نشریه مرمت و معماری ایران
پیاپی 35 (پاییز 1402)

Najafabad is one of the cities of Isfahan province, which is called the oldest new city in Iran. Despite research related to the special urban planning of this Safavid city, and in terms of increasing renovation of historic houses and their importance as part of the history of architecture, so far no research has been published on what are the historic houses of this city and their typology. The aim of this article was to introduce the architecture of Najafabad houses and identify its types, while a qualitative research method with a combination of descriptive-analytical methods and logical reasoning by collecting data in the main field study and interview method. This research found that houses of this city are classified as the central courtyard, built on both sides (or more) with the importance of the northern front and has room spaces, porch, post room (safe), attic, entrance hall and dashko (a kind of attic) above it, and service spaces (kitchen, toilet, wareroom basement). The arch structure of these houses is seen in the form of a spring arch, a beam (flat) or a combination. Finally, the shape and location of the porch can be considered as determining the types of architecture in this city; There are five distinct types of indigenous house architecture that can be named under these headings: three mid-major porches with side aisles, three mid-major porches, three simple porches, two porches (simple or one-major), one side extensive single porch and formal single porch. At its heart, this typology also shows the change and degradation of the spatial role and functional position of the porch: from a space with a north-south extension and perpendicular to the courtyard, intertwined and involved with its back room and structures along it towards the space with east-west extension and parallel to the courtyard, single and independent of the rooms and in front of and tangential to them, with independent structures.

the importance of textile historical works is not hidden from anyone In the field of preservation and restoration of historical and cultural objects. due to the organic structure of cellulose, Historical cotton fabrics are exposed to spontaneous oxidation and the degradation process will not stop even in an isolated environment. Keeping such sensitive works in the unfavorable conditions of the museum warehouse has accelerated the destruction, and if methods can be found to reduce the rate of deterioration of cellulose, it will be helpfull to the conservators in the proper preservation of these works. In addition to the visual changes that indicate changes and chemical interactions in the structure of the cellulose polymer, the process of cellulose deterioration can also be traced by examining the physical and mechanical properties of cellulose.
The topic of using antioxidants to protect materials from oxidation has been discussed in many industries such as textile, chemical, polymer, food and pharmaceutical industries, and researchers are investigating the effect of different materials in reducing the process of oxidation and decay of the goods of the mentioned industries.
Considering the wide application of tocopherol (vitamin E) in the fields of textile, food polymer and medicine, in this research, it was tried to evaluate its suitability by examining the advantages and disadvantages of this antioxidant substance in the conservation of historical cotton fabrics. To reach such an aim, it is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness in reducing the rate of cellulose oxidation over time and its destructive effects in cotton fabrics. The method of this research is based on comparative-analytic and the data has been gathered via relevant experiments such as ATR-FTIR, colorimetery,tensile strength and pH.
the aged cotton textiles are treated by the different concentration of vitamin E, and they are examined before and after accelerated aging. The results indicate that the mentioned substance has no detrimental effect on cellulose and can be useable as an antioxidant in conservational processes of historical cotton fabrics.

After the Islamic revolution, the urban appearance and the main facade of the houses have undergone changes and lost their coherence and integrity, which has been influenced by globalization and the modern period. The aim of the current research is to explain the role of individualism as one of the components of the modern period and one of the factors affecting the main facade form of the houses of Isfahan city in the period from 1979 to the end of 2018. In this research, 135 houses in the city of Isfahan have been selected and researched by descriptive-analytical method using library documents and field studies, and the findings have been analyzed according to the qualitative method and through comparison and interpretation. So far, many studies have been conducted on the mutual effect of the environment and humans on each other, but the investigation of the effect of individualism on the facade of buildings was done for the first time in this research. In the tradition, credit was based on the family, but in the modern era, this credit became individualized, so the houses express their individualism by being different from other houses and showing them. Between the years 1979 and 1993, the difference between the houses in terms of form was very little. In the years 1994 and 2013, the tendency to create distinction in the shape of the facade and in some cases, the materials increased, and between the years 2014 and 2018, the end of the research, no two houses in terms of formThey were not alike, and the expensive materials, in addition to their different shapes, made the houses stand out. The houses were introverted in the early years of the research, but with the passage of time, the trend changed and the houses became extroverted, so that in the last 15 years of the research period, all the collected samples were extroverted. The research showed that the desire to make the house more visible by choosing the lands that are more connected with the passage increased significantly during the research period.

