer to the following questions: What are the types of exposure of seminarians to the spread of infectious diseases? What has been the mental meaning of the clergy as a social group about intervention in public health? Each form of acceptance or opposition to modern medicine is placed in what network of values? Based on the findings of the research, seminarians' reactions to epidemics can be explained under six descriptive lines. These items are constructed in relation to three variables: "social matter", "modern medicine" and "the place of the supernatural in interpretation". The results of this research show that the dominant way of encountering modern medicine is "modern medicine" and the more we advance, the understanding of the disease as an individual thing moves towards the social understanding of the disease. Accordingly, seminarians consider social mediators in their theological treatises. The position of the supernatural has not been fundamentally shaken, but has only changed from a close cause to a distant cause.

In Iran, a number of studies have been conducted on population policies in recent years. By examining these studies, it is evident that no review study has examined these studies and provided a clearer picture of the state of population policy studies. Most of the articles were written in documentary and descriptive form and in some periods (2010 and 2015) were more published, which can be caused by the persuasion of researchers through some factors such as the desire of politicians to change the population policy and also communicating the general policies of the population. The conflict of opinions in population policy approaches in Iran is evident, most of the studies have agreed to increase the population policy in the target period. Analyzing the reason for this difference of opinion, the discourse of each of these approaches, and conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses about population policies as well as designing the optimal model of population policy-making in can be suggested

This study aimed to identify disease behavior patterns in the studied neurotic and coronary patients and to study the relationship between social class and disease behavior dimensions in them. Therefore, the number of 119 coronary patients and 91 neurotic patients in Tehran were selected and examined according to available sample. The data were collected by survey method, structured interview technique and questionnaire tool and analyzed in SPSS software. The comparison of disease behavior patterns in two groups of patients showed that they adopted neither the same pattern nor a completely different pattern. The quantity and quality of the interpretative-perceptive ability of the patients showed that both coronary and neurotic patients adopted an active perceptual pattern. This active perceptual pattern led the patients to adopt an active coping approach, so that both groups of patients used more problem-oriented strategies. The study of the relationship between social class and disease behavior dimensions also showed that in coronary patients, the dimensions of problem-oriented strategy and disease perception, and in neurotic patients, the dimension of disease perception showed a significant relationship with social class. In general, it should be said that social class can explain the dimensions and behavior patterns of the disease.

In this research, the social study of the meaning of flood and coping strategies among the flood victims of Khuzestan province (Bander Imam Khomeini and Jarahee areas) have been addressed. The method used in this research was Grounded Theory. The data for this research was collected through in-depth interviews and theoretical sampling of 20 people consisting of the flood victims and injured, and reached complete theoretical saturation. For data analysis, three stages of open coding, central coding and selective coding have been used. After the coding stage, 7 main categories and 1 core category were extracted from the data. The results of this research are presented in the form of a paradigm model and a theoretical schema. The results showed that the meaning of the flood among the flood victims is mainly created through factors such as neglect, feeling of rejection and reproduction of negative mentality towards the actions of the officials as well as synergy of the problems. Of course, it goes without saying that the flood victims also chose a "fragile combined strategy" against the flood. Finally, the theory of the research showed that the flood has led to the "spatial and identity displacement of the flood victims".

Using a grounded theory approach, this qualitative research has aimed to find out the interpretations and rationales of the women in Mashhad regarding their experience of abortion. Based on a grounded theory approach, the research has tried to understand the psychological significance of the account of 28 women in Mashhad regarding the action of abortion and the causal, interventional, and contextual conditions surrounding their decision towards this action. To this end, using meaningful and snowball sampling methods, 28 women belonging to various social groups in terms of age, financial and social classes, etc. were chosen and deep and semi-structured interviews were carried out with them. Data analysis using open, axial, and selective coding showed that the central category abstracted from the action of abortion in the sample is “abortion: conflict of fear and choice”. Moreover, this abortion: conflict of fear and choice has happened in special causal conditions including expedient individualism, job-related issues, education and financial foresight, lack of sufficient awareness regarding prevention of pregnancy, inefficient conjugal interactions and divorce, and interventional conditions (importance of body and preservation of beauty, isolation and psychological issues, perfectionist idea of child-rearing) and contextual conditions (social station and modern ideas, stigma) have become a background for and facilitated the decision towards abortion and this conflict. The findings implied that, in special circumstances, the women in the society view abortion as a choice through which they can free themselves from structural and social limitations and get their lives back on track.

In the paradigm shift that has taken place in the literature of social support, disabled people have turned from dependent people who need help to talented and capable people who have been exposed to isolation and social deprivation through the exclusion mechanism. Therefore, instead of supporting and helping the disabled, governments are usually advised to provide the conditions for their access to social opportunities and participation in various fields of society in the form of social integration policy. In this regard and considering the significant population of disabled people in the society, the evaluation of policies and protective laws from the perspective of social inclusion as a social issue has been the focus of this research. The research method is document analysis and its statistical population is the Comprehensive Law for the Protection of the Rights of the Disabled (approved 1383) and the Law for the Protection of the Rights of the Disabled (approved 1396). According to the findings of the research, almost all aspects and components of social inclusion in the economic, political, social, cultural and spatial contexts have been taken into consideration in the law for the protection of the rights of the disabled. This is despite the fact that economic, cultural and spatial dimensions were considered in the comprehensive law for the protection of the rights of the disabled. However, in terms of the quality of social inclusion, there is not much difference between the level and ceiling of participation determined in both laws. Because, from the point of view of Arnstein's participation ladder, both laws are placed at the level of partial participation.

Given the ongoing global demographic shift toward an aging population and the consequent rise in retirement fund expenditures, nearly all such funds are grappling with a critical situation. Furthermore, the remarkable dynamism of today's social and economic conditions worldwide necessitates a reevaluation of various institutions over relatively short periods. The survival of public organizations in these changing conditions depends on their adaptability, flexibility, and alignment with the economic and social environment while remaining committed to their core objectives. Hence, for formulating effective strategies to navigate these adaptations, understanding the factors contributing to the retirement fund crisis is of increasing importance. The primary focus of this research is to investigate the influential factors in the formation of retirement fund crises from the perspective of key stakeholders. This study employs a qualitative methodology, specifically content analysis, utilizing interview data as the data collection tool and employing content analysis as the analytical approach. The findings of the research reveal that, from the stakeholders' viewpoint, the causes of the crisis are perceived in four domains: "economic recession," "lack of expertise and specialization," "diminished trust in the organization," and "the organization as a secluded enclave of government." The "support ratio" domain emerges as one of the most critical factors contributing to the issue, as it relates directly to the "economic crisis" in society, leading to a decrease in productive investments.