Nowadays, informal settlement phenomenon is in the top of the list of urban management issues in majority of big and medium sized cities of Iran. Despite of various interventions in recent decades, significant change cannot be seen. One of the most important reasons of this situation is the theoretical passivity alongside with obsolescence of informal settlements' literature in Iran, since localization of Enabling Paradigm. The main goal of the present research is to select a new pattern for betterment of informal settlements through scrutinizing new approaches toward betterment of informal settlements. Exploring different References, 42 approaches has been identified. Through Grounded Theory and applying open coding, axial coding, and central coding processes, 5 different classifications have been recognized, consisting of coverage-based, authenticity-based, dependence-based, extent-based, and nature-based classifications. the Nature-based classification which is the synonym for conceptual hierarchy, consisting of paradigm, theory, approach, strategy, pattern, and, plan, has been chosen as the main classification.  According to research priorities which are Comprehensiveness, applicability, and repeatability, among 6 classes, pattern class has been chosen. Based on the coverage-based classification, among 15 identified patterns, 7 of them are comprehensive and subsequently opt to identify. Precisely applying the Delphi-AHP technique, based on the opinions of 24 specialists and 7 criteria, in situ upgrading has been selected as the best pattern. Also, collaborative housing as the second pattern and city Development as the suitable pattern in equiponderant condition, are worth mentioning patterns for the betterment of informal settlements in Iran.

Since women have always had a special and respectable place in before and after Islam Iranian culture, such an attitude can be examined in the works of civilization, especially architecture. The problem of the present study is to investigate how the psychological components of women are related to architectural design variables and the main purpose of this study is to investigate the manifestation of feminine features in Iranian architectural works. In this research, the documentary and library methods have been used to identify the components and the field observation method has been used to match the gender components with the architectural example. A case study of this research is the " Malek Al Tojjar’s House " in Isfahan, this building is one of the examples of Qajar house with quality and variety of space that can properly reflect the Iranian life. The findings confirm that the Iranian home is designed based on gender characteristics, so that women can enjoy comfort and convenience in life, maintaining value, maintaining rights, maintaining self-esteem and maintaining morale and emotions. The mentioned components are in accordance with the function, form, connection with the natural bed, choice of materials and decorations, and finally it can be seen that many of the spaces of Iranian houses correspond to the feminine characteristics.

When dealing with a diverse and rich environment, humans record limited information in their minds, and this information forms a comprehensive, albeit inaccurate, mental image of the environment. On the other hand, living in high-rise residential buildings in Iran is always associated with dissatisfactions that a clear mental image in the minds of the residents can reduce these dissatisfactions. Physical factors and psychological factors can play an effective role in the formation of mental image in people. This research aims to identify the physical factors that create a clear mental image in the minds of the residents of high-rise buildings. Therefore, the explanation of the physical factors affecting the mental image of residents of high-rise residential buildings is a research question. The current research is fundamental in terms of its purpose and quantitative in terms of its approach. The research data collection method is a combination of library studies (theoretical) and field studies and a survey based on a questionnaire with closed and semi-open questions. In explaining and analyzing the research, the Echner and Ritchie model is used and the questions of the questionnaire are set based on two dimensions of this model, functional-general and functional-current and experts' opinions. The designed questionnaire was given to all the architects who have an active consulting company in Urmia city and expert professors of the country in the field of mental imagery and architecture, so that in addition to answering, if there is another important factor, they can add it. Then, the questionnaire was given to the residents of high-rise buildings in Urmia city by random sampling method and their answers were analyzed. The results of the research in the functional-general dimension showed that the factors of form characteristics (shape, color, texture and size) and technical safety and view are effective in forming the mental image of residents of high-rise residential buildings. Also, the results of the research in the functional-partial dimension (where all the factors were measured on the parking, access corridors, stairs and elevators, roof, entrance, lobby, pause and rest spaces, yard and interior space of the residential unit) in the order of the factors Technical safety, legibility, light and illumination, visibility and scenery are more effective in forming the mental image of residents of high-rise residential buildings